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Cell Bio Chapter 19
Cell Cycle
49
Biology
Undergraduate 4
07/25/2013

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Term
M Phase
Definition
In less than an hour, the cell undergoes a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cell division (cytokinesis)
Term
G1 Phase
Definition
The cell increases in size and gathers and synthesizes everything it needs for DNA synthesis
Term
S Phase
Definition
DNA is duplicated
Term
G2 Phase
Definition
Cell growth and protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis to occur
Term
5th stage of cell cycle
Definition
G0 - resting phase. the cell is not dividing or preparing to divide
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
the cell divides into two equal cells
cleavage furrows form as a result of actin microfilaments in the contractile ring
Term
what is interphase
Definition
G1, S, G2, G0 = everything besides the M phase
Term
stages of mitosis in order
Definition
1)Prophase
2) prometaphase
3) metaphase
4) anaphase
5) teleophase (and cytokinesis)
Term
prometaphase (4)
Definition
1) nuclear envelope fragments
2) chromosomes condense
3) centrosomes move to opposite poles of cell
4) microtubules attach to centromeres
Term
metaphase (1)
Definition
1) fully condensed chromosomes aligned in a single plane
Term
anaphase (1)
Definition
1) sister chromatics are pulled to two poles of cell
Term
Telophase (3)
Definition
1) cytokinesis begins
2) nuclear envelope re-forms
3) chromosomes uncoil
Term
Conditions that would block a cell from entry into S phase
Definition
1) cell doesn't have enough nutrients yet
2) cell isn't large enough yet
3) cell doesn't have proper growth factors telling it to move on
4) DNA is damaged and is not ready for DNA synthesis
Term
Something that would block G2 from going to M phase
Definition
1) DNA is damages - doesn't have the right number of chromosomes
2) cell isn't large enough
Term
What if cell didn't have metaphase-anaphase transition point (no spindle)
Definition
1) there would be an unequal number of chromosomes in each cell after cytokinesis
2) this can lead to aneuploidy or polyploidy
Term
what 3 things need to happen to the mitotic cdk before it becomes active? (technically 4)
Definition
1) cyclin binds to cdk
2) 2 inhibiting kinases act on mitotic cdk-cyclin complex
3) activating kinase adds phosphate group to inactive cdk-cyclin complex
4) phosphotase removes inhibiting phosphates and mitotic cdk-complex is now active
Term
why does it take 3 steps (or 4) to activate cyclin cdk?
Definition
you want to make really sure that you want to do this, don't want to go through with this unless you're really sure
Term
What type of enzyme is mitotic cdk?
Definition
a kinase dependent on cyclin
Term
how does the class of kinases that are dependent on cyclin make things happen? give examples
Definition
they phosphorylate substrates
1) nuclear envelope breakdown
2) chromosomes condense
3) mitotic spindle formation
4) targeted protein degradation
Term
how is mitotic cdk turned off?
Definition
1) proteolysis of cyclin
2) ubiqutin-dependent proteolysis of mitotic cyclins
Term
what are the two pathways p53 can block growth of a tumor?
Definition
1) p21 - inhibits - cell cycle arrest to try and fix the problem
2) PUMA - inhibits BcL2 which usually inhibits apoptosis so now the cell undergoes apoptosis - programmed cell death
Term
Growth factor
Definition
tells the cell at what rate it should proceed through individual stages, regulate the rate of cell proliferation
Term
mitogen
Definition
tells the cell to actually cross from one phase to the next, stimulate the cells to pass through the restriction points and onward toward mitosis
Term
What class of enzymes have a cascade of enzymes being activated?
Definition
MAP kinsases
Term
What do MAP kinases do?
Definition
they phosphorylate another kinase or transcription factor
Term
Raf
Definition
monomer G protein activated enzyme
Term
MAPKKK
Definition
1) phosphorylates MAPKK
2) phosphorylates MAPK
Term
How does MAPK alter the expression of specific proteins?
Definition
it extends the nucleus and phosphorylates transcription factors
Term
how can a growth factor cause protein synthesis at two different times
Definition
transcription factors turn on genes that make new proteins or new transcription factors. those new transcription factors can then go on to make new proteins or transcription factors
Term
two types of cell death
Definition
necrosis
apoptosis
Term
cut yourself
Definition
necrosis
Term
something that lasts 4-6 days before dying
Definition
apoptosis
Term
what is the name of the type of enzyme that triggers apoptosis
Definition
Caspase
Term
type of cell death associated with DNA laddering
Definition
apoptosis
Term
two triggers for initiating apoptosis
Definition
1) cell death signals
2) withdrawal of survival factors
Term
Kinetochore
Definition
protein structure that connects spindle microtubule to centromere
Term
Prophase
Definition
1) can be seen in light microscope
2) centrosomes start to move to opposite poles of the cell
3) start to make microtubules
Term
Anaphase
Definition
only a few minutes
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles
Term
Cytokinesis in plants
Definition
form cell plate
Term
Restriction point
Definition
transition point what stops entry into S phase
Term
G2-M transition
Definition
cell size, DNA damage, DNA replication
Term
Metaphase-Anaphase transition
Definition
spindle-chromosome attachment
Term
Cyclin-dependent kinases
Definition
kinases that only work when a specific cyclin is bound to them
Term
What can damage DNA?
Definition
x-rays, sunlight, anti-tumor agents, chemicals
Term
Raf =
Definition
MAPKKK
Term
MEK =
Definition
MAPKK
Term
Jun and Ets =
Definition
transcription factors activated by MAPK
Term
Flippase
Definition
flip phosphotidylserine from cytoplasmic face to ectoplasmic face
Term
Cell death signals
Definition
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF
CD95/Fas
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