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| synthesis phase when DNA replication occurs |
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| Structural Protein abundant in eukaryotic cells .interacts with many other proteins |
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| Protein( immunoglobin) produced in response to an antigen interacts with the epitope on the same antigen facilitates clearance from the body |
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| material(usually foreign) elicits a response B cells elicit formation of an antibody T cells an antigen elicits a proliferative response Followed by production of cytokines OR activation of cytoxic activity |
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| Regulated process occurring in specific tissues during development and disease cell destroys itself also called programmed cell death |
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| class of prokaryotes one of the 3 evolutionary lineages aka arcaebacteria and archaeans |
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| Adenosine 5’ –triphosphate Important for capturing and transfering free energy Hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bonds release large amounts of free energy |
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| Population of cultured cells Plant/ animal origin Undergone genetic modification to grow indefinatly |
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| Idea that cells are the basic unit of structure of every living thing |
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| 2 cylindrical structures within the centrosome Found in animals cells Contains 9 sets of triplet microtubules Structure similar to the basal body |
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| Eukaryotes: Structural unit of genetic material1 single linear double stranded DNA Prokaryotes: Single circular double stranded DNA molecule and assoc. proteins. |
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| 1.A population of genetically identical cells, viruses or organisms Descended from a common ancestor 2.Multiple copies of a gene or DNA fragment generated and maintained by DNA cloning |
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| Natural process of arresting cell growth Occurs when two or more cells come into contact |
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| Internal compartments Found in mitochondria Studded with proteins and ATPase |
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| Fibrous elements network Consisting of microtubules, microfiliments, intermediate filimnets |
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| Differential centrifugation |
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| used to separate certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of cells.Tissue sample is first homogenised to break the cell membranes and mix up the cell contents. The homogenate is then subjected to repeated centrifugations, each time removing the pellet and increasing the centrifugal force Purification may be done through equilibrium sedimentation, and the desired layer is extracted for further analysis. |
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| Network of interconnected membraneous structures Cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell Rough: Assoc. with ribosomes Synthesis and processing of secreted proteins Smooth: Lacks ribosomes Lipid synthesis |
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| 1+ cells Contain membrane enclosed OrganellesNucleus1 of the 3 distinct evolutionaty lineages |
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| Stacks of flattened interconnected membrane compartments. Process and sort lipids destined for com[artments and secretion |
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| preformed gradient such as sucrose or cesium chloride rate zonal or equilibrium procedures macromolecules are 'banded' in the gradient collected as a pure fraction. |
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| Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) |
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| protein composed of 238 amino acids exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue light. |
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| used the term cells to describe the units of cork |
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| Immunofluorescence. technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope used on biological samples. specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes can be used on tissue sections |
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| cultured cell lines or individual cells |
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| Cells growing in a isolated cell free extract (culture) |
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| Process within an organism |
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| d≈10nm majority are cytoplasmic |
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| Poorly/insoluble in waterSoluble in nonpolar solvents Classes:Fatty acids Phospholipids Steroids Triglycerides |
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| Internal pH 4-5Contains hydrolytic enzymes Degredades materials Internalized by endocytosis and cellular components in autophagy |
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| Separate interior of cell from the exterior |
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| ≈7nm in diameter Polymerized monomeric globular (G) actin Important for: Cytokinesis Cell movement Cellular functions & structures |
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| micrometer; symbol μm 1E-6m |
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| ≈25nm in diameter Polymerized α, β-tubulin monomers Exhibits structural and functional polarity Important components of: Cilia Flagella Mitotic spindle |
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| Large organelle Surrounded by 2 bilayers Carries out oxidative phosphorylation Produces most of the ATP in Eukaryotes |
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| Membrane bound organelle Contains DNA organised into chromosomes Synthesis and processing site of RNA Site of ribosome assembly |
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| culture started from cells, tissues, or organs taken directly from the organism. |
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| Contains bacteria and archaea Lack membrane bound nucleus Lacks organelles |
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| takes advantage of particle size and mass for sedimentation. |
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| Large complex Made of several RNA molecules50+ proteins Organised into 2 subunits and is the Engine of translation |
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| 1838 determined that plants were made up of cells |
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| 1839 reported that animal tissues were made up of cells |
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| Culture started from in vivo cells |
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| normal diploid cells lose the ability to divide normally after about 50 cell divisions in vitro |
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| Self-renewing cell Give rise to 2 daughter cells, Divides symmetrically Potential identical to parent Divides Asymmetrically different developmental potentials |
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| Invented the ultra centrifuge |
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| Growth of cells or tissues away from the organism |
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| A cell which has become malignant |
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| Globular cytoskeletal proteins Form cylindrical walls of microtubules |
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| A high-speed centrifuge large molecule sediment proteins nucleic acids determines molecular weights |
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| First to see bacteria and protozoa |
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| Cells come only from preexisting cells via cell division |
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| Idea that there is a light force that feeds organisms |
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| cis r groups go in the same direction trans r groups in opposite direction |
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| myristate is a salt or ester of myristic acid a saturated fatty acid |
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| process of introducing an acyl group into a compound |
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| addition of hydrophobic molecules to a protein. |
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| Secondary structure Linear sequence folds into right-handed spiral.Stabilized by H bonds btwn carboxyl an amide groups |
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| Contains 1 amino group One carboxyl group Monomers of proteins |
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| Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic |
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| large beta-sheet that twists and coils to form a closed structure in which the first strand is hydrogen bonded to the last. |
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| Flat secondary structure Created by H bonding 2 diff polypeptide chains |
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| bilayer is a double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules |
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| integral membrane protein that has one cytoplasmic transmembrane and periplasmic domain |
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| Primary compound for storing energy Formula: (CH2O)n |
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| Prevent missfolding 2 types of proteins:Molecular chaperones Chaperonin |
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| Containing 4 ring structure Component of many eukaryotic membranesprecursor of steroid hormones |
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| membrane enclosing or surrounding the cytoplasm separates the cytoplasm from the environment. |
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| movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration |
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| proportionality constant due to molecular diffusion and the gradient in the concentration of the species |
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| movement of lipds from one leaflet to another in a bilayer |
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| P rotein Aids in protein movement from one leaflet to another |
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| model conceived by S.J. Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972 to describe the structural features of biological membranes. |
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| trihydric alcohol which is a component in phosphatidalphospholipids triglycerides and lipids |
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| extracellular polymeric material (glycoprotein) |
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| Carbohydrate chain covalently linked to a lipid Found in the plasma membrane |
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| membrane-spanning protein and carries sugar molecules |
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| Protein Linked covalently Many proteins are glycoproteins |
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| class of functionally related proteins whose expression is increased when cells are exposed to elevated temperatures or other stress. |
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| maintenance of fluidity through lateral diffusion and membrance separation during cell division |
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| used to find clusters of hydrophobic amino acids which could indicate that the polypeptide in question is a transmembrane protein. |
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| Interacting effectively with water. |
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| Ineffective interactions with water |
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| integral (intrinsic) membrane protein |
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| Protein One or more hydrophobic segment Embededin the phospholipid bilayer two layers of phospholipids which creates a membrane |
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| movement in the plane of the membrane |
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| one sideof a polysaccharide |
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| Microdomain in plasma membrane Enriched in: Cholesterol Sphingomyelin And certain proteins |
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| Artificial spherical phosopholipid bilayer Aqueous interior that forms in vitro from phospholipids and may contain membrane proteinsForms in vitro frim phospholipids May contain membrane proteins. |
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| Water-soluble sphericical aggregregateof phospholipids or other amphiteric molecules Form spontaneously in aquoussolution. |
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| particle in the cytoplasm of a cell typically consisting of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum to which ribosomes are attached. |
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| Monotopic membrane protein |
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Definition
| attached to only one side |
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| attached to the Nitrogen side in a polysaccharide |
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| peripheral (extrinsic) membrane protein |
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| Protein associates with the cystolic or exostolic face protein doesn’t enter the hydrophobic core of the PLBilayer |
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| major class of lipids found in biomembranes |
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| phospholipid-exchange protein |
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Definition
| cytosolic proteins that bind phospholipids, and transport them within the cell. |
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| proteins which transverse the membrane several times |
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| 2+ bonds are alkene/alkynes |
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| protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid |
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| Macromolecule 1+linear polypeptide chains Folded into a 3D shape |
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| Side of the membrane facing the cytoplasm |
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| staining dye that binds to tubulin |
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| Local folding of a polypeptide Into α-helix or β-pleated sheet |
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| Steroid containing 1+ hydroxyl group |
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| 3D form of a polypeptide chain. stabilized by multicovalent connections |
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| Form in which fatty acids are stored and transported 3 fatty acid chains |
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| Small protein Covalently linked to intracellular proteins Used for degradation tagging |
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| 1+ carbon in a chain is in a double or triple bond |
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| Sedimentation rate Found in bacteria |
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| Sedimentation rate Found in vertebrates |
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| Bottom portion of the Small subunit |
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| Flattened membrane compartment Found in the Golgi complex and ER |
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| Unstructured aqueous phase of cytoplasm Does not include: Organelles Membranes Insoluble cytoskeletal components |
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| Membrane bound compartment of the ER |
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Definition
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| bigger subunit of the ribosome consists of: stalk ridge front back and central protuberance inside there is a tunnel that is about 30 amino acids long |
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| membrane-attached ribosome |
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Definition
| Ribosome bound to the membrane |
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| Direct synthesis of a specific protein Nucleotide sequence orders amino acid assembly |
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| Associates with proteins to form ribosomes |
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) |
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Definition
| Associated with ribosomes Process’ and secretes membrane proteins |
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| large and small ribosomal subunits assemble by themselves to translate mRNA |
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Definition
| consists of a base platform and head fits inside the glovelike large subunit |
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
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Definition
| Lacks ribosomes Functions in lipid synthesis |
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| One strand of DNA is a template Synthesis of an RNA |
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| ribosome-mediated assembly of a polypeptide specified by mRNA |
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| Reads mRNA and brings amino acids into sequence |
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| space in the Large subunit where amino acids filter out is about 100 abgstrongs long (30 A.a) |
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| found in the cytosol of the cell |
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