Term
| There are how many types of cell in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Classic, Poor contrast, staining often needed |
|
|
Term
| Phase contrast microscopy |
|
Definition
| Uses difference in refractive index to improve contrast. Good for living cells |
|
|
Term
| Differential inerference contrast microscopy |
|
Definition
| Uses rate of change in refractive index. Produces apparent 3D images |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specimen stained with fluorescent dye/protein and excite with UV. Produces high contrast against black background |
|
|
Term
| Confocal scanning light microscopy |
|
Definition
| Uses laser beam to scan successive single planes of specimen stained with florescent stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resolution 2-20nm, specimens fixed, dehydrated and stained with heavy metals, also freeze-fracture can be used instead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resolution 10nm, samples fixed, dehydrated, and stained with metal, normally gold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chloroplasts, stroma, can be used for stor\age, have circular DNA |
|
|
Term
| Three major classifications of amino acids |
|
Definition
| Non polar, Uncharged polar, Charged Polar |
|
|
Term
| Biological Enzymes are the _ optical isomer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbon double bonded to an O, bonded to an N that is single bonded to a H |
|
|
Term
Primary structure
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary |
|
Definition
Amino acid sequence
Organisation of polypeptide into patterns
Three dimensional folding
Overall spatial arrangement when more than one polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bind to partly folded polypeptide chains and assist folding |
|
|
Term
| Gel filtration chromatography |
|
Definition
| Column contains beads of sponge-like material with small pores, small proteins get stuck in the sponge, large ones go around and leave quicker |
|
|
Term
| Ion exchange chromatography |
|
Definition
| Contains beads with charged groups, rate of passage depends on proteins charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest proteins take longer to go through the gel. SDS denatures the protein before this occurs, and binds to it, causing al proteins to be -vely charged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bombard crystals with X-rays at successive planes, beam scattering is recorded and computer analysis reveals structure |
|
|
Term
| Enzyme without its cofactors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complete enzyme with all its cofactors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Oxidoreductase
Transferase
Hydrolase
Lyase
Isomerase
Ligase
Polymerase |
|
Definition
Oxidise/reduce
transfer chemical group
Hydrolytic cleavage
Remove chemical group
Rearrangement
Joining
Polymer synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in free energy, if it is negative, energy is given out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme regulation by an effector |
|
|
Term
| Digestive proteases are activated by |
|
Definition
| partial proteolysis which removes a part of the enzyme, rendering it active |
|
|
Term
| Enzymes can also be activated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment for blood clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to tenderise cheap steak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to bind two ingredients together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mixture of chymosin and rennin used to make cheese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two enzymes working together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maximum velocity of an enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Michaelis constant, concentration of substrate at half maximum rate, expressed as a concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial reaction rate expressed as amount of product per unit time |
|
|
Term
| Michealis-menten equation |
|
Definition
V0 = Vmax[s]/Km + [s]
[s] =substrate conc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made of polar and nonpolar groups |
|
|
Term
| Double bonds in fatty acids normally have the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simplest formation of phospholipids, single layered circle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double layered circle of phospholipids with aqueous cavity in the centre |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
describes the relationships between the voltage across the membrane and the solute gradient
Vx=RT/FZx in [x+]in / [x+]out where R is the gas constant, t is the absolute temperature, f is the faraday and v is the valence |
|
|
Term
| Signal peptide, chaperonin |
|
Definition
| Unfolds, binds to receptor, passes through both membranes into the cell, protein assembelled, signal peptide unbinds |
|
|
Term
| Clathrin coated pit formation |
|
Definition
| Begins as invagination, coated in adaptin covered in clathrin, this deepens, and is then pinched off by dynamin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protects the cell membrane from mechanical and chemical damage and provides information regarding cell to cell recognition |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis in the brain uses... and in the liver... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Path of electrons through ETC |
|
Definition
| Complex I -> quinone -> complex III -> cyt.c -> complex IV -> H20 |
|
|
Term
| During complex II succinate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gibbs free energy equation |
|
Definition
deltap = -deltapsi + deltapH
deltap = the protonmotive force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diet pill, uncoupler, murders people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease free radical production and protect against ageing |
|
|
Term
| Cell/organelle self destruct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of ROS on Gastrointestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cataractogenesis
retinal damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of ROS on multiple systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atherosclerosis, vasospasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH in mitochondria is... because of the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G-protein-coupled receptors |
|
|
Term
| Humans have around...cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mammalian cell cycle typically takes... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Critical regulatory points in the cell cycle are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
G1 - is DNA damaged, are conditions favourable
G2 - is all DNA replicated, is DNA damaged
Metaphase -> are all the chromosomes correctly attached to the spindle and ready to divide? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encodes a cell cycle regulator(protein kinase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulate the kinase enzymes, are synthesised and degraded during the cell cycle, they form complexes with the kinases |
|
|
