Term
| What two membranes cover the most surface area in the human body? |
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Definition
| Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria |
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Term
| Cells are defined by the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What membrane organelles are reponsible for protein synthesis/handling? |
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Definition
| Golgi Apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| How might a hepatocyte cell differ from pancreatic exocrine cell in terms of membranes? |
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Definition
Hepatocyte will have more mitochondria as it is involved in making energy and needs to manage it's energy very carefully. The pancreatic exocrine cell meanwhile is involved in protein synthesis and thus has far more membrane spent in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. |
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Term
| What two elements in the lipid bilayer are the main hydrophobic/philic players? |
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Definition
Carbon (Hydrophobic) Oxygen (Hydrophilic) |
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Term
| What are the major classes of lipids in membranes? What determines the class of a membrane lipid? |
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Definition
- Choline containing phospholipids (most abundant)
- Amino acid containing phospholipids (2nd most abundant)
- Other Phospholipids (least abundant)
- Cholesterol (abundant)
- Glycolipids (not abundant)
Class is determined by the backbone. (Choline, Glycerol... etc) |
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Term
| About 95% of all membrane lipids are made up of what type of lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chemical compound for glycerol? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of the lipid bilayer. |
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Definition
| Phospholipids interspersed with cholesterol to increase membrane fluidity, and proteins for transport methods. Sugars located on the outside. |
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Term
| What determines whether a transplant is accepted or rejected by the body? |
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Definition
| The sugars on the outside of the membrane. |
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Term
| What are the roles of membranes? |
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Definition
- Maintain selective permeability. Defines cells (what's in, what's out)
- Define Compartmentalization within cell (Cellular membrane, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, etc.)
- Control flow of particles/information (hormones, ions, nutrients)
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Term
| What are the three main ways of transport through membranes? |
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Definition
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Protein-Mediated (both facilitated and active)
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Term
| What is the formula for Fick's Rate of Diffusion? |
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Definition
J = -DA(ΔC/ΔX) J: net rate of diffusion D: diffusion coefficient A: area of membrane ΔC: concentration difference across membrane ΔX: membrane thickness |
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Term
| What is the name of a red blood cell with normal salt concentration referenced to outside the cell? Low concentration? High concentration? |
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Definition
Isotonic Hypertonic (Shrunken) Hypotonic (Swollen) |
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Term
| What size water-soluble molecules require transport? |
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Definition
| Anything greater than 200 daltons (about the size of a single sugar molecule) |
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Term
| Can ions typically pass through membranes by diffusion? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| No. Tend to be impermeable due to their charge. |
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Term
| How is ATP generated inside the cells for active transport? |
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Definition
| H+ gradient is used where the mitochondria has none on the inside, but lots on the outside, by way of a special pump. The mitochondria uses that pressure to convert ADP to ATP. |
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Term
| What is the difference between nerves and neurons? |
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Definition
Neurons are nerve cells inside the brain Nerves are nerve cells outside the brain They do the same thing and function the same way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates glucose transport by insertion of new transporters in plasma membrane. |
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