Term
| what are the layers of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| what does the alimentary mucosa consist of |
|
Definition
| a lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the lamina propria |
|
Definition
| underlying connective tissue to lining epithelium in the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucosa |
|
Definition
| smooth m under lamina propria in alimentary canal |
|
|
Term
| what do most substances that enter the body first cross |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the mucosa |
|
Definition
| secretion, absorption, barrier, immunologic protection |
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in secretion |
|
Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes at specific sites |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of digestive enzymes secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
| HCl, mucin, antibodies (IgA) |
|
|
Term
| what antibody is secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in absorption |
|
Definition
| it absorbs substrates, vitamins, water, electrolites, recycables |
|
|
Term
| what recyclables does the mucosa absorb |
|
Definition
| bile components, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa serve as a barrier |
|
Definition
| prevents entry of bad stuff, antigens, and pathologic organisms |
|
|
Term
| how is the mucosa involved in immunologic protection |
|
Definition
| lymphatic tissue within the mucosa participates in the first line of immune defence |
|
|
Term
| what does the lamina propria contain |
|
Definition
| glands, vessels, components of the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| what do the lymphatic tissues of the lamina propria contain |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, eosinophils, macrophages, someites, neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the diffuse lymphatic tissue at the lymphatic nodules |
|
Definition
| gut-associated lymphatic tissue GALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at distal small intestines, appendix, and ileum, many aggregates of lymphatic nodules |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucosa a boundry between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the muscularis mucosa physically cause, what is the function of this |
|
Definition
| movement of the mucosa which forms ridges and valleys for absorption and secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the submucosa made of |
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| blood, lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus, sometimes glands |
|
|
Term
| what does the nerve plexus of the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| visceral sensory fibers of sympathetic origin, parasympathetic ganglia, pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the plexus in the submucosa called |
|
Definition
| submucosal or meissner's plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis externa. how is it organized |
|
Definition
| an inner circular layer of smooth muscle and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle with connective tissue in the middle |
|
|
Term
| what is the connective tissue in the muscularis externa called |
|
Definition
| myentric or auerbach's plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is in the myentric plexus |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic ganglion cells, post ganglionic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the muscularis externa |
|
Definition
| segmentation (local contractions that move contents proximally and distally) and peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| what does the circular layer of the muscularis externa form, what is their function |
|
Definition
| sphincters that can close lumen |
|
|
Term
| what are the spinhctors of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| pyloric, ileocecal valve, internal anal |
|
|
Term
| does movement of the muscularis mucosa cause peristalsis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the serosa, what is it made of |
|
Definition
| a serous membrane that is made of simple squamous epithalium called mesothelium and some connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the serosa equlivaent to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the serosa contain |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves for digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| where is the pharynx located |
|
Definition
| between oral cavity and respiratory and digestive system |
|
|
Term
| what does the pharynx cause to communicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pharynx lined with in the region continous with the esophagus |
|
Definition
| non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the pharynx lined with in the region close to the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the esophagus |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the muscularis of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| innter circular and outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle is the upper 1/3 of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle is the middle 1/3 of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| skeletal and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle is the lower 1/3 of the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why type of cell is prevlient in the lamina propria o esophageal mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are esophageal glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do esophageal glands secrete |
|
Definition
| mucous that lubricates esophageal mucosa that is slightly acidic |
|
|
Term
| describe the secretion of the cradiac glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the cardiac glands located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the stomach contents called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what processes occur in the stomach |
|
Definition
| mixing and limited partial digestion by gastric secretions |
|
|
Term
| what is food that leaves the stomach called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the histological regions of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the cardiac region of the stomach contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the fundus of the stomach contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what glands does the pylorus of the stomach contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are cardiac glands located |
|
Definition
| around opening of the esophagus into the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what do secretions of the cardiac glands make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gastric juice |
|
Definition
| protect esophagus from acid reflux |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are the cardiac glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are gastric pits formed |
|
Definition
| invagination of the gastric mucosa |
|
|
Term
| describe the gastric pits |
|
Definition
| simple branched tubular glands |
|
|
Term
| where are the pyloric glands located |
|
Definition
| pyloric atrium between fundus and pylorus |
|
|
Term
| describe the pyloric glands |
|
Definition
| branched, coiled, tubular |
|
|
Term
| what is the secretion of the pyloric glands |
|
Definition
| viscous, mucous in nature |
|
|
Term
| what additional cells are found in the pyloric glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organells are abundent in chief cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the apical portion of chief cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do chief cells secrete |
|
Definition
| pepsinogen and weak lipase |
|
|
Term
| what happens to prpsinogen |
|
Definition
| it is converted to pepsin when it comes in contact with acidic gastric juice |
|
|
Term
| what type of enzyme is pepsin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are parietal cells found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do parietal cells communicate with gland lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the tubulovesicular system |
|
Definition
| reservoir of active proton pumps |
|
|
Term
| where is the tubulovesicular membrane system locate |
|
Definition
| cytoplasm adjacent to canaliculi in parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| what does the canaliculi produce, where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do parietal cells interact with substances that activate HCl secretion |
|
Definition
| gastrin, histamine, acetylcholine m receptors |
|
|
Term
| what do parietal cells secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycoprotein that forms a complex with vitamin B12 nessessary for the vitamin's aubsequent absorption in ileum |
|
|
Term
| what causes pernicious anemia |
|
Definition
| absence of parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| what is a condition characterized by the absence of parietal cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ususally causes an absency of parietal cells, how |
|
Definition
| parietal cells usually secrete intrinsic factor so their absence is usually caused by a B12 deficiency |
|
|
Term
| why does achlorhydria often not recognized |
|
Definition
| becuase the liver has storage of B12 so it uses that first |
|
|
Term
| what is another reasion, other than a parietal cell deficiency, that a B12 deficiency is a problem |
|
Definition
| B12 is involved in RBC production and maintience of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what are enteroendocrine cells |
|
Definition
| basically single endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| where are enteroendocrine cells located |
|
Definition
| rest on basal lamina and do not always reach lumen of the fundic gland |
|
|
Term
| what do enteroendocrine cells release |
|
Definition
| hormones into the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| how long do mucosal cells live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens after a mucosal cell dies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do parietal cells live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do chief and enteroendocrine cells live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the longest component of the digestive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the small intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shortest and widest part of the small intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the duodenum begin and end |
|
Definition
| pylorus to duodenojejunal junction |
|
|
Term
| where does the jejunum begin and end |
|
Definition
| duodenojejunal junction and changes moropholgical characteristics to become ileum |
|
|
Term
| where does the ileum begin and end |
|
Definition
| continuation of th ejejunum to iileocecal junction |
|
|
Term
| what is the main site for digestion and absprotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are enzymes found in the small intestine |
|
Definition
| glycocalyx of the microvilli of the intestinel absorptive cells or enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| what types of enzymes are there in the small intestines |
|
Definition
| disaccharidases, dipeptidases |
|
|
Term
| what secrete small intestine enzymes, where are they located on these cells |
|
Definition
| columnar intestinal cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the small intestine disaccharides |
|
Definition
| sucrase, maltase, lactase |
|
|
Term
| what does a genetic defect in lactase cause |
|
Definition
| prevents absorption of lactose, leading to lactose intolerance |
|
|
Term
| what causes lipid digestion |
|
Definition
| pancreatic lipase and bile |
|
|
Term
| where does most lipid digestion take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network that contains actin that microvilli attach to |
|
|
Term
| what is bound to the plasma membrane of microvilli |
|
Definition
| extracellular cell coat (glucocalyx) |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of a microvilli |
|
Definition
| actin filaments anchored to villin in the tip, actin extends down to interact with horizontal actin filaments of hte terminal wev at the base. actin is cross linked by fascin and fimbrin |
|
|
Term
| what do fascin and fimbrin cause in microvilla |
|
Definition
| they cross link actin providing rigidity |
|
|
Term
| what does myosin 1 do in microvilli |
|
Definition
| binds actin filaments to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what stabilizes the terminal web |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes contraction in the terminal web |
|
Definition
| myosin II and tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the terminal web cause |
|
Definition
| allows for more surface area exposire for absorption |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for absorptive intestinal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are plicae circulares |
|
Definition
| transversely oriented ridges that extend partially around lumen |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of plicae circulares |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are plicae circulares usually located |
|
Definition
| transverse folds that contain a core of submucosa |
|
|
Term
| where are plicae circulares most numerous |
|
Definition
| in the distal part of the duodenum and proximal jejunum |
|
|
Term
| where are plicae frequenly located before the reduce in size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for plicae circulares |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are interstinal villi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are interstitial villi located |
|
Definition
| completely covering the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of interstitial villi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the surface of interstinal villi made of |
|
Definition
| simple columnar and goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what are lacteals, where are they located |
|
Definition
| lymphatic vessels at the core of villi |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for crypts of lieberkuhn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are crypts of lieverkuhn, what is their function |
|
Definition
| simple tubular glands, increase intestinal surface area |
|
|
Term
| what form crypts of lieberkuhn |
|
Definition
| invaginations of the mucosa between adjacent interstinal villi |
|
|
Term
| where are brunner's glands located |
|
Definition
| submucosa of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are brunner's glands use for medically |
|
Definition
| diagnostic feature of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what kind of glands are brunner's glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do brunner's glands secrete |
|
Definition
| alkaline secretions with neutral and alkalin glycoproteins and bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the secretions of brunner's glands |
|
Definition
| help neutralize acidic chyme |
|
|
Term
| what do brunner's glands work with to neutralize chyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are peyer's patches most abundent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can peyer's patches help us diagnostically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do goblet cells make mucous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do goblet cells increase in number in the alimentry canal |
|
Definition
| duodenum to terminal ileum |
|
|
Term
| what are the defence mechanisms of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| peyer's patches and M cells, IgA, paneth cells, acidity of gastric juice, peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| how do peyer's patches and M cells defend |
|
Definition
| perform cellular surveillance of antigens present in intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
| what makes IgA in the alimentary canal, what does it do |
|
Definition
| plasma cells, neutralizes antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contribute antimicrobial peptides to control bacterial normal flora |
|
|
Term
| how does gastric juice contribute to defence |
|
Definition
| inactivates ingested microbes |
|
|
Term
| how does peristalsis contribute to defence |
|
Definition
| prevents colonization of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| where are paneth cells located |
|
Definition
| bases of intestinal glands |
|
|
Term
| what do secretory granules of paneth cells contain |
|
Definition
| lysozome, a-defensins, glocoproteins, argining-rich protein, zinc |
|
|
Term
| why is there arginine rich protein in paneth cells |
|
Definition
| intense acidophilia or esinophilia of paneth cells |
|
|
Term
| where do plasma cells secrete IgA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does IgA do in the alamentary canal |
|
Definition
| dimerizes and binds to receptors on enterocytes and enters cells by endocytosis, IgA dimers are carried into the apical surface of the cell (transcyotsis) where the vescile is secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxins, antigens, microbes in the lumen of the gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammation that involves small intestines and sometimes large |
|
|
Term
| what physologically crohn's disease |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, ly,phocytes, and macrophages make cytokines that cause damage to the interstinal mucusa. neutrophils inflitrate crypts of lieberkuhn which destories intestinal glands with crypt abcesses and progressive atrophy and ulceration of the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what are complications with crohn's disease |
|
Definition
| occlusion of the intestinal lumen, formations of fistulas in other segments of the intestine and intestinal perforation |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of crohn's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what side complication do people with crohn's disease have |
|
Definition
| a 3x increased risk for cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the large intestines |
|
Definition
| cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the large intestines |
|
Definition
| reabsorption of electrolytes and water as well as elimination of undigested foor and waste |
|
|
Term
| what are the teniae coli made of, where are they |
|
Definition
| longitudinal muscle bands on large intestine surface |
|
|
Term
| what are the saculations in the large intestines called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractions of the teniae coli |
|
|
Term
| what glands does the mucosa of the large intestines have |
|
Definition
| intestinal lands, crypts of lieberkuhn |
|
|
Term
| where are the intestinal glands in the large intestine mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the large intestine mucosa |
|
Definition
| absorptive epithelial cells, goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the appendix similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is there many of near the appendix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when fecolith or other forigen objects become lodged in the lumen |
|
|
Term
| in what gender does appendicidis occur more in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is located just below the anal column |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pectinate line mark |
|
Definition
| junction between endodermal and ectodermal derivatives and a change in atrial supply |
|
|
Term
| where is the colorectal zone, what is it made of |
|
Definition
| in uper 1/3 of anal canal, simple columnar |
|
|
Term
| where is the anal transition zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the anal transition zone made of |
|
Definition
| stratified columnar between simple cilumnar and stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| where is the squamous zone located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the squamous zone lined with |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the squamous zone continuious with (other than the anal transition) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for hirschsprug's disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cause hirschsprug's disease (this is really long i wasnt feeling creative) |
|
Definition
| mutations in one to four different genes that prevent migration and differentiation of neural crest cells into neurons of the enteric nervous system, the lack of migration to a segment of the colon results in aganglionosis where meissner's plexus and auerbach's plexus do not form. the anaglionic segment is permanently contracted preventing entry of colon contents causing constipation and distension or megacolon. |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for hirschsprug's disease |
|
Definition
| surgical removal of the affected part of the colon |
|
|
Term
| YOU NEED TO KNOW THIS, WHAT IS INTRINSIC FACTOR? WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION? |
|
Definition
| glycoprotein that forms a complex with B12 nessescary for vitamins absorption in the ileum |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS INTRINSIC FACTOR SECRETED BY UNICORN UNICORN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE ARE PARIETAL CELLS KNOW ME KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE PARIETAL CELLS MEMBERS OF, WHAT PURPOSE KNOW KNOW KNOW |
|
Definition
| TUBULOVESICULAR SYSTEM, RESIVOUR OF ACTIVE PROTON PUMPS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DONT HAVE PARIETAL CELLS KNOW KNOW KNOW |
|
Definition
| B12 DEFICIENCY, PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, ACHLORHYDRIA |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS VITAMIN B12 NEEDED FOR KNOW ME KNOW ME KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| RBC PRODUCTION AND MAINTIENCE OF CNS |
|
|
Term
| what is a diagnostic feature of the ileum KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are peyer's patches a diagnostic feature of KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only immunoglobin that can be selectively passed across mucosa to lumen |
|
Definition
|
|
