Term
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Definition
| formation of cellular compartments. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled interior of nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular shaped, dense and granular subdomain of nucleoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| subdomains where mRNA plicing factors are concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| insoluble fibrillar-like protein network |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as barrier and structural support |
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Term
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Definition
| network of long filament-like proteins |
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Term
| nuclear pore complex (NPC) |
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Definition
| channels responsible for the regulated trafficking of all substances between nucleus and cytosol |
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Term
| nuclear localization signals (NLS) |
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Definition
| specific stretch/sequence of amino acids that are recognized by nuclear receptor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| large family of receptor proteins for moving macromolecules either into the nucleus (importins) or out of the nucleus (exportins) |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear protein that promotes the conversion of Ran-GDP to Ran-GTP |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosolic protein that promotes the hydrolysis of Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP |
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Term
| nuclear export signal (NES) |
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Definition
| specific stretch/sequence of amino acids that are recognized by exportin and serves as a 'zip-code' to mediate targeting of the protein from the nucleus to the cytosol (commonly leucine-based motif) |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleocytoplasmic proteins involved in the control of the cell cycle by binding to CDKs |
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Term
| cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) |
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Definition
| cell cycle-spefic kinase enzymes that phophorylate various 'target' (nuclear) proteins in order to turn them on or off |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorylation leads to chromatin packing and chromosome condensation |
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Term
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Definition
| phosporylation leads to disassembly of nuclear lamina |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorylation leads to assembly of the NPC |
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Term
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Definition
| cell protein degradation machinery |
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Term
| standard brightfield microscope |
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Definition
| micrscope using diffraction of light to view image |
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Term
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Definition
| primary purpose of microscopy |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum distance that can separate two points that still remain identifiable as separate points |
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Term
| confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) |
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Definition
| uses the principles of fluorescence to view and image |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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Definition
| uses electrons to generate highly magnified views of a specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| fusion of both mitochondrial membranes occurring under stress |
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Term
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Definition
| tether adjacent mitochondrial together (dimerize) in a GTP-dependent manner |
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Term
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Definition
| mitochondrial outer membrane protein regulating GTPase mitofusin binding |
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Term
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Definition
a 15-50 amino acid long targeting signal located at the protein's N-terminus and consists of amphipathic alpha-helix enriched in positively charged amino acids
responsible for targeting the nascent matrix protein to cytosolic surface of the mitochondrion and its subsequent translocation across the outer and inner membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| control overall conformation of matrix-destined proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA's encoding mitochondrial proteins enriched in cytosol immediate surrounding mitochondria |
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Term
| mitochondrial processing protein (MPP) |
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Definition
| cleave N-terminal presequence |
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Term
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Definition
| specimen flash frozen using liquid nitrogen and high pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| certain organelles of the eukaryotic cell evolved from smaller prokaryotic cells that took up residence in cytoplasm of a larger host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| engulfed aerobic organelle |
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Term
| nuclear membrane and endoplasmic membrane (ER) |
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Definition
| invagination of plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| engulfed photosynthetic cyanobacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| includes protein targeting, membrane assembly, morphology, motility, replication, degradation and inheritance during cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle replication controlled both by the cell (nuclear genome) and the organelle |
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Term
| mitochondrial outer membrane |
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Definition
| permeable ions and small molecules (contains porins) |
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Term
| mitochondrial intermembrane space |
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Definition
| high concentration of H+ ions |
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Term
| mitochondrial inner membrane |
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Definition
| lies adjacent to outer membrane and forms 'fold' that extends into organelle's interior |
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Term
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Definition
aqueous interior
site of TCA cycle and ATP from oxidative phosphorylation
contains mitochondrial genome and ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| highly branched, long interconnected series series of tubules and allows for cell-wide co-ordination of organelle functioning and biogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| cone shaped lipid causing membrane curvature inward and promotes Mfn1/2-mediated membrane fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| an integral inner membrane bound GTPase that interacts in a GTP-dependant manner to promote membrane fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| ensures that OPA1-mediated fusion only occurs between inner membranes |
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Term
| translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane (TOM) complex |
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Definition
| multi-protein complex consisting of a number of integral (outer) membrane proteins |
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Term
| translocase of the mitochondrial inner membrane (TIM) complex |
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Definition
| multi-protein complex forming channel that allows for matrix protein translocation across inner membrane |
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Term
| chloroplast outer membrane |
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Definition
| contains porins, but not as permeable to ions/small molecules as outer membrane of mitochondria |
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Term
| chloroplast inner membrane |
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Definition
| highly permeable and contains transporters |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened membranous discs arranged in stacks (grana) or between stacks (stroma) |
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Term
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Definition
site of ATP synthase
maintain high H+ gradient in thylakoid lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| aqueous interior of thylakoids |
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Term
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Definition
| aqueous interior containing enzymes involved in CHO synthesis, plastid genome and ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| long stroma-filled tubules that are highly dynamic (can rapidly extend and contract) allowing for metablite transfer, commmunications, etc. between choloroplast and/or other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| divide (in synchronization) in response to certain environmental stimuli and/or developmental signals |
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Term
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Definition
| located on stromal side of the inner membrane and derived from cyanobacterial endosymbiont from which chloroplasts evolved |
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Term
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Definition
mediate linkage of the FtsZ-ring to the inner membrane at chloroplast division site
controls tightening of the FtsZ-ring
binds to plastid machinery |
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Term
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Definition
| other ARC5 related proteins that are involved in the formation of clathrin coated transport vesicles in the secretory pathway |
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Term
| translocase of the outer chloroplast membrane (TOC) complex |
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Definition
| multi-protein complex equivalent to TOM complex |
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Term
| translocase of the inner chloroplast membrane (TIC) complex |
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Definition
| mulit-protein complex equivalent to TIM complex |
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Term
| heat shock protein of 93 kDa (Hsp93) |
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Definition
| stromal chaperone protein that serves as the motor that drives translocation across the envelope |
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Term
| heat shock protein of 60 kDa (Hsp60) |
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Definition
| soluble co-chaperone in stroma ensures the cleaved, mature protein is properly folded |
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Term
| thylakoid transfer domain |
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Definition
| mediates import into the lumen or insertion into the membrane via unique thylakoid translocation complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| select which donor membrane and lumenal 'cargo' proteins can/cannot enter nascent transport vesicle and regulate vesicle formation |
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Term
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Definition
regulate the intracellular trafficking of the vesicles to the proper acceptor membrane
regulate vesicles-acceptor membrane fusion
regulate the recycling of any proteins that 'escaped' to the acceptor membrane compartment back to donor membrane compartment |
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Term
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Definition
| one end of the cell/organelle different from other end |
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Term
| subcellular fractionation |
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Definition
| technique used to isolate specific organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| artificial vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| unique ER integral membrane proteins that possess a 'hairpin' (v-shaped) secondary strucutre and regulate ER membrane curvature |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly cisternae with bound ribosomes involved in protein and membrane phospholipid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly curved tubules lacking ribosomes, invloved in Ca2+ storage and hormone synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous with the ER, contains Nups and attached ribosomes |
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Term
| mitochondria and plasma membrane associated membranes (MAM and PAM) |
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Definition
| regions of the ER that make direct contact with mitochondria or plasma membrane and is involved in lipid exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| regions where transport vesicles bud off from the ER enroute to the Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch of 8-15 hydrophobic amino acids that serve as ER targeting signal |
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Term
| signal recognition particle (SRP) |
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Definition
| ribonucleoparticle consisting of 6 proteins and 1 small (7S0 RNA and binds to ribosome and stops protein translation |
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Term
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Definition
| heterodimeric ER integral membrane protein complex |
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Term
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Definition
| multi-protein complex consisting of several ER integral membrane protein subunits that form an hour-glass shaped aqueous pore |
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Term
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Definition
| ER integral membrane protein (protease) located next to translocon (catalytic domain of signal peptidase faces ER lumen) |
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Term
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Definition
| chaperones that operate in the ER and bind to nascent proteins and mediate their proper folding and oligomeric assembly (prevent protein aggregation) |
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Term
| transmembrane domain (TMD) |
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Definition
| typically an alpha-helical, hydrophobic stretch of ~16-25 amino acids serving as a stop transfer sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of hydrophobic TMD with hydrophobic pore ring stops any further translocation of the nascent protein through the channel |
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Term
| integral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| different regions of the protein face the cytosol and/or ER lumen |
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Term
| peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| located on either the cytosolic or lumenal side of the ER membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| distributed unequally between the cytosolic and lumenal leaflets of the bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of sugar groups onto proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| long hydrophobic fatty-acyl tail and phosphate (polar) head group serves as a membrane-bound phospholipid 'carrier' for growing the core oligosaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
| addition of specific short chains of sugar monomers to terminal amino group of asparagine (N) |
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Term
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Definition
| reticuloplasmin that mediates the glycoprotein's final folding steps |
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Term
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Definition
| ER lumenal (soluble) glycosyltransferase that recognizes hydrophobic residues that are usually masked in a correctly folded protein |
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Term
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Definition
| small polypeptide involved in diverse cellular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| complex barrel-shaped multi-subunit protein degrading maching loacted in the cytosol (and nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
| assemble in the cytosolic surface of the ERES membrane and serves to recognize and concentrate specific protein (and lipid) components that will be incorporated into the budding vesicles and mediate ERES membrane curvature and the formation of the budding vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| coated vesicles move forward from the ERES to the Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| coated vesicles move backwards from the Golgi to the ER and backwards within the Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| coated vesicles move from Golgi or plasma membrane to endosomes |
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Term
| guanosine-exchange factor (GEF) |
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Definition
| an integral membrane protein that catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP on Sar1 |
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Term
| transmembrane 'cargo' proteins |
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Definition
| destined to exite the ER for the Golgi possess unique cytosolic-facing sequences that are recognized by sec24 |
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Term
| transmembrane 'cargo' receptor proteins |
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Definition
| bind via lumenal-facing domains to lumenal 'cargo' proteins destined to exit the ER for the Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| act as outer scaffolding of the coat |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of interconnected network of vesicles and tubules located on the cis face of the Golgi complex (adjacent to ERES) |
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Term
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Definition
| large family of lipid-anchored membrane proteins located on all transport vesicles and on all acceptor membranes and convey vesicle targeting specificity |
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Term
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Definition
| highly elongated proteins or components of large multi-protein complexes that interact to form a molecular bridge and mediate vesicle membrane-acceptor membrane contact by bringing the 2 membranes close together |
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Term
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Definition
large family of integral membrane bound proteins located on all transport vesicles and all acceptor vesicles
convey vesicle targeting specificity |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosolic-facing domain that extends from the membrane surface and is involved in SNARE-SNARE protein binding |
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Term
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Definition
| found on transport vesicle membranes incorporated into the vesicle membrane at the site of budding on the donor compartment |
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Term
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Definition
| found on target acceptor membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| when specific v-SNARE interacts with a specific t-SNARE and pulls the vesicle and accepttor membranes closer together |
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Term
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Definition
| integral transmembrane protein with lumenal facing domain that binds to the KDEL sequence of an escaped soluble ER protein in the CGN lumen |
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Term
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Definition
a complex or stack of flattened membrane-bound cisternae (sacs) with dilated edges and numerous associated tubules and vesicles
number and distribution can vary between different cell types |
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Term
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Definition
series of 3 or more large flattend cisternae making up majority of organelle
3 main sections: cis, medial, trans
sites where Golgi metabolism occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of various Golgi peripheral and integral membrane proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as tethering proteins to link different Golgi subcompartments together |
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Term
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Definition
| located on cis Golgi cisternae and removes 3 mannose sugars from core oligosaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
| located on trans Golgi cisternae and adds 2 sialic acids to the core oligosaccharide |
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Term
| mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) |
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Definition
| signals for cargo protein to be packaged into lysosomal-destined transport vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
| transport cargo to the plasma membrane and extracellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| eventually fuse with the plasma membrane and release their cargo in the extracellular space |
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Term
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Definition
| plant vacuole and is a digestive organelle that degrades all types od macromolecules including lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| degradation of cellular organelles/components |
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Term
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Definition
only active at low pH of the lysosome interior
resident lysosomal membrane proteins are protected from degradation by their attached lumen-facing carbohydrate groups |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesized and initially N-glycosylated in the ER, the transported (via COPII vesicles) to the Golgi |
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Term
| integral transmembrane protein |
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Definition
| lumenal facing domain of the M6P receptor binds to M6P groups on soluble lysosomal destined proteins in the TGN lumen |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble proteins with multiple binding domains and serve as linkers during clathring-coated vesicle assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| a GDP/GTP binding regulatory protein involved in the initiation of COPI-coated vesicle assembly at the Golgi complex and binds to the TGN membrane outer leaflet resulting in initial curvature of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| three-legged strucute that helps to form vesicle |
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Term
| multivesicular body (MVB) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed by invagination of the MVB membrane and contain materials derived by the plasma membrane |
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Term
| constitutive secretion pathway |
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Definition
| materials are continually transported (via secretory vesicle) from the TGN to the plasma membrane |
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Term
| regulated secretion pathway |
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Definition
| materials at the TGN are packaged into secretory granules |
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Term
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Definition
| materials move into the cell via vesiculation of the plasma membrane and either recycled back to the plasma membrane or transported to the lysosome for degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| selective internalization of plasma membrane components |
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Term
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Definition
| uptake of large particulate materials from the extracellular space of specialized cells |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for non-specific uptake of extracellular fluids and plasma membrane turnover |
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Term
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| responsible for concentratinf and internalizing specific extracellular materials (ligands) bound to specific receptors on the outer surface of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized regions (indentations) of the plasma membrane where receptors accumulate and where internalization takes place (electron dense area) |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as signal for the recruiting cytosolic (soluble) adaptor protein AP2 to the coated pits |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble adaptor protein with multiple binding domains |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for sorting adn recycling extracellular materials via endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane of the macrophage that extends outward around the micro-organism |
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Term
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Definition
| result of fusion of psedopods (membrane bound) |
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Term
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Definition
| result of fusion of phagosome with lysosome or vesicles from the TGN containing lysosomal enzymes |
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