Term
| what are the layers of the eye |
|
Definition
| coneosclear coat, vascular coat, retina |
|
|
Term
| what is the outer fibrous layer of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the corneoscleral coat ccontain |
|
Definition
| sclera 9white0 and cornea (clear) |
|
|
Term
| what is the middle layer of the eye called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the vascular coat include |
|
Definition
| choroid, stroma of the ciliary body and iris |
|
|
Term
| what is the inner layer of the eye called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the retina include |
|
Definition
| outer pigment epithelium, inner neural layer, epithelium of the ciliary body and iris |
|
|
Term
| what are the chambers of the eye |
|
Definition
| anteriorn, posterior, and vitreous |
|
|
Term
| what forms the anterior chamber of the eye |
|
Definition
| space between cornea and iris |
|
|
Term
| what forms the posterior chamber of the eye |
|
Definition
| space between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens |
|
|
Term
| what forms the vitreous chamber of the eye |
|
Definition
| space between posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina |
|
|
Term
| what and when does the eye appear as |
|
Definition
| shallow grooves called optic sulci or grooves on day 22 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the optic sulci or grooves |
|
Definition
| as the neural tube closes, they form outpocketings called optic vesicles |
|
|
Term
| as the optic vesicles form laterally, what is happening at the other end of the developing eye |
|
Definition
| connection to the forebrain becomes constricted to form an optic stalk and the overlying ectoderm thickens and forms and lens placode |
|
|
Term
| how is the optic vesicle turned into two eyes |
|
Definition
| the lens placode and optic vesicle invaginate forming a double layered optic cup |
|
|
Term
| what does the inner layer of the optic cup become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the outer layer of the optic cup become |
|
Definition
| retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where do grooves containing blood vessels for the eye come from, where |
|
Definition
| mesenchyme along inferior surface of each optic cup |
|
|
Term
| what are the grooves with vessels in the developing eye called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do choroid fissures function to do |
|
Definition
| allow hayloid vessels to reach the inner chamber of the eye |
|
|
Term
| what ultametly happens to the hayloid vessels |
|
Definition
| distal part degenerates and proximal part remains as the central vessels of the retina |
|
|
Term
| during the third month of gestation what does the optic cup make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the dilator and sphincter pupillary muscles appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hte iris light blue at birth |
|
Definition
| because pigment isnt usually present yet |
|
|
Term
| what is the key regulatory gene for eye development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what initiates formation of the ridge on the neural plate that forms a single eye field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the single eye field seperate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what signals for seperation of the eye field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what in the eye comes from the surface ectoderm |
|
Definition
| lens, epithelium of cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and its drainage system |
|
|
Term
| what in the eye comes from the neural ectoderm |
|
Definition
| vitreous body, epithelium of retina iris and ciliary body, sphinctor pupillae, dilatory pupillae, optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what in the eye comes from the mesoderm |
|
Definition
| sclera, stroma of the cornea ciliary body iris and choroid, extraocular muscles, eyelids, hayloid system, coverings of the optic n, ct and vessels of the eye bony orbit and vitreous body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whwhat is congenital cataracts |
|
Definition
| lens becomes clouded during intrauterine life |
|
|
Term
| what can cause congenital cataracts |
|
Definition
| maternal rubella infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes microphthalmia |
|
Definition
| cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anophthalmia usually accompanied by |
|
Definition
| severe cranial abnormailities |
|
|
Term
| what is congential aphakia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can cause congenital aphakia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cyclopia or synophthalmia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cyclopia or synophthalmia usually associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are the eyes fused in cyclopia or synophthalmia |
|
Definition
| loss of midline structures prevented the eye fields from seperating |
|
|
Term
| when does loss of midline structures in cyclopia or synophthalmia occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are factors that affet midline structure loss |
|
Definition
| alcohol, mutations in SHH, abnormailities in cholesterol metabolism that disrupts SHH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease in aniridia a part of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does WAGR syndrome consist of |
|
Definition
| wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormailities, retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cer of the kidney the usually affects children of 5 years but also in the fetus |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the cornea |
|
Definition
| corneal epithelium, bowman's membrane, corneal stroma, descemet's membrane, corneal endothelium |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the corneal epithelium |
|
Definition
| non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the corneal epithelium attached to, by what |
|
Definition
| bowman's membrane by hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| where is the bowmans membrane |
|
Definition
| between corneal epithelium and underlying corneal strma |
|
|
Term
| where does bowmans membrane end |
|
Definition
| abruptly at the corneoscleral limbus. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of bowmans membrane |
|
Definition
| barrier to spread infection |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the corneal stroma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the corneal stroma consist of |
|
Definition
| layers of parallel bundles of collagen, avascular |
|
|
Term
| where is the corneal stroma |
|
Definition
| between flattened fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what is descemet's membrane |
|
Definition
| posterior thick basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the corneal endothelium |
|
Definition
| metabolic exchange between cornea and aquous humor |
|
|
Term
| what is the sclera mostly made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sclera contain |
|
Definition
| dense CT, collagen bundles, elastic fibers and ground substance between collagen |
|
|
Term
| how is the collagen of the sclera oriented |
|
Definition
| various directions and in pannels to the surface elastic fibers and ground substance between collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what do the tendons of the extraocular muscles insert into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the corneoscleral limbus |
|
Definition
| transitional zone between cornea and sclera |
|
|
Term
| how does the cornea and sclera combine at the edges |
|
Definition
| corneal layers merge with collagen bundles of sclera |
|
|
Term
| describe the transition of the vasculature at the corneoscleral limbus |
|
Definition
| abrupt transition from avascular cornea to highly vascularized sclara |
|
|
Term
| where is the outflow apparatus for the aquous humor |
|
Definition
| limbus region, iridocorneal angle |
|
|
Term
| what forms the scleral venous sinus |
|
Definition
| endothelium lined channels called trabecular network merge |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for scleral venous sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the canal of schlemm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the canal of schlemm |
|
Definition
| drains squous humor from the anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
| what is the most anterior part of the vascular coat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the iris come from and attach to |
|
Definition
| anterior border of ciliary body and is attached to sclera at the corneoscleral junction |
|
|
Term
| what is the central aperature of the iris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the iris consist of |
|
Definition
| highly vascularized CT stroma covered on posterior surface by highly pigmented cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the highly pigmented cells on the posterior iris called |
|
Definition
| posterior pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where does color in the eye come from |
|
Definition
| light reflected from the pigment present in the cells of the posterior surface of the regina giving it a blue apperance. more pigment leads to a darker color |
|
|
Term
| what is the ciliary body part of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ciliary body between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are ciliary processes |
|
Definition
| ridges with zonular fibers that attach to the lens |
|
|
Term
| what covers the ciliary body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is ciliary epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of ciliary epithelium |
|
Definition
| secretes aquous humor, blood aquous barrier, secrete and anchor zonular fibers to form suspensory ligament of the lens |
|
|
Term
| what do the non pigament cells of the ciliary body do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the non pigmented cells of the ciliary body held down |
|
Definition
| cell cell junctions with zona occludins and lots of basal and lateral infoldings |
|
|
Term
| how are pigmented cells of the ciliary body held in |
|
Definition
| less developed junctions, irregular intercellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| what holds the apical surfaces of ciliary cells togather |
|
Definition
| desmosomes and gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what are the discontinous gaps between ciliary cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the aquous humor a derivative of plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the path of the aquous humor |
|
Definition
| passes ciliary body, goes to between iris and lens before the anterior chamber,in chamber it goes from cornea to iris and penetrates tissue of limbus to make the trabecular meshwork which turns into canal of schlemm |
|
|
Term
| what does the canall of schlemm run with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general, what causes glaucoma |
|
Definition
| obstruction of the drainage of the aquous humor increasing intraocular pressure causing retina damage and ultametly blindness |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of glaucoma |
|
Definition
| pain, nausea, blurred vision, halos |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of glaucoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in open angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| trabecular meshwork drains aquous homor but schlemm is blocked |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in closed angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| aquous humor cant go to trabecular meshwork because of inflammation of uvea. it never gets to the schlemm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trabeculoplasty: laser burns holes in trabecular mesh around limbus to restore fluid flow, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| what do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do |
|
Definition
| stop carbonic anhydrase isomerase which makes aquous humor |
|
|
Term
| what happens in pressure in the eye is not relived |
|
Definition
| retinal nerve fiber atrophy |
|
|
Term
| where is the choroid located |
|
Definition
| vascular coat, between sclera and retina |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the choroid |
|
Definition
| choricocapillary and burch's membrane |
|
|
Term
| where is the choricocapillary in the choroid, what is it made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the burch's membrane in the choroid, what is the made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the retina |
|
Definition
| photoreceptors, conducting neurons, association/other, supporting |
|
|
Term
| what are the photoreceptor cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the conduction neuron cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the association / other cells of the retina |
|
Definition
| horizontal, centrifugal, interplexiform, amacrine |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the supporting cells of the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the supporting cells of the retina |
|
Definition
| muller, microglial, astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 10 layers of the retina |
|
Definition
1. retinal pigmented epithelium
2. rods and cones
3. outer limiting membrane
4. outer nuclear layer
5. outer plexiform layer
6. inner nuclear layer
7. inner plexiform layer
8. ganglion cell layer
9. optic nerve fibers
10. inner limiting membrane |
|
|
Term
| what layer of the retina is not part of the retina |
|
Definition
| retinal pigmented epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what does the retinal pigmented epithelium do |
|
Definition
| absorb light through neural retina preventing reflection and flare, participate in the blood-retina barrier |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is the retinal pigmented epithelium |
|
Definition
| 1 layer of cuboid cells connected by junctions |
|
|
Term
| what does the retinal pigmented epithelium sit on |
|
Definition
| birch's membrane of choricoid |
|
|
Term
| what is in the rod and cone layer |
|
Definition
| outer and inner photo receptors |
|
|
Term
| what is in the outer limiting membrane |
|
Definition
| apical boundry of muller's cells |
|
|
Term
| what is in the outer mouclear layer |
|
Definition
| cell bodies of rods and cones |
|
|
Term
| what is in the outer plexiform layer |
|
Definition
| processes of rods and cones, processes of horizontal amacrine and bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is in the inner nuclear layer |
|
Definition
| cell bodies of horizontal, amacrine bipolar, and muller's cells |
|
|
Term
| what is in the inner plexiform layer |
|
Definition
| process of hariz, amacrine, bipolar cells and ganglion cells that connect them |
|
|
Term
| what is in the genglion cell layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the optic nerve fiber layer |
|
Definition
| axons of genglia cells from retina to brain |
|
|
Term
| what is in the inner limiting membrane |
|
Definition
| basal lamina and muller cells |
|
|
Term
| which is more sensitive to light rods or cones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reb, gree, blue, or their mixture |
|
|
Term
| what photoreceptors form in development first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the forva centralis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central part of the forva made of all cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the macula lutes yellow |
|
Definition
| because of the xanthophyll pigment |
|
|
Term
| where in the retina are there no retina vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the optic disc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the optic dics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the blind spot, why |
|
Definition
| optic disc because it has no photo receptors |
|
|
Term
| what happens in retinal detachment |
|
Definition
| potential space between optic cup layers expands and retina pulls away from retinal pigmented epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are floaters, why are they there |
|
Definition
| in retinal detachment no nutrients get to the photoreceptors from choricocapillary plexus of chorcoid and floaters are released RBC that are injured |
|
|
Term
| if the retina is not re attached what happens after some time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in solubility of lens protein decreasing opacity |
|
|
Term
| what increases cataract risk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does diabetes cause cataracts |
|
Definition
| glucose increases and it is a metabolite for the eye and is turned into sorbitol and it accumulates decreasing solubility of proteins and opacity |
|
|
Term
| what does cataracts do to vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hte vitreous body |
|
Definition
| transparent jelly in vitreous chamber posterior part |
|
|
Term
| what is the vitreous body mostly made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the vitreous body made of |
|
Definition
| water, collagen, GAGs 9hyaluronan), hyalocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make collagen fibrils and GAGs |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| genetics and the enivornment (uv light, drugs) |
|
|
Term
| what is dry macular degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in dry macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| degenerative lesions of macula lutea |
|
|
Term
| what do degenerative lesions cause |
|
Definition
| focal thickening of burch's membrane, atrophy and depigmentation of retinal pigment epithelium, destory capillaries in choroid |
|
|
Term
| describe wet macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| exudative neurovascular, formation of vessels, a complication of dry macular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in wet macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| new vessels form and are thin, fragile, and leaky leading to adudate and hemmorage in space between them |
|
|
Term
| how is wet macular degeneration treated |
|
Definition
| laser therapy to destory vesses |
|
|
Term
| describe the lens of the eye in general |
|
Definition
| avascular, biconvex, transparent |
|
|
Term
| what suspends the lens, what is its other function |
|
Definition
| ciliary body gives out sonular fibers that suspend and it it flat |
|
|
Term
| what happens if tension on the lens is released, what is this called |
|
Definition
| it plumps to allow for focus and bends light closer to the eye putting the focus on the retina. accumulation |
|
|
Term
| what forms junctional complexes with lens fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the capsule of the lens made of |
|
Definition
| IV collagen and proteoglycans, elastic |
|
|
Term
| where is the capsule of the lens thicker |
|
Definition
| zonular fiber attachment and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what connects the lens to the subcapsular epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the basal lamina of the lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is the subcapsular epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the subcapsular epithelium |
|
Definition
| only on anterior part of lens |
|
|
Term
| where do lens fibers come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lens fibers change over life |
|
Definition
| in development they increase in size, as you age new ones appear and they mature |
|
|
Term
| how do lens fibers mature |
|
Definition
| they gety thinner, taller, lose nuclei, fill with crystalin (protein) |
|
|
