Term
what is the "central dogma"?
A. genetic information flows from RNA to DNA protein
B. genetic information flows from RNA to DNA to protein
C. genetic information flows from DNA to protein to RNA
D. genetic information flows from protein to RNA to DNA
E. genetic information flows from protein to DNA to RNA |
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Definition
| C. genetic information flows from DNA to protein to RNA |
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Term
which base is not present in RNA?
A. A
B. C
C. G
D. U
E. T |
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Definition
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Term
in RNA, which base pairs with the base A?
A. C
B. G
C. U
D. T |
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Definition
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Term
an RNA molecule can fold into complex three-dimensional shapes because:
A. it is single-stranded
B. it is double-stranded
C. it contains the base uracil rather than thymine |
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Definition
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Term
all of the RNA in a cell is made by what process?
A. replication
B. hydrolysis
C. transcription
D. translation |
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Definition
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Term
what determines he nucleotide sequence of an RNA strand?
A. complementary base pairing with the DNA template during transcription
B. the amino acid sequence in a protein
C. the diversity of nucleotides accessible to RNA polymerase to use in transcription |
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Definition
| A. complementary base pairing with the DNA template during transcription |
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Term
RNA polymerase join nucleotides through what kind of bond?
A. phosphodiester
B. hydrogen
C. peptide
D. glycosidic |
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Definition
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Term
an RNA chain elongates in what direction?
A. 3' to 5'
B. 5' to 3' |
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Definition
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Term
what energy drives the transcription reaction forward?
A. the release of high-energy electrons from cofactors associated with RNA polymerase
B. the energy from ATP formation
C. the hydrolysis of high-energy bonds of ribonucleoside triphosphates during elongation |
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Definition
| C. the hydrolysis of high-energy bonds of ribonucleoside triphosphates during elongation |
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Term
| RNA polymerases can start an RNA chain without a primer: true or false |
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Definition
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Term
compared to the error rate of DNA polymerase (1 error in 10^7 nucleotides), the error rate of RNA polymerase is:
A. much less
B. about the same
C. much greater |
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Definition
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Term
| some genes do not encode proteins, but encode functional RNA: true or false |
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Definition
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Term
to begin transcription, RNA polymerase recognizes nucleotide sequences in what region of the DNA?
A. promoter region
B. template region
C. G-C rich region
D. terminator region |
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Definition
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Term
at which site on the DNA of a gene does RNA polymerase release its newly made RNA?
A. promoter
B. template
C. stop codon
D. terminator |
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Definition
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Term
what is the name of the subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase that recognizes the promoter of a gene?
A. alpha helix
B. beta polymerase
C. sigma factor |
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Definition
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Term
in eucaryotes, what must assemble at a promoter before RNA polymerase can transcribe a gene?
A. nucleotides required in transcription
B. general transcription factors
C. sigma factor
D. an RNA primer |
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Definition
| B. general transcription factors |
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Term
the assembly of general transcription factors to a eucaryotic promoter begins at what site in a promoter?
A. the TATA box
B. the GAGA box
C. the TFIID box
D. the assembly box |
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Definition
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Term
bacterial mRNAs:
A. are translated after they are exported from the nucleus
B. are transcribed and translated simultaneously
C. must be folded into the correct 3D shape before they can translated
D. are processed in the same way as eucaryotic mRNAs |
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Definition
| B. are transcribed and translated simultaneously |
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Term
eucaryotic mRNAs:
A. are translated after they are exported from the nucleus
B. are transcribed and translated simultaneously
C. must be folded into the correct 3D shape before they can be translated
D. are processed in the same way as procaryotic mRNAs |
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Definition
| A. are translated after they are exported from the nucleus |
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Term
which of the following does not increase the stability of eucaryotic mRNAs?
A. a 5'-end cap
B. a poly-A tail
C. an intron |
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Definition
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Term
| in bacteria, most protein-coding genes lack introns: true or false |
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Definition
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Term
introns are removed by:
A. RNAse
B. RNA splicing in the nucleus
C. RNA splicing in the cytoplasm
D. RNA polymerase III |
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Definition
| B. RNA splicing in the nucleus |
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Term
in eucaryotes, which parts of a gene are transcribed into RNA?
A. introns
B. exons
C. introns and exons |
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Definition
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Term
| unlike the coding sequence of an exon, most of the nucleotide sequence of an intron is unimportant: true or false |
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Definition
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Term
what structure is responsible for selecting and transporting only properly processed eucaryotic mRNAs into the cytoplasm?
A. the spliceosome
B. snRNPs
C. RNA polymerase
D. the nuclear pore complex
E. ribosomes |
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Definition
| D. the nuclear pore complex |
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Term
which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. the different lifetimes of eucaryotic mRNAs are controlled in part by nucleotide sequences in the mRNA itself
B. in a eucaryotic mRNA, the poly-A tail promotes degradation of the molecule
C. many eucaryotic mRNAs have a longer lifetimes than bacterial mRNAs
D. the longer the lifetime of an mRNA, the more protein can be produced from it |
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Definition
| B. in a eucaryotic mRNA, the poly-A tail promotes degredation of the molecule |
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Term
which of the following is well accepted in the scientific community?
A. introns evolved early in life forms, and only later did prokaryotes lose their introns
B. introns evolved later in eucaryotes, which is why they don't appear in procaryotes
C. neither- the evolution of introns in still a topic of debate |
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Definition
| C. neither- the evolution of introns is still a topic of debate |
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Term
| each nucleotide in an mRNA encodes one amino acid in a protein: true or false |
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Definition
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Term
how many nucleotides are necessary to specify a single amino acid:
A. 1
B. 3
C. 20
D. it depends on the amino acid |
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Definition
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Term
in principle, how many reading frames in RNA can potentially be translated into proteins?
A. 1
B. 3
C. 4
D. 6 |
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Definition
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Term
what is not true about codons in mRNA molecules?
A. codons in mRNAs bind to complementary anticodons in tRNAs
B. some codons do not encode from amino acids
C. some codons code for more than one amino acid
D. in some cases, several different codons code for the same amino acid |
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Definition
| C. some codons code for more than one amino acid |
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Term
amino acids are attached to their tRNA molecules by:
A. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
B. peptide bond formation
C. RNA ligase
D. aminoacyl hydroxylases |
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Definition
| A. aminoacyl-tRNA sythetase |
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Term
an RNA message is decoded by:
A. ribozymes
B. RNA polymerases
C. ribosomes
D. the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
within the ribosome, the formation of peptide bonds is catalyzed by:
A. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
B. the tRNA itself
C. an RNA molecule in the large ribosomal subunit
D. a peptidase in the small ribosomal subunit |
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Definition
| C. an RNA molecule in the large ribosomal subunit |
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Term
what is the term for an RNA molecule that possesses catalytic activity?
A. enzyme
B. ribozyme
C. catalyst |
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Definition
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Term
at which end of an mRNA molecule do ribosomal subunits first bind?
A. the 3' end
B. the 5' end |
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Definition
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Term
the translation of an mRNA begins at the start codon:
A. AGU
B. AUG
C. UAG
D. ATG |
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Definition
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Term
in eucaryotes, the initiator tRNA always carries witch amino acid?
A. glycine
B. alanine
C. methionine
D. lysine |
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Definition
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Term
which part of a protein is synthesized by a ribosome first?
A. the C-terminus
B. the N-terminus |
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Definition
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Term
at what site does the charged initiator tRNA first bind on the ribosome?
A. A site
B. P site
E. E site |
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Definition
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Term
at what site do all charged tRNAs (with the exception of the initiator tRNA) first bind on the ribosome?
A. A site
B. P site
C. E site |
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Definition
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Term
which statement is false?
A. the genetic code contains three stop codons
B. stop codons are not recognized by a tRNA
C. release factors bind to stop codons |
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Definition
| B. stop codons are not recognized by a tRNA |
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Term
what is a polyribosome?
A. a cluster of ribosomes translating the same mRNA, but positioned at different sites along the mRNA
B. a ribosome that is in the middle of translating an mRNA into a polypeptide
C. a ribosome translating a polycistronic mRNA molecule |
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Definition
| A. a cluster of ribosomes translating the same mRNA, but positioned at different sites along the mRNA |
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Term
how do proteases act?
A. by hydrolyzing peptide bonds between amino acids in a protein
B. by forming peptide bonds between amino acids in a protein
C. by folding polypeptides into correct 3D structures |
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Definition
| A. by hydrolyzing peptide bonds between amino acids in a protein |
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Term
where in a cell are most damaged proteins broken down?
A. peroxisomes
B. cytosol
C. golgi apparatus
D. endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
proteasomes act primarily on proteins that have been marked for destruction by the covalent attachment of which small protein?
A. protease
B. histone
C. ubiquitin
D. termination factor |
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Definition
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Term
which type of molecule has the potential to perform the catalytic action of reproducing itself?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. protein
D. polysaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
which biochemical reaction is catalyzed by a ribozyme?
A. glycosidic bond formation in polysaccharide synthesis
B. DNA polymerization during DNA replication
C. peptide bond formation in protein sythesis
D. peptide bond hydrolysis by proteases |
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Definition
| C. peptide bond formation in protein sythesis |
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Term
which sugar cannot by readily made from formaldehyde in experiments simulating conditions on primative earth?
A. ribose
B. deoxyribose
C. glucose |
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Definition
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