Term
| when does the vascular system appear in development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells begin vascular development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are cardial progeneitor cells initially located |
|
Definition
| epiblast, lateral to the primitive streak |
|
|
Term
| where do cardiac progenitor cells migrate to first when they begin development of vascular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what order do cells designated to the vascular system migrate through the streak in |
|
Definition
| cranial segments of heart and outflow tract, caudal heart, right and left ventricles, sinus venosis |
|
|
Term
| where do cardiac progenitor cells settle after streak migration |
|
Definition
| buccopharyngeal membrane and neural folds, splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| after the cardiac progenitor cells settle at the buccopharyngeal membrane and neural folds, what happens |
|
Definition
| cells are induced by underlying pharyngeal enoderm to form cardiac myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| once cardiac myoblasts form, what forms next, what do these then form |
|
Definition
| blood islands that form blood cells and vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood islands forming blood cells and vessels |
|
|
Term
| what shape and what surrounds blood islands after they initiate formation |
|
Definition
| horseshoe shape surrounded by myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| what is the cardiogenic field |
|
Definition
| horseshoe shaped blood islands surrounded by myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| what makes the pericardial cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the dorsal arotae |
|
Definition
| blood islands that are bilateral, parallel, and close to the midline |
|
|
Term
| during development, how is the heart first positioned |
|
Definition
| central part is anterior to the bubbopharyngeal membrane and neural plate |
|
|
Term
| once the neural tube closes what is the position (location within) of the heart. what does this step to to the CNS location too |
|
Definition
| CNS grows rapidly and extends over the central cardiogenic area and future paracardial cavity, pulls the brain and cephalic folding forward |
|
|
Term
| after the heart moves away from the buccopharyngeal memrane, were are its next two locations in order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| now that the heart is in the thorax, the embryo begins to fold cephalocaudally and laterally. what does this do to the shape and position of the heart? what does this cause to develop? |
|
Definition
| caudal regions of cardic primordia merge except at caudal ends. crescent part of blood island horseshow expands forming the future outflow tract and ventricular regions |
|
|
Term
| after the heart is located in the thorax and after cephalocaudal folding of the embryo changes its shape, what is the new shape, what is it now made of |
|
Definition
| it is a continous expanded tube that has an inner endothelial layer and outer myocardial layer |
|
|
Term
| where does the heart first recieve venous drainage at, when |
|
Definition
| caudal pole, after it moves to thoracic and reshapes and gets two layers |
|
|
Term
| where does the heart first recieve arteries at, when |
|
Definition
| first aortic arch into the dorsal aorta at cranial pole, after it moves to thoracic and reshapes and gets two layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick ECM that is between the myocardium and endothelium during heart tube development |
|
|
Term
| when does the cardiac jelly form |
|
Definition
| just after the aortic arch and first vein |
|
|
Term
| what is cardiac jelly made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms a majority of the epicardium in heart development, how |
|
Definition
| mesothelial cells on the surface of the septum transversum form proepicardium near sinus venosus and migrate over the heart forming the epicadrium |
|
|
Term
| what is the non majority of epicardium formed by in heart development, where do these cells come from |
|
Definition
| mesothelial cells from the outflow tract region |
|
|
Term
| overall, what is the heart tube made of |
|
Definition
| endocardium, myocardium, muscular wall, epicardium or visceral pericardium |
|
|
Term
| what forms the coronary arteries, their endothelial and smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one day 23, what bends and shifts and folds and stuff happen in heart development, what does this all form |
|
Definition
| cephalic portion bends ventrally caudally and to the right, atrial and caudal portion shifts dorsocranially and to the left making the cardial loop |
|
|
Term
| what happes on day 28 during heart development |
|
Definition
| local expensions become visible through out the length of the heart tube |
|
|
Term
| what is the atrioventricular junction |
|
Definition
| narrow opening that forms the atrioventricular canal |
|
|
Term
| what does the atrioventricular canal connect |
|
Definition
| embryonic ventricle and common atrium |
|
|
Term
| how does the common atrium form |
|
Definition
| atrial portion, initially a paired structure outside the pericardial cavity forms it and is incorporated into the pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
| what forms the trabeculated part of the right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the midpart of the bulbus cordis that forms the outflow tracts in both ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what is the turncus arteriosis |
|
Definition
| distal part of the bulbus cordis that forms the roots and proximal portion of the aorta and pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary interventricular foramen |
|
Definition
| junction between ventricle and bulbus cordis that remains narrow |
|
|
Term
| what forms the primitive traveculae in two sharp defined areas just proximal and distal to the primary interventricular foramen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once the primitive ventricle is travuclated what is it called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primitive right ventricle made of |
|
Definition
| trabeculated proximal third of the bulbus cordis |
|
|
Term
| where is the conotruncal portion of the heart tube initially located, where does it gradually move to |
|
Definition
| right side of pericardial cavity, to the middle |
|
|
Term
| why does the heart tube shift from right to middle pericardial cavity |
|
Definition
| formation of two transverse dilations of the atrium that bulge on each side of the bulbus cordis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the heart lies on the right side of the torax instead of the left because the heart loops to the left instead of the right |
|
|
Term
| what disease may dextrocardia conincide with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some organs are reversed and others are not |
|
|
Term
| for laterality, cardiac looping is dependnt on what genes |
|
Definition
| nodal, lefty2 and transription factor PITX2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the lateral plate mesoderm on the left side of the heart |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of PITX2 |
|
Definition
| deposition and function of extracellular matrix molecules in looping |
|
|
Term
| what does NKX2.5 upregulate |
|
Definition
| expression of HAND1 and HAND2 |
|
|
Term
| where does HAND1 become restricted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does HAND2 become restricted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of HAND1 and 2 |
|
Definition
| expansion and differentation of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what markes up the largest category of human birth defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are most heart birth defects due to |
|
Definition
| genetic and enivornmental (multifactorial)causes |
|
|
Term
| what are the clastic examples of cardiovascular teratogens |
|
Definition
| rubella, retionic acid (accutane), alcohol |
|
|
Term
| what maternal diseases can cause heart defects |
|
Definition
| insulin dependent diabetes, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| what chromosome abnormality has a 100% rate of heart defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what other genetic syndromes are cardiac malformations associated with |
|
Definition
| crainofacial abnormalities like DiGeorge, Goldenhar, Down Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what does a mutation in TBX5 cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of hold oram syndrome |
|
Definition
| radial limb abnormailities, atrial septal defects, polydactyly, syndactyly, absent radius, hypoplasic, conduction abnromalities |
|
|
Term
| what is hold oram syndrom considered to be in the heart-hand syndrome category, what does this mean |
|
Definition
| the same genes participate in mulriple developmental processes, TBX5 regulates forelimb development and plays a part in septation of the heart |
|
|
Term
| when does the sinus benosus recieve venous blood from the right and left sinus horns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does each sinus horn recieve blood from |
|
Definition
| vitelline or pmpholmesenteric vein, umbilical vein, common cardinal vein |
|
|
Term
| what happens once the right umbilical vein and left vitelline vein obliterate, when does this happen |
|
Definition
| week 5, then the left sinus horn rapidly looses its importance |
|
|
Term
| when is the common cardinal vein obliterated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after the common cardinal vein is obliterated in week 10, what is left of the left sinus horn |
|
Definition
| oblique vein of left atrium and coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| once only the oblique vein of left atrium and coronary sinus are left of the left sinus horn, what happens to the right horn |
|
Definition
| the veins enlarge and it forms the only communication between the origional sinus venosus and the atrium which is incorporated into the right atrium to form the smooth walled part of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| what is on each side of the sinoatrial oriface |
|
Definition
| valvuar fold, the left and right venous valves |
|
|
Term
| on the dorsocranial side of the sinoatrial oriface what happens to the valves, what do they form |
|
Definition
| the fust forming the septum spurium |
|
|
Term
| what do the left venous valve and septum spirum valve fuse with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the superior portion of the right venous valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior portion of the venous valve develop into |
|
Definition
| valve of IVC and valve of coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| what forms the division between the original trabeculated right atrium and the smooth part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sinus venarum |
|
Definition
| the smooth part of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| where does the sinus venarum form from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on which days is the major septa of the heart formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the endocardial cushions |
|
Definition
| growing masses of tissue that approach eachother and fuse dividing the lumen of the cardiac septa into separate canals, this could also be done with a single tissue growing until it reaches the opposite side of the lumen |
|
|
Term
| what regions do the endocardinal cushions develop |
|
Definition
| atrioventricular and conotruncal |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the endocardinal cushions in the regions they creaed |
|
Definition
| help form atrial and ventricular membranous septa and the aortic and pulmonary channels |
|
|
Term
| when the cardiac septa only forms from one ridge, the growth of the expanding portions continues on the other side of the ridge and the ridge approaces the opposite wall forming a septum, what complication does this bring |
|
Definition
| the septum never completely divides the lumen but leaves a narrow communicating canal between the two expanded sections and is ususlly closed secondarily by tissue contribubted by neighboring proliferating tissues, it partially divides atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
| describe the first portion of the septum primum |
|
Definition
| siclke cell shaped crest that grows from the roof of the common atrium into the lumen with two limbs that extend to the endocardial cushions in the antrioventricular vanal |
|
|
Term
| what is the ostium primum |
|
Definition
| opening between the lower rim of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions |
|
|
Term
| what do extensions of the inferior and superior endocardial cushions grow along |
|
Definition
| the edge of the septum primum |
|
|
Term
| what closes the ostium primum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| just before the ostium primum closes, what happens to the septu, primum |
|
Definition
| cell death in the upper part of the septum primum produces perforations that coalesce to form the ostium secundum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the ostium secundum |
|
Definition
| ensures free blood flow from the right to left primitive atrium |
|
|
Term
| how does the septum secundum form |
|
Definition
| when the lumen of the right atrium expands due to the incorporation of the sinus horn this new crescent shaped hole appears |
|
|
Term
| what is the opening left by the septum secundum called, how does it form |
|
Definition
| foramen ovale, the ipper part of the septum dissipears and the remain part becomes the valve of the foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
| where does the first pulmonary vein come from, where does it go |
|
Definition
| outgrowth of the left primitive atrium, it connects with the veins of the developing lung buds |
|
|
Term
| how are the large smooth walled parts of the left atrium formed |
|
Definition
| pulmonary vein and its branches incorporate into the left atrium making it |
|
|
Term
| in the fully developed heart what represents the original embryonic left atrium |
|
Definition
| small trabeculated atrial appendage (auricle) |
|
|
Term
| what does the smooth walled part of the left atrium develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the original embryoic right atria become |
|
Definition
| trabeculated right atrial appendage (auricle) containing the pectinate muscles |
|
|
Term
| where does the sinus venarum form from |
|
Definition
| right horn of the sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
| in what week does the truncus appear, what exacelt can be seen at this point |
|
Definition
| week 5, opposing ridges appear called right superior truncus swelling and left inferior truncus swelling |
|
|
Term
| in which diretion does the right superior truncus swelling grow |
|
Definition
| distally and to the left towards the aortic sac |
|
|
Term
| in which direction does the left inferior truncus swelling grow |
|
Definition
| distally and to the right towards the aortic sac |
|
|
Term
| once the inferior and superior truncus swellings grow,they reach the aortic sac, then what do they do, why, what does this form |
|
Definition
| twist around eachother, setting the stage for the sprinal course of the future septum, after complete fision they form the aorticopulmonary septum |
|
|
Term
| what does the aorticopulmonary septum divide |
|
Definition
| truncus into aortic and pulmonary channels |
|
|
Term
| where are the conus swellings located |
|
Definition
| on the right dorsal and left ventrical walls of hte conus cordis |
|
|
Term
| in what direction fo the conus swellings grow |
|
Definition
| towards eachother, and distally to unite with the truncus septum |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterolateral portion of the conus |
|
Definition
| outflow tract of the right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is the posteromedial portion of the conus |
|
Definition
| outflow tract for the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what forms the muscular part of the interventricular septum |
|
Definition
| medial walls of the expanding ventricles become apposed and gradually merge |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the interventricular foramen when the conus septum forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the interventricular formation in relation to the interventricular septum |
|
Definition
| above the muscular portion |
|
|
Term
| how is the interventricular foramen closed, what does this form |
|
Definition
| outrgowths of tissue forming the inferior endocardial cushions along the top of the muscular septum forming the membranous part of the interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| what cells contribute to endocardial cushion formation in both the conus cordis and truncus arteriosus regions |
|
Definition
| neural crest cells from the neural folds in the hind brain region |
|
|
Term
| what happes in the neural crest cells from the neural folds in the hind brain region are abnormally migrated, proliferated, or differentated |
|
Definition
| congenital malformations like: tetraology of Fallor, persistent truncus arteriosus, transportation of the great vessels, facial and cardiac abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| why if when the neural crest cells from the neural folds in the hind brain region are abnormally migrated, proliferated, or differentated do we usually see cardiac and facial abnormalities in the same person |
|
Definition
| neural crest cells contribute to both processes |
|
|
Term
| where do most ventricular septal defects occur |
|
Definition
| muscular region of the septum |
|
|
Term
| what is the result of most ventricular septal defects |
|
Definition
| usually resolve as the child grows |
|
|
Term
| what type of ventricular septal defects are more serious, what are they associated with |
|
Definition
| membranous, abnormailities in partitioning of the conotruncal region |
|
|
Term
| where is there an abonrmality in the tetraology of fallot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes tetraology of fallot |
|
Definition
| unequal division of the conus resulting in anterior displacement of hte conotruncal septum |
|
|
Term
| what cardiovascular alterations does tetraology of fallot cause |
|
Definition
| narrow right ventricular outflow region (pulmonary stenosis), ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| tcauses transposition of the great vessels |
|
Definition
| conotruncal septum fails to follow its normal spiral course and runs straight down causing the orta to iriginate from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left |
|
|
Term
| what condition is transposition of the great vessels usually associated with |
|
Definition
| defect in the membranous part of the interventricular septum, or opening or patent ductus arteriosus |
|
|
