Term
|
Definition
| In less than an hour, the cell undergoes a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cell division (cytokinesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell increases in size and gathers and synthesizes everything it needs for DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell growth and protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G0 - resting phase. the cell is not dividing or preparing to divide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the cell divides into two equal cells
cleavage furrows form as a result of actin microfilaments in the contractile ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| G1, S, G2, G0 = everything besides the M phase |
|
|
Term
| stages of mitosis in order |
|
Definition
1)Prophase
2) prometaphase
3) metaphase
4) anaphase
5) teleophase (and cytokinesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) nuclear envelope fragments
2) chromosomes condense
3) centrosomes move to opposite poles of cell
4) microtubules attach to centromeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) fully condensed chromosomes aligned in a single plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) sister chromatics are pulled to two poles of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) cytokinesis begins
2) nuclear envelope re-forms
3) chromosomes uncoil |
|
|
Term
| Conditions that would block a cell from entry into S phase |
|
Definition
1) cell doesn't have enough nutrients yet
2) cell isn't large enough yet
3) cell doesn't have proper growth factors telling it to move on
4) DNA is damaged and is not ready for DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Something that would block G2 from going to M phase |
|
Definition
1) DNA is damages - doesn't have the right number of chromosomes
2) cell isn't large enough |
|
|
Term
| What if cell didn't have metaphase-anaphase transition point (no spindle) |
|
Definition
1) there would be an unequal number of chromosomes in each cell after cytokinesis
2) this can lead to aneuploidy or polyploidy |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things need to happen to the mitotic cdk before it becomes active? (technically 4) |
|
Definition
1) cyclin binds to cdk
2) 2 inhibiting kinases act on mitotic cdk-cyclin complex
3) activating kinase adds phosphate group to inactive cdk-cyclin complex
4) phosphotase removes inhibiting phosphates and mitotic cdk-complex is now active |
|
|
Term
| why does it take 3 steps (or 4) to activate cyclin cdk? |
|
Definition
| you want to make really sure that you want to do this, don't want to go through with this unless you're really sure |
|
|
Term
| What type of enzyme is mitotic cdk? |
|
Definition
| a kinase dependent on cyclin |
|
|
Term
| how does the class of kinases that are dependent on cyclin make things happen? give examples |
|
Definition
they phosphorylate substrates
1) nuclear envelope breakdown
2) chromosomes condense
3) mitotic spindle formation
4) targeted protein degradation |
|
|
Term
| how is mitotic cdk turned off? |
|
Definition
1) proteolysis of cyclin
2) ubiqutin-dependent proteolysis of mitotic cyclins |
|
|
Term
| what are the two pathways p53 can block growth of a tumor? |
|
Definition
1) p21 - inhibits - cell cycle arrest to try and fix the problem
2) PUMA - inhibits BcL2 which usually inhibits apoptosis so now the cell undergoes apoptosis - programmed cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells the cell at what rate it should proceed through individual stages, regulate the rate of cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells the cell to actually cross from one phase to the next, stimulate the cells to pass through the restriction points and onward toward mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What class of enzymes have a cascade of enzymes being activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they phosphorylate another kinase or transcription factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monomer G protein activated enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) phosphorylates MAPKK
2) phosphorylates MAPK |
|
|
Term
| How does MAPK alter the expression of specific proteins? |
|
Definition
| it extends the nucleus and phosphorylates transcription factors |
|
|
Term
| how can a growth factor cause protein synthesis at two different times |
|
Definition
| transcription factors turn on genes that make new proteins or new transcription factors. those new transcription factors can then go on to make new proteins or transcription factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that lasts 4-6 days before dying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the type of enzyme that triggers apoptosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of cell death associated with DNA laddering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two triggers for initiating apoptosis |
|
Definition
1) cell death signals
2) withdrawal of survival factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein structure that connects spindle microtubule to centromere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) can be seen in light microscope
2) centrosomes start to move to opposite poles of the cell
3) start to make microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only a few minutes
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transition point what stops entry into S phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell size, DNA damage, DNA replication |
|
|
Term
| Metaphase-Anaphase transition |
|
Definition
| spindle-chromosome attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinases that only work when a specific cyclin is bound to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| x-rays, sunlight, anti-tumor agents, chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcription factors activated by MAPK |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flip phosphotidylserine from cytoplasmic face to ectoplasmic face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF
CD95/Fas |
|
|
