Term
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Definition
| together form MPF (maturation promoting factor). cdk1 is inactivated immediately by phosphorylation; then activated by dephosphorylation |
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Term
| to inhibit cdk (cyclin dependant kinases) |
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Definition
1. must be bound to cyclin
2. complex must by phorphorylated to work
3. stopped working by phosphorylation by Wee1
4. re-dephosphorylated/released by Cdc25
5. finally, CKI (an inhibitor protein) |
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Term
| DNA damage checkpoint; spindle assembly checkpoint |
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Definition
1. after S, if DNA is damaged or didn't replicate properly, cycle is arrested
2. at metaphase if spindles don't align the chromasomes properly cycle is arrested |
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Term
| checkpoints in cell replication |
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Definition
1. DNA damage checkpoint at G1 and G2
2. mitotic spindle checkpoint at metaphase
3. cell replication checkpoint - MCM helicases and origin recognition complex get kicked off the DNA once they start replicating so they can't start again until the cell cycle is complete |
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Term
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Definition
binds to E2F in early G1 of G0, keeping cell cycle progression genes from expressing themselves.
Cdk6,4/cyclinD phosphorylate it and deactivate it during the restriction point, letting the genes express and the cell cycle begin.
absence of Rb can lead to cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
in G1/G0, cdk2/cyclinE is inhibited by p27
- then p27 is inhibited by growth factors. ALSO, when cdk4,6/cyclinD phosphorylates Rb, Rb lets go of E2F.
THEN E2F activates cdk2/cyclinE, which activates MCM helicase and DNA starts replicating |
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Term
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Definition
| go into S phase even if DNA is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| delays the cell cycle until DNA repair is complete |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to unattached kinetochores; cause cell death/metaphase arrest (stops cycle) |
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Term
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Definition
| activated by Cdk1/cyclinB; condense the DNA into chromasomes |
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Term
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Definition
| needed to enter anaphase. Mad/Bub binds to Cdc20, which binds to APC/C, keeping it from entering anaphase |
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Term
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Definition
| activated by APC/C; degrades adhering, allowing anaphase to begin (chromatids being pulled apart) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in prophase of meiosis 1, analagous chromasomes are closely associated (synapsis) and cross-over, creating chiasmata |
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Term
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Definition
| converts a normal cell to a cancer cell |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat |
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Term
| animal cells and cancer viruses |
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Definition
in a permissive cell, the virus divides along with the cell and then destroys it.
in a nonpermissive cell, the virus needs to stimulate the cell to divide, which can transform it.
sometimes, the viral genome integrates into the cellular DNA; when it expresses it, the cell becomes transformed. |
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Term
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Definition
| small DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| don't cause cancer, but cause lysis in permissive cells and induce transformation in non-permissive cells, so serve as a good model |
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Term
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Definition
| have only RNA; replicate DNA in host cell. Can cause cancer, but most contain only three genes (gag, pol, env) which have instructions only for self-proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific gene that can lead to cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from the DNA of the host cell, NOT the virus itself (which won't waste cells on not reproducing itself) |
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Term
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Definition
genes in cellular DNA that can turn into oncogenes (and then cancer) when exposed to a retrovirus
- usually have a role in cell proliferation; as oncogenes, they lose their regulatory domains |
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Term
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Definition
| won't respond to GAP (GTP-ase protein), so they never lose their GTP and never inactivate |
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Term
| retinoic acid as a cancer treatment |
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Definition
| induces cell differentiation; if the oncogene causes cells to proliferate actively without differentiation, retinoic acid can help |
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Term
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Definition
| it's a tumor repressor; if it's gotten rid of it can lead to both uncontrolled cell cycle with broken genes and also keeps apoptosis from being triggered |
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Term
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Definition
| keep DNA from mutating; mutation in these genes can lead to high mutation and thus a higher chance of cancer |
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Term
| what kind of cell is extremely susceptible to tumors? |
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Definition
| cells that are continuously replicating, like epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
| that tumors don't like it at ALL when oncogenes are inhibited (to prevent runaway proliferation, etc.) |
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