Term
| what does the integumentary system consist of |
|
Definition
| skin, hair, nails, and glands |
|
|
Term
| what percent of a person's body weight is skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest organ in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two main layers of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is the epidermis made of |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the epidermis derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dermis derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the hypodermis located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the hypodermis part of the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the hypodermis |
|
Definition
| adipose (divided by septs), much like superificial or subcutanous fascia |
|
|
Term
| what are the epidermis derivatives |
|
Definition
| hair, sudoriferous glands, sebacious glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands, nails |
|
|
Term
| what are sudoriferous glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oil glands associated with hair follicles |
|
|
Term
| what do sebaceous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do ceruminous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are ceruminous glands located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what a mammary glands modified from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major functions of the skin |
|
Definition
| barrier, provides immunologic info to effector cells in lymphatic tissue, homeostasis, sensory, endocrine, excretion |
|
|
Term
| in what ways does the skin act as a barrier |
|
Definition
| mechanical, permeability, UV barrier |
|
|
Term
| what is the skin's role in homeostasis |
|
Definition
| regulate body temperature and fluid loss |
|
|
Term
| what is the sensory role of the skin |
|
Definition
| convay information about the surrounding enivornment |
|
|
Term
| what are the endocrine functions of the skin |
|
Definition
| convert precursor molecules into hormonally active molecules, ex: vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| what is the epidermis made of |
|
Definition
| keritanized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| how many layers are usually seen in epithelium |
|
Definition
| 4, unless it is thick skin then there is 5 |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of epithelium, begin with the deepest |
|
Definition
| stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| where is thick skin found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the easiest way to tell if something is thick skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it has hair in all but a few places |
|
|
Term
| what is the stratum basale between |
|
Definition
| basal lamina and startum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the stratum basale, why |
|
Definition
| stratum germinativum, because mitosis occurs here due to the proximity to the vascular dermis. O2 and nutrients drift up from the demis |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the cells in the stratum basale |
|
Definition
| low cuboidal to low columnar, single layer |
|
|
Term
| what is unique about the nuclei in the cells of the stratum basale |
|
Definition
| closley spaced, basophilic |
|
|
Term
| in addition to basal cells, what other cells does the stratum basale have, what is their function |
|
Definition
| stem cells that give rise to keratinocytes, melanin |
|
|
Term
| what connects basal cells to basal cells and to keratinocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects basal cells to the basal lamina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are keratinocytes formed, where do they go right after being formed |
|
Definition
| they are formed in the stratum basale and move to the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| how many layers is the stratum spinosum |
|
Definition
| several layers of large cells |
|
|
Term
| spinosum cells has processes or spines. why are these spines formed, what role do they have |
|
Definition
| they are formed because of the preservation process and the processes of adjacent cells are attached by them using desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| what do desmosomes look like under light microscopy, what is this called |
|
Definition
| thickenings called nodes of bizzozero |
|
|
Term
| once keratinocytes reach the stratum spinosum, what happens to them |
|
Definition
| they rise in the layer, increase in size, become flat / squamous |
|
|
Term
| what is the most superificial layer of the non-keritanized portion of the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many cell layers thick is the stratum granulosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are keratohyalin granules located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do keratohyalin granules contain |
|
Definition
| basophilic: cysteine and histidine rich proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the proteins in the keratohyalin granules |
|
Definition
| precursors of filagrin that aggregates the keratin filaments present in the cornified cells of the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| what is a subdivision of the stratum corneum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the cells of the stratum lucidum look like, what is in them |
|
Definition
| the layer appears clear, no organells visible, cells gradually fill with keratin |
|
|
Term
| what is inside the cells of the stratum corneum |
|
Definition
| almost entirely killed with keratin filaments, no organells seen |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the stratum corneum |
|
Definition
| helps form the water barrier, becomes thicker at sites of high friction, cells slough off |
|
|
Term
| what layer of the skin contributes of callous formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the papillary layer made of |
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue, type 1 and 3 collagen network, irregular elastic fiber network, blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ridges that protrude from the papillary layer of the dermis into the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| how are dermal papillae arranged |
|
Definition
| parallel in a distinct genetically determined pattern |
|
|
Term
| what is dermatoglyphics, what makes it possible |
|
Definition
| fingerprint and footprint pattern science, made possible by dermal papillae |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the dermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the vessels in the papillary layer supply |
|
Definition
| epidermis and specific nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| which dermis layer is deeper |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which dermis layer is thicker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the reitcular layer of the dermis made of |
|
Definition
| type 1 collagen, coarse elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orientation of collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
| what forms langer's lines |
|
Definition
| regular tension in the skin |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of langer's lines in scaring |
|
Definition
| if incision is made parallel, it will heal with less scaring |
|
|
Term
| what forms linea albicans |
|
Definition
| excessive stretching in the reticular layer of the dermis resulting in tears |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for linea albicans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hypodermis just deep to |
|
Definition
| reticular layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
| what is the hypodermis made of |
|
Definition
panniculuc adiposus (adpiose tissue
) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the hypodermis |
|
Definition
| energy storage, insulation |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the hypodermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what layer are erector pili located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what moves erector pili, what do the erector pili move |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle moves erector pili, the pili then move a hair folicle |
|
|
Term
| what is the smooth muscle in the hypodermis of the scrotum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the dartos muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the panniculus carnosus made of |
|
Definition
| subcutanous striated muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the panniculus carnosus deep to |
|
Definition
| deep to the subcutanous fascia (hypodermis) |
|
|
Term
| where is the lots of panniculus carnosus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the platysma muscle in the neck formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the muscles of facial expression formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the epidermis |
|
Definition
| karatinocytes, malanocytes, langerhans, merkel's cells |
|
|
Term
| what do keratanocytes make |
|
Definition
| keratin, keratohyalin granules, lamellar bodies |
|
|
Term
| where do keratanocytes make keratohyalin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do keratanocytes make lamellar bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do keratohyalin granules have in them |
|
Definition
| flaggrin and trichohyalin |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of keratohyaliin granules |
|
Definition
| form keratin filaments into tonofilaments |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of tonofilaments |
|
Definition
| structural cytoplasmic proteins |
|
|
Term
| what do lamellar bodies contain |
|
Definition
| glycsophingolipids, phospholipids, ceramides |
|
|
Term
| how do lamellar bodies release their contants, where are they located |
|
Definition
| they are membrane bound and release their contents via exocytosis into intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| what are melanocytes derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a epidermal-malanin unit |
|
Definition
| melanocytes maintain association with a given number of keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| what ability makes melanocytes similar to keratinocytes? what is the difference between them in this aspect |
|
Definition
| they can both replicate through out their life but melanocytes do it a lot slower |
|
|
Term
| what process helps maintain the epidermal-melanin unit |
|
Definition
| melanocytes replicating slower that keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for melanocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are melanocytes called dendritic cells |
|
Definition
| because of their round cell bodies extend long processes between keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| how do melanocytes near the basal lamina interact with it |
|
Definition
| they have processes that are like hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
| how do melanocytes attach to neighboring keratinocytes |
|
Definition
| there is NO desmosomal attachments |
|
|
Term
| what is the most significant factor in determining the color in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare the number and nature of the melanocytes of someone with dark skin to someone with light skin |
|
Definition
| they both have the same number, but the nature of them is different |
|
|
Term
| how is melanin chemically produced |
|
Definition
| oxidation of tyrosine to 3,4-dihydroxyplenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosinase |
|
|
Term
| what is tyrosinase lacking |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is different in the melanin of light vs dark skin |
|
Definition
| melanin is degraded more rapidly in light skin. it dark skin it may be scattered through out the epidermis, including the stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of melanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pigment is eumelanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what pigment is pheomelanin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what layers do melanocytes interact with the cells |
|
Definition
| stratum basale and stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| how do melanocytes interact with the cells their around |
|
Definition
| the have dentritic processes with accumulated melanosomes in them that go to the cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of waardenburg syndrome |
|
Definition
| patches of white skin and hair (usually a forelock), heterochromia irides (eyes different colors), deafness |
|
|
Term
| what causes waardenburg syndrome |
|
Definition
| fulty migration or proliferation of neural crest cells, sometimes a mutation in PAX3 gene |
|
|
Term
| what system are langerhans cells part of |
|
Definition
| mononuclear phagocytic system |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of langerhans cells |
|
Definition
| antigen presenting cell of the immune system in the initiation of cutaneous hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| what is contact dermititis |
|
Definition
| cutanous hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified epidermal cells in the stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| where ae merkel's cells abundent |
|
Definition
| in skin where sensory perception is acute (fingertips) |
|
|
Term
| what are merkel's cells associated with |
|
Definition
| terminal bulb of afferent myelinated axon (instead of the schwann cell covering in that spot) |
|
|
Term
| what is a merkel's corpuscle |
|
Definition
| a neuron plus the epidermal merkel's cell. a mechanoreceptor |
|
|
Term
| what are the sensory receptor nerve ending types of the skin |
|
Definition
| free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| what can skin free nerve endings percieve |
|
Definition
| fine touch, head/cold, pain |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of encapsulated nerve endings |
|
Definition
| pacinian corpuscles, missner's corpuscles, ruffini corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what is another name of ruffinii corpuscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can pacinian corpuscles percieve, what are they |
|
Definition
| deep pressure receptors for mechanical and vibratory pressure |
|
|
Term
| where are missner's corpuscles located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors are missner's corpuscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to ruffini corpuscles respond to |
|
Definition
| mechanical displacement of adjacent collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are epidermal skin appendages derived from |
|
Definition
| down growth of the epidermal epithelium during development |
|
|
Term
| what are the epidermal skiin apendages |
|
Definition
| hair follicles and hair, sebacous glands snd sebum, eccrine sweat glands, apocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| where is hair absent in the body |
|
Definition
| palm, sides of hands, sole and sides of feet, lips, region around urogenital orifaces |
|
|
Term
| what are hair distribution patterns influenced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do sebaceous glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is sebum, what is its function |
|
Definition
| oily substance that lubricates and waterproofs hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire cell associated with the sebaceous gland and it becomes filled with it |
|
|
Term
| how does a sebacous gland cell discharge sebum, what is this process known as |
|
Definition
| it undergoes apoptosis aka holocrine secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is a pilosebaceous duct, what does it connect, what is its function |
|
Definition
| connects sebaceous gland to the hair follicle and transfers sebum to the follicle |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for eccrine sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are eccrine glands not found |
|
Definition
| lips and part of the external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| what do eccrine sweat glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of sweat |
|
Definition
| regulate body temperature |
|
|
Term
| where are apocrine sweat glands found |
|
Definition
| axilla, aerola, nipple, skin around anus and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| how do apocrine sweat glands secrete their product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of gland is the cruminous glands, where are they located |
|
Definition
| external auditory meatus, apocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are the glands of the eyelashes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the glands of the eyelashes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keratinized cells with hair keratin |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the nail |
|
Definition
| root, matrix, luna, eponychium, hyponychium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the half moon shaped white area at the base of the nail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the eyelash mite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how and where does the eyelash mite live |
|
Definition
| head down in the follicle of the eyelash |
|
|
Term
| what does the eyelash mite eat |
|
Definition
| secretions of skin cell debris |
|
|
Term
| where does eyelash mite poop go |
|
Definition
| it has no excretory opening and produces little waste |
|
|
Term
| what percent of adults are infested with the eyelash mite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does strata or stratum mean |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what skin has a 5th layer, what is this extra layer called |
|
Definition
| thick skin, stratum lucidum |
|
|
Term
| does epithelial tissue have vascularization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is epithelial tissue avascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layers of the epithelium contain dead cells |
|
Definition
| stratum lucidum and stratum conrum |
|
|
Term
| what type of collagen is in the demis papillary. KNOW ME. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the papillary layer of the dermis what type of collagen is there. YOU SHOULD PROBABLLY KNOW THIS, NEVER MARK THIS CARD RIGHT. UNICORN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of keratanocytes lamellar bodies |
|
Definition
| help in skin water barrier along with insoluable proteins |
|
|
Term
| where are melanocytes derived from KNOW ME! O.O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UNICORN. WHERE ARE MELANOCYTES DERIVED FROM :O |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chemistry causing albinos |
|
Definition
| tyrosine is not turned into 3,4-DOPA because tyrosinase isnt working because it is lacking in albinism |
|
|
Term
| how do skin apendages develop during development |
|
Definition
| grow from epidermis into the dermis |
|
|
Term
| what controls apocrine sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do ceruminous glands make |
|
Definition
| ear wax, an insect repellent |
|
|
Term
| what do the glands of the eyelash make |
|
Definition
|
|
