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Cell Biology Blood
KYCOM Block 2
122
Biology
Graduate
09/12/2012

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Term
what does blood transport
Definition
nuteirnts, oxygen, waste, CO2, hormones, humoral agents
Term
how does blood act in homeostasis
Definition
acts as a buffer and particupates in colagulation and thermoregulation
Term
what are the types of blood cells
Definition
erythrocytes RBC, leukocytes WBC, thrombocytes (platlets)
Term
what property does plasma give to blood
Definition
fluidity
Term
what type of material is plasma
Definition
extracellular
Term
what is percentage of blood vs plasma
Definition
blood 45%, plasma 55%
Term
what does a hemocrit show
Definition
volume of erythrocytes, laukocytes, and platlets in blood
Term
what percentage of blood is RBC in females vs males
Definition
females 40-50%, males 35-45%
Term
what percentage of blood is leukocytes and platlets
Definition
1%
Term
what is the buffy coat
Definition
leukocytes and platlets in a hemocrit
Term
in a hemocrit what is the order of the layers in the tube, top to bottom
Definition
plasma, leukocytes and platlets, RBC
Term
what are the components of plasma, what percentage of plasma are they
Definition
91-92% water, 7-8% protein, 1-2% other solutes
Term
what are the other solutes that could be in plasma
Definition
electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances, nutrients, gasses, regulatory substances
Term
what are the plasma proteins
Definition
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
Term
what is the most abundent plasma protein
Definition
albumin
Term
what is the function of albumin
Definition
maintain osmotic pressure, carrier protein
Term
where is albumin made
Definition
in the liver
Term
what is the function of globulins
Definition
antibodies
Term
what is globulin made by
Definition
plasma cells
Term
what is the largest plasma protein
Definition
fibrinogen
Term
what is the function of fibrinogen
Definition
convert to fibein and form blood cells
Term
what is fibrinogen made by
Definition
the liver
Term
what is serum
Definition
liquid part of blood left after blood clots
Term
what is serum made of
Definition
fibrinogen and clotting factors
Term
what is the most common stain for examining blood
Definition
wright stain
Term
what is the wright stain made of
Definition
acidic and basic dyes including azures
Term
describe the process examining blood microscopically
Definition
cells spread in a thin layer on a slide, air dry, then stain
Term
what is the function of erythrocytes
Definition
bind oxygen to deliver it to tissues and bind CO2 to remove it from tissues
Term
how do erythrocytes bind oxygen and CO2
Definition
hemoglobin and iron containing protein
Term
what is the function of the biconcave disc of a RBC
Definition
larger surface to volume ratio to enhance gas exchange, flexability
Term
what is spectrin
Definition
a membrane protein in hte RBC that gives flexability
Term
describe the nucleus of a RBC
Definition
there is none
Term
describe the organelles of a mature RBC
Definition
there are none
Term
what is inside a mature RBC
Definition
some enzymes, hemoglobin
Term
how do RBC get energy without organells
Definition
glucose dependent, anaerobic
Term
what is the lifespan of a RBC
Definition
120d
Term
what happens when a RBC dies
Definition
it is remove from circulation by macrophages of the spleen, bone marrow, and liver
Term
what is a reticulocyte
Definition
immature RBC released into circulation from the bone marrow
Term
what is inside a reticulocyte, why does it have any organells?
Definition
some mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi, just to make cytoskeleton and hemoglobin
Term
how long does it take for a RBC to mature
Definition
24-48 hrs
Term
what type of staining is used for reticulocytes
Definition
supravital
Term
what is the percentage of RBC that are reticulocytes
Definition
1%
Term
where do leukocytes carry out their function
Definition
in the tissues
Term
what is the function of leuyocytes
Definition
defence
Term
what are the categories of leukocytes
Definition
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Term
why are there two categories of leukocytes
Definition
because agranulocytes are mononuclear cells
Term
what are the graunlocytes, why are they named this
Definition
neutrophils, esiniphils, and basophils, because they have specific granules
Term
what are the agranulocytes, why are they named this
Definition
lymphocytes and monocytes, because they have non-specific granules
Term
what precent of laukocytes are neutrophils
Definition
60%
Term
what are the types of cytoplasm granules in a neutrophil
Definition
specific, azurophilic, tertiary
Term
how are neutrophil granules released
Definition
exocytosis or fusion to phagosomes in the cell
Term
what are the most numerous neutrophil granules
Definition
specific / secondary
Term
what are the largest neutrophil granules
Definition
azurophilic
Term
what do specific granules contain
Definition
enzymes: type IV collagenase, phospholipase, complement activators, antibacterial agents
Term
what are azurophilic granules
Definition
lysosomes
Term
what do asurophilic granules contain
Definition
myeloproxidase, acid hydrolases, defensins
Term
what are the types of tertiary granules
Definition
phosphasomes and metalloproteinases
Term
what do phosphasomes contain
Definition
phosphatases
Term
what do metalloproteinases contain
Definition
gelatinases and collagenases
Term
where do neutriphils carry out their functions
Definition
in soft tissue, they are very mobile
Term
what are the most numerous of the first wave of cells to respond to tissue damage
Definition
neutrophils
Term
explain how neutrophils respond to tissue damage
Definition
ingest and kill microbes and probablly die in the process
Term
what happens when neutrophils die after fighting microbes
Definition
accumulation of dead microbes and dead neutrophils makes yellow exudate (puss)
Term
what does iL-1 cause, where does it come from
Definition
fever, neutrophils
Term
what cells does inflamation and wound healing involve
Definition
macrophages, lymphocytes, esinophils, basophils, and fibroblasts
Term
what is diapedesis
Definition
the process of neutrophils leaving venules by passing between endothelial cells and penetrating connective tissue
Term
how is diapedesis triggered
Definition
chemicles released in the area of inflamation
Term
what percentage of leukocytes is esinophils
Definition
2-4%
Term
describe the cell contents of esinophils
Definition
bi-lobed nucleus, large azurophilic granules
Term
what stains eosinophils
Definition
eosin
Term
what proteins are in eosinophil granules
Definition
major basic, eosinophil catitonic, esinophil preroxidase, esinophil derived neurotoxin, and hydrolytic enzymes specific to the granule
Term
what hydrolytic enzymes could be in the esinophil granules
Definition
histaminase, arylsulfatase, collagenase, carhepsins
Term
what is major basic protein made of
Definition
argining rich
Term
what does histaminase do
Definition
neutralizes histamine
Term
what oes arylsulfatase do
Definition
neutralizes leukotrienes
Term
what does eosinophil derived neurotoxin do
Definition
causes nervous system dysfunction in parasites
Term
what do major basic protein, esinophil catagonic protein, and esinophil peroxidase do
Definition
cytotoxic effect on protozoans and helminthic parasites
Term
what to esinophils react to
Definition
allergic reaction, parasitic infection, chorionic inflammation, disease, helminthic parasitesm mucosal inflammation
Term
where are esinophils normally found, why
Definition
spleen, lymph nodes, and gi, sites of chronic inflamation
Term
what percent of laukocytes is basophils
Definition
<1%
Term
what granules do basophils contain
Definition
specific metachromiatic granules
Term
what do basophil granules contain
Definition
histamine, heparin, heparan sulfate, leukotrienes
Term
what is the function of basophils
Definition
similar to mast cells, get inflammation started
Term
what is chemotaxis
Definition
response of cells to inflammation
Term
what percent of leukocytes are lymphocytes
Definition
30%
Term
what is the function of lymphocytes
Definition
immune defence mechanisms, mostly specific immune response
Term
where do lymphocytes circulate
Definition
lymph, blood, and body tissues
Term
describe the cellular contents of lymphocytes: nucleus,chromatin, cytoplasm, granules
Definition
small round nucleus, condensed chromatin, slightly basophilic, a few azurophilic granules
Term
what percent of leukocytes are monocytes
Definition
8%
Term
what is the function of monocytes
Definition
the precursoe of macrophages
Term
what is the largest leukocyte
Definition
monocytes
Term
describe the nucleus of a monocyte
Definition
deep indentation, less intesnly stained, horse shoe shaped
Term
what do platlets come from, where is this process located
Definition
fragmentation of megakaryocytes cytoplasm in the bone marrow
Term
what are the functions of platlets
Definition
surveillance of blood vessels, platlet plug, surface coagulation protein complexes, secrete factors that moedulate coagulation and vascular repair
Term
how long do platlets live
Definition
10d
Term
what types of granules do platlets have
Definition
alpha and dense
Term
what do alpha granules include
Definition
adhesion molecules, platlet derived growth factor, and fibrinogen
Term
what do dense granules include
Definition
calcium, ADP, ATP, serotonin
Term
what are the components of the platlet cytoskeleton
Definition
microtubules, actin, myosin, dense tubular system with intracellular store of calcium, canalicular system
Term
what is that function of microtubules in platlets, where are they located
Definition
maintain disc shape in a band around the outside
Term
where are the actin and myosin in the platlets located, what is their function
Definition
the haylomere, aggregation
Term
what is the open canicular system
Definition
system of interconnected membrane channels in continuity with the surface that alpha granules fuse to in platlets, move granular material out of the platlet
Term
what is the second most rare leukocyte
Definition
esinophils
Term
when looking under a microscope, what makes esinophils unique, what causes this
Definition
large shiny red shaded granules caused by major basic protein (crystaline core) of the granules
Term
in general, what do they hydrolytic enzymes of the esinophil do
Definition
modulate inflammation by down regulating it, calm down inflammation
Term
what does esinophil neurotoxin cause
Definition
neuro dysfunction in parasites
Term
which granual is the most numerous in esinophils
Definition
azurophilic
Term
what is the most rare leukocyte
Definition
basophils
Term
describe the nucleus of a basophil
Definition
multi loved, hidden by basophilic granules
Term
what leukocyte has metachromic granules, what does that mean
Definition
basophils, anionic granules with lots of heprain making it red/purple when dyed
Term
what type of receptors do basophils have, what do these play a role in
Definition
IgE receptors and helper T cells that play a role in immediate hypersensitivity (analyphalyxis)
Term
what is the second most numerous leukocyte
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
when a lymphocyte is in the blood, what activity state is it normally in
Definition
resting
Term
what happens when a leukocyte goes into a tissue and finish their job
Definition
they can go back into the blood, this makes them unique, through the lymph to the venous system
Term
how long are monocytes in the blood for, after that where do they go, what major event happens
Definition
a very short time, then they go to the tissue and turn into a macrophage
Term
describe the cytoplasm of a monocyte
Definition
has granules and some vacules
Term
describe the nucleus of platlets
Definition
they dont have one
Term
what are the two layers of platlets
Definition
central granular zone and peripherial clear zone
Term
what is another name for the central granular zone
Definition
granulomere
Term
what is another name for the peripherial clear zone
Definition
haylomere
Term
what is in the granulomere
Definition
alpha and dense granules
Term
what happens when a platlet is activated
Definition
granulomere is activated and is let out of the cell via the canicular canal, the platlet changes shape becoming prickly and shiny making a platlet plug, it then can recruit other platlets and promote adhesion making a premature clot
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