Term
| The freeze fracture technique contributed to our current understanding of cell membranes by showing which of the following? |
|
Definition
| There are a variety of sizes of integral membrane proteins that pass through the membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following ligands is membrane permeable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Are commonly found in skin
-Are linked to keratin filaments
-Can be associated with Pemphigus
-Can be associated with the basal lamina (basement membrane) as a hemi-desmosome |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following proteins is typically NOT synthesized on the RER? |
|
Definition
| Proteins located in the mitochondrial matrix |
|
|
Term
| An experiment was discussed in class and in your text on how quenching was used to detect phospholipid flippase activity of ABCB4. Which of the following was a key component in the experiment that allowed the investigators to analyze this activity |
|
Definition
| Fluorescently-labeled phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| true concerning the signal sequence |
|
Definition
-It is cleaved by the signal peptidase
-It is typically found on the amino end of nascent proteins destined to dock on the RER
-Are hydrophobic in nature
-Binds to the SRP |
|
|
Term
| The mannose-6-phosphate receptor system mediates the transport of proteins to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| v-snares and t-snares are important to consider when studying |
|
Definition
| Vesicle trafficking and recognition |
|
|
Term
| The HER family of receptors bind human epidermal growth factor and are linked to breast cancer. What is the most common problem associated with HER2+ breast cancers |
|
Definition
| They overexpress the HER receptors compared to their normal counterparts. |
|
|
Term
| The activation of the CREB (cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein) pathway involves many steps. Which of the following represents the correct order of this signal transduction pathway |
|
Definition
| Activation of adenylyl cyclase - Activation of PKA - Phosphorylation of CREB - Translocation of CREB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus - Binding of CREB to CRE |
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|
Term
| In which organelle is the translocon found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two products are the result of the activation of Phospholipase C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The elucidation of the Trans Golgi Network was made possible initially by manipulating what environmental parameter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitric Oxide is unusual among the family of second messengers given that |
|
Definition
| It is a gas and diffuses from one cell where it is generated to other target cells |
|
|
Term
| When one is conversing about COPII and COPI vesicles one is discussing protein transport between which of the following two organelles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You engage in a discussion with your cell biology colleague that includes conversations about Vernon Ingram, ankyrin, Band 3 and spectrin. What cell type below are you most likely discussing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keith Porter is best associated with the discovery and/or work on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mAKAP is associated with PKA and c-AMP dependent phosphodiesterase. Where would you find this protein complex |
|
Definition
| Anchored to the nuclear membrane of heart muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| The constitutive secretory pathway is characterized by which of the following |
|
Definition
| Vesicles containing the protein are being released constantly and typically not regulated by ligand binding to a receptor |
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|
Term
| The phrase "an enzymatic cascade that transduces or interprets the ligand receptor activation" would be best matched to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your medical research team is studying the genetic defects in the dolichol phosphate biosynthetic pathway that result in human diseases. What type of disease are you studying |
|
Definition
| Congential Disorders of Glycosylation |
|
|
Term
| Co translational transport of proteins occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following second messenger systems typically requires a release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum through the IP3-gated calcium channel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A critical experiment was accomplished showing that secretory proteins are totally contained within the lumen of the RER. Which of the following was not required as an agent or tool in this experiment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bathing cells in EGTA can be used as a technique to analyze which of the following |
|
Definition
| Activation of calmodulin system |
|
|
Term
| You need to choose a probe to monitor insulin signal transduction in a culture of CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells. Which of the following probes would be the best based on your knowledge of insulin action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The influx of calcium from the extracellular medium to the interior of the cell is critical in the function of which of the following cell junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the catalytic unit of the PKA do once activated? |
|
Definition
| It phosphorylates a target protein |
|
|
Term
| The action of steroids binding to their target receptors typically includes |
|
Definition
-A primary and secondary transcriptional/translational response
-An inhibitory protein complex
-A hormone binding region on the steroid receptor
-A transcription activating domain on the steroid receptor |
|
|
Term
| Which selection below would NOT be appropriate to describe glycophorin |
|
Definition
| G protein involved in cancer if it is mutated |
|
|
Term
| Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) |
|
Definition
-Mediates the formation of disulfide bonds
-Is important in protein chain folding
-Is important in linking monomeric units together in the formation of multimeric proteins
-Is found in the RER |
|
|
Term
| Con A is a lectin which was used to show that half of the integral membrane proteins are fluid within the plane of the cell membrane while the other half are fixed rigidly in place by either the internal cytoskeleton and/or external extracellular matrix. WHAT IS A LECTIN |
|
Definition
| It is a molecule that binds to carbohydrate groups |
|
|
Term
| Dynamin and clathrin are critical components of what type of receptor pathway? |
|
Definition
| Receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is important in initial glycosylation of nascent proteins |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a recognized defect resulting in familial hypercholesterolemia? |
|
Definition
| The ability of Ras to bind to clathrin is deficient |
|
|
Term
| E-cadherin is associated with this particular type of junction that typically encircles cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phosphatidylethanolamine is important to cell membranes because |
|
Definition
| It is conical shaped and thus is often found in the inner leaflet of cell membranes giving them curvature |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is typically NOT considered a function of the SER? |
|
Definition
| Traffics lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following compounds typically is not used to activate experimentally the cAMP system? |
|
Definition
| Phorbol esters/tumor promoters |
|
|
Term
| What does the Gi subunit of the trimeric G protein do in the GPCR cAMP system? |
|
Definition
| It inhibits the catalytic activity of adenylyl cyclase |
|
|
Term
| You are discussing contact sites, cytosolic Hsc70 and matrix-targeting sequence. Given this conversation you are most likely having a conversation about |
|
Definition
| Protein import to mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| The release of iron in the cell via the ferrotransferrin receptor system in the late endosome is directly linked to which activity below? |
|
Definition
| The activity of a proton pump |
|
|
Term
| Which one of the following drugs is considered a calcium ionophore? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Genentech drug Vismodegib was FDA approved in 2012 and works via the Hedgehog receptor. It is currently being used to treat primarily |
|
Definition
| Invasive basal cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| An experiment was reviewed in class and in your text that tracked the fate of 125I labeled LDL from binding to degradation. Approximately how long does this take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell patching/capping was an experiment that did not involve which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When rod photoreceptors are in the dark |
|
Definition
| The PDE exists as a tetramer and is inactive with all components bound to each other |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following membrane transport proteins require ATP to function |
|
Definition
-Ion channels
-Antiporter
-Symporter
-Uniporter |
|
|
Term
| Ran dependent and Ran independent protein trafficking refers to proteins targeting the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is a membrane lipid that belongs in which of the following classes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GPCRs are receptors that are |
|
Definition
-Linked to G proteins
-Integral membrane proteins
-Large in number and variety in excess of 900
-Glycosylated
-NOT dimers |
|
|
Term
| The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor system in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| Results in a change in transmembrane electrical potential |
|
|
Term
| The NPXY sorting signal and the beta-propeller domain is NOT critical in the proper functioning of |
|
Definition
-RTKs
-GPCRs
- PKA
-Tranducin |
|
|
Term
| The pH differential or gradient and the SRP pathway are fundamentally important for protein trafficking in which organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is most closely associated with using the blood stream to access its target receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. Some classic work was done to demonstrate that the influenza HA glycoprotein and VSV G glycoprotein are preferentially located in the apical and basal regions of a particular cell type used for this investigation.WHAT CELL TYPE WAS USED? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lanthanum hydroxide or sodium fluorescein can be used to study which of the following cell junctions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following CANNOT freely diffuse through a pure (no proteins) phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
-ATP
-Glucose-6-phosphate
-Insulin
-Fructose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Is a G protein
-Is found in the rod photoreceptor
-Dissociates when bound to light activated rhodopsin
-Binds to inactive PDE |
|
|
Term
| Rhodopsin kinase and arrestin play key roles in |
|
Definition
| Visual adaptation in rod photoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| 1. GlcNAc phosphotransferase otherwise known as N-acetylucosamine phosphotransferase plays a critical role in protein synthesis/trafficking given that it facilitates the addition of which of the following to newly synthesized proteins passing through the cis-Golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Get1 and Get2 are associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salubrinal can be used to study protein synthesis and trafficking. What does it block or inhibit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Theophylline and caffeine are similar compounds both of which can target which of the following in the cAMP pathway? |
|
Definition
| cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase activity |
|
|
Term
| The Type II Single Pass Protein |
|
Definition
-Is synthesized on the RER
-Ends up being an integral membrane protein
-Has its carboxy end inside the RER lumen
-Does not cleave its signal sequence because it has an internal signal-anchor sequence |
|
|
Term
| Milstein did a classic experiment in 1972 using a cell free system with a myeloma mRNA in the presence or absence of rough microsomes. What was he NOT investigating? |
|
Definition
-The role of calcium in the PKC system
-The role of the SRP
-The role of the SRP receptor
-How address tags work for lysosomal enzymes
CHECK NOTES FOR WHAT HE WAS INVESTIGATING |
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of the PKA system in many cells |
|
Definition
-Stimulates glycogen breakdown
-Inhibits glycogen synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Are often called serpentine receptors
-Have many varieties that are considered orphan due to the lack of knowledge of a known ligand
-Are integral membrane proteins
-Can undergo desensitization |
|
|
Term
| The KDEL peptide sequence is most associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Sudhof won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of |
|
Definition
| protein and vesicle trafficking |
|
|
Term
| The stop-transfer anchor sequence |
|
Definition
-Is a series of amino acids
-Is found associated with nascent proteins synthesized on the RER
-Is associated with Type I single pass proteins
-Is found inside the membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which organelle below is named after Camilli Golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a typical function of the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Formation of multimeric proteins from their constituent monomeric units |
|
|
Term
| Function of Golgi apparatus |
|
Definition
-Condensation of protein products
-Glycosylation
-Addition of phosphate groups
-Proteolytic processing |
|
|
Term
| Langmuir's trough experiment was important because the conclusion was |
|
Definition
| Cell membranes may exist as either a monolayer or bilayer of phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Langmuir made a major contribution to our understanding of cell membranes. Which phrase best describes this contribution? |
|
Definition
| Cell membranes might exist as a monolayer or bilayer of phospholipid molecules |
|
|
Term
| The LDL particle is released from its receptor at which pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The FRAP experiment discussed in class was critical to our current understanding of cell membranes. What did it NOT demonstrate about cell membranes? |
|
Definition
-About half of cell membrane proteins are integral in nature while the other half are peripheral in nature.
-ConA binds to coated pits and stops LDL receptor mediated endocytosis
-Cell membranes consist of a mosaic of cell membrane proteins
-Freeze fracture was misleading in that it suggested that osmium was binding to the protein layers and not the phosphate groups of the phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| 1. Changing the temperature from 37oC to 4oC has been commonly used to study receptor mediated endocytosis. As such, one can generate a large number of which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following classifications of familial hyptercholesterolemia is characterized by the inability of the LDL receptor to be recycled back to the cell surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You decide to investigate tight junctions. Which of the following cells or tissues would be the most likely to contain these membrane specializations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I, II, III and IV proteins are those that are considered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A secreted protein such as a growth factor hormone contains which of the following when it is first synthesized on the RER? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chaperone proteins such as heat shock proteins play critical roles in protein synthesis and trafficking. What is their function? |
|
Definition
| Keep proteins in an unfolded array and can assist in other protein folding functions as well |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following switches a G protein to an “on” state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SRP is critical to protein synthesis and trafficking. What is its major role? |
|
Definition
| It recognizes and binds to the signal sequence of the nascent protein and, as such, is responsible for proper docking to the RER |
|
|
Term
| You are studying protein trafficking and translocation via Tom 20/22, Tim44 and Tim23/17. Which organelle are you therefore using as your subject matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The LDL pathway is designed to endocytose cholesterol via the LDL particle. What is the final organelle destination of the cholesterol that is contained in this LDL particle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Suppose that you have an antibody that recognizes and binds to a growth factor hormone. Which of the following organelles or areas would most probably not stain positively for the presence of this growth factor? |
|
Definition
| Polyribosomes in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| An integral membrane protein characterized by three internal stop-transfer anchor sequences and four internal signal-anchor sequences would best be matched with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycophorin was discussed in class as well as in your book. Which of the following is false concerning this protein? |
|
Definition
| Contains very hydrophilic region in transmembrane domain |
|
|
Term
| The RER signal sequence is NOT |
|
Definition
-The first two dozen amino acids at the carboxy end of a nascent protein
-Synthesized once the nascent protein associates with the -Hydrophilic in nature
-An amino acid sequence that remains a part of secreted proteins |
|
|
Term
| Prenylation, acylation and GPI are often used in describing which of the following: |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane anchored proteins |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about G proteins associated with GPCRs are true |
|
Definition
-Trimeric
-Membrane bound
-Can bind to a ligand-bound receptor
-Can dissociate into subunits |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following receptors is typically found soluble within the cytoplasm (in contrast to embedded in the cell membrane)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are using dissociation constants as part of your research in which area would you most likely be involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptin (also known as adapter complex or AP2 complex) plays a critical role in which system? |
|
Definition
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Is an enzyme
-Cleaves signal sequences
-Is involved in protein synthesis
-Is anchored to the luminal side of the RER |
|
|
Term
| 1. The process by which a membrane bound receptor relays the change in cell behavior to other parts of the cell such as the cytoplasm and/or the nucleus through a molecular cascade is referred to as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transferrin cycle works through receptor mediated endocytosis and is critical for the endocytosis of iron that is used as a cofactor for enzymes, etc. The iron is released from the ferrotransferrin in which organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of membrane transport proteins pumps one molecule against its gradient by using another molecule flowing down its gradient without the use of ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are aquaporins located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell patching experiment was discussed in class given its major contribution to our current cell membrane model. Which of the following would have been used in analyzing this experiment? |
|
Definition
-Fluorescence microscopy
-Antibodies
-Living cells |
|
|
Term
| Pemphigus is a disease that is characterized by which of the following? |
|
Definition
-Autoimmune disease
-Can cause scaling and sores
-Has more than one variety
-Involves the desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium deoxycholate, Triton X-100 and octyglucoside are agents that are best referred to as what type of molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual transduction is the ability of photons to interact with the rod and cone photoreceptors that result in changes in membrane potential within these cells. The “effector” in this system is which of the following? |
|
Definition
| Inactive phospodiesterase |
|
|
Term
| Lanthanum hydroxide can be used to investigate the efficacy of which type of cell junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In visual transduction light closes channels by decreasing the concentration of which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rhodopsin kinase and arrestin play critical roles in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adherens junctions contain cadherins in the intercellular space. Cadherins can be uncoupled from each other by removing which of the following ions that binds to them and makes them functional? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Several different types of receptors were discussed in class and categorized based on distance travelled by the ligand. Of these one in particular is of interest given that select oncoproteins such as growth factors can be synthesized by one cell and directly stimulate the same cell to undergo unregulated cell division leading to cancer. Based on this description which is the best match of the types below? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Undergo autophosphorylation when insulin binds to them |
|
|
Term
| Patch clamp is an important technique for studying which of the following? |
|
Definition
| movement of ions through single transmembrane channels |
|
|
Term
| Of the following receptor ligand systems which changes the cell behavior or physiology the fastest within the group listed below? |
|
Definition
| activation of ion channel receptors |
|
|
Term
| The muscarinic receptor was detailed in class and in your text. Which of the following is FALSE concerning this system? |
|
Definition
| Requires autophosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of the RTK to be effective |
|
|
Term
| GlcNac phospohotransferase is an enzyme found in the cis-Golgi whose proper function is critical for the sorting of which type of protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some neurons, commonly found in invertebrates but less so in mammals, can pass ions directly from one cell to the other through a specialized “electrical junction”. In this case the release of neurotransmitter is often not involved. What type of junction best matches this description? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newly synthesized proteins travel through the following compartments in which order? |
|
Definition
| RER, Cis-Golgi, Medial-Golgi, Trans-Golgi, TGN |
|
|
Term
| Receptor tyrosine kinases can often cause cancer through a defective receptor-triggered intermediate. Which of the following is commonly found in cancers that are a part of this system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of receptor has over 800 “orphan” receptors for which there are not yet any known ligands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cAMP-dependent protein kinase |
|
Definition
-Is stimulated by cAMP
-Contains regulatory units
-Contains catalytic units
-Is a tetramer |
|
|
Term
| You are studying the cAMP system and you want to know how a constant supply of this second messenger will affect your cells. Which of the following agents would be appropriate for this project? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following triggers the release of calcium from the ER as part of the Protein Kinase C pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What result would you expect to see if your cells had a mutation in the enzyme NO snythase making it less effective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the following, which is the correct order of signaling events in PKC pathway? |
|
Definition
| Gα subunit binds to PLC, cleavage of PIP2, Ca2+ release from ER, activation of PKC |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of second messengers as discussed in class |
|
Definition
-Low molecular weight
-Key in signal amplification
-Some, but not all, can easily diffuse through membranes
-Small size |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following best describes the effects of cholera toxin on a cell? |
|
Definition
| inhibits GTP hydrolysis, keeping the G protein on |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following Protein Kinase C intermediates is not membrane bound? |
|
Definition
| Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? |
|
Definition
| Activation of phospholipase |
|
|
Term
| Which Gα subunit is associated exclusively with Rod cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An experiment was described in class that showed that the docking of the SRP/mRNA/nascent protein/ribosome complex to the RER required a receptor. What type of enzyme was used in this regard to prove this fact? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins synthesized on the RER have all of the following destinies except for which one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The regulated secretory pathway can be distinguished from the constitutive secretory pathway given that the former is characterized by |
|
Definition
| The presence of large secretory vesicles |
|
|
Term
| A COPII vesicle would be found functionally between which two organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Importins and Ran-GTP are involved in the protein trafficking to which organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What proteins are typically not found in the TGN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are studying the amino acid sequence of the stromal-import sequence then you are studying protein trafficking to the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As described in your text humans express four different types of RTKs denoted HER1, 2 and 3 that bind what type of ligand family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the best description of the SER compared to its alternatives? |
|
Definition
| Set of tubules that are interconnected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is referred to as a “signature molecule” of receptor mediated endocytosis given that it is always present in this system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycosylation initially occur during protein trafficking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simon and Blobel used Ohm’s law to demonstrate that which of the following must play a role in RER protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brefeldin A was used as an experimental tool in class to investigate which of the following? |
|
Definition
| Protein trafficking of proteins from the RER to the Golgi |
|
|
Term
| A mannose-6-phosphate address tag typically directs proteins to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The KDEL sequence is typically found associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pH and SRP-dependent pathways are involved in protein trafficking to which organelle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who used the transmission electron microscope and plastic thin sectioning and as a result coined the phrase “unit membrane” when referring to the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
