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| basic unit from which living organisms are made, consisting of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane. All cells arise from existing cells, usually by a process of division |
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| Micrometers (1 um= 1/1000 mm) |
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| in all living cells information flows from DNA to RNA (transcription & RNA synthesis) and from RNA to protein (translation & protein synthesis). DNA consists of 4 different nucleotides, sequence of nucleotides transcribed to RNA, RNA translated to amino acids which make up protein |
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Evolution: process by which living species become gradually modified and adapted to their environment in more and more sophisticated ways
Mutation: change in DNA |
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| all genetic information in a cell- instructs cell how to function |
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Cells are the basic living units of organization and function in all organisms
all cells come from other cells |
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| Who initiated field of cell biology? |
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| Schleiden (1838) and Schwann (1839)- demonstrated by microscopy that cells were present in all living tissues |
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Up to 1000x magnification
0.2 um resolution
Fluorescent light Microscope- specimen is dyed with fluorescent dyes- light passes through two sets of filters- dyed objects show up in bright color on a dark background- the dyes absorb light at one wavelength and emit it at another |
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| Confocal Fluorescent Light Microscopy |
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| multiple optical sections produce a 3D image |
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| Electron Microscopes- 2 kinds |
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beam of electrons which magnetic coils focus (instead of glass lenses)
Transmission electron microscope- thin sections
Scanning electron microscope- coated with heavy metal & produces 3D images- scatters e- off surface reveals structure of membrane but not individual atoms |
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no nucleus
Bacteria & Archaea
single celled with a cell wall- simple shape & structure
"world's best biochemists"
live in diverse habitats, diverse carbon sources, diverse life requirements |
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Nucleus
membrane- bound organelles containing DNA |
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in Eukaryotes- necessary to remove oxygen
carry out oxidative phosphorylation and produce most of the cell's ATP (generate chemical energy for cell)
consume O2 and release CO2 (cellular respiration)
Giardia lack mitochondria so they must live in low oxygen |
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in Eukaryotes found in plants and algae
contain chlorophyll (green pigment)
perform photosynthesis (trap energy of sunlight in chlorophyll and use this energy to drive the manufacture of energy-rich sugar molecules)
generate both the food molecules and the oxygen that all mitochondria use |
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| site where most cell membrane components are made |
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site of synthesis of proteins to be excreted
modifies molecules made in ER and directs them to exterior of cell or other locations |
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| Lysosomes, peroxisomes, vesicles, cytosol |
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lysosomes- breakdown of food particles and other molecules
peroxisomes- generates hydrogen peroxide (h2o2)
vesicles- transport materials
cytosol-gel of molecules- fluid inside "cell wall" excludes all membranes |
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| Cytoskeleton, Actin, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments |
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cytoskeleton- system of filaments responsible for directed cell movements
Actin- filament that generate contractile forces
Microtubules-pulls chromosomes in opposite directions when cells divide
Intermediate- filaments that strengthen the cell mechanically |
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Element: substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means
Atom: smallest particle of an element that still retains its distinctive chemical properties and consists of a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud |
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| attractive force that occurs between oppositely charged atoms- in ionic bonds (transfer of e- produces formal change) |
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structure in which the positive charge is concentrated toward one end of the molecule (the positive pole) and the negative charge is concentrated toward the other end (the negative pole)
electrons shared unequally |
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| attractive force due to fluctuating electrical charges that come into play between two atoms that are 0.3 to 0.4 nm apart. |
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water-loving
charged molecules
ex: sugars, DNA, RNA, most proteins |
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water-fearing
uncharged molecules
do not dissolve in water, hydrocarbons |
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acid: substance that release protons, form H3O+, pH<7
base: capable of accepting a proton, ph>7 |
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| 4 building blocks of the cell (4 main families of small organic molecules in cells) |
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sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
when linked together they respectively form:
polysaccharides, fats lipids membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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condensation- water is expelled when bond is formed, 2 monosaccharides forming disaccharide
hydrolysis: water is consumed |
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primary energy source in cells
(Glucose) C6H12O6
glycogen in animals & starch in plants |
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possesses both hydrophobic & hydrophilic regions
ex: fatty acids |
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| Saturated vs. unsaturated fats |
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Saturated fats have no double bonds so they can pack together tightly (butter) solid @ room temp
Unsaturated: double bonds that produce kinks that prevent them from packing together (healthier, plant oils) liquid @ room temp
most important function of fats is energy storage and formation of cell membranes |
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| Nucleotides: Pyrimidines & Purines |
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Definition
Nucleotides help transfer energy & are subunit or nucleic acid
Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
Purines (guanine & adenine)
chemical energy carrier- ATP |
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| sum of all chemical reactions needed to survive, grow, and reproduce |
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catabolism: complex molecules are degraded to simpler ones with the release of energy
anabolism: reaction pathways by which large molecules are made from smaller ones. biosynthesis |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics, entropy |
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Definition
tendency of the universe to become disordered
entropy:measure of a system's disorder
heat is most disordered form |
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| Activation energy, enzyme |
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Definition
extra energy that must be acquired by a molecule to undergo a particular chemical reaction
enzymes- protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction (lowers activation energy) |
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| Free Energy (G), change in free energy |
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Definition
free energy: energy of molecule that could be used to do useful work
change in free energy: difference in free energy bw reactant & product
negative change in G= likely to occur
(couple a positive and a negative to drive unfavorable reaction) |
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| spread of molecules and small particles from one location to another by random, thermally driven movements- cell constantly in motion |
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| an enzyme acting early in a reaction pathway is inhibited by a late product in the same pathway |
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| prevents an enzyme from acting |
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