Term
| what is included in the cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has higher pressure; arteries or veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is blood pushed through veins |
|
Definition
| negative air pressure through inspiration, muscular contractions |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a capillary |
|
Definition
| nutrient, waste, and gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid is pushed out on the artery end of the capillary and due to the proteins in the blood, it is sucked back in on the vein side, but some does not go back in and becomes lymph |
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|
Term
| what vessels carry blood away from the heart |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction do veins carry blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do white blood cells leave the circulation at |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the capillary composed of |
|
Definition
| endothelium and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for capillaries |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the heart is systemic circulation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the heart is pulmonary circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of |
|
Definition
| dense regular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is te function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the fibrous skeleton of the heart constructed |
|
Definition
| 4 fibrous ringsfor each valve, 2 trigones connecting the rings and membranous part of the interventricular septa and intercalated discs |
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|
Term
| what is the molecule of the conducting system of the heart |
|
Definition
| specilized heart muscle cells |
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|
Term
| what is the epicardium made of |
|
Definition
| simple squamous mesothelium, visceral layer |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the endocardium, what is it made of |
|
Definition
| inner lining of the heart. endothelial and subendothelial connective tissue, some smooth muscle |
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|
Term
| what is the subendocardial layer |
|
Definition
| the layer of the heart that is deepest with puekinje fibers |
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|
Term
| describe the path of conduction in the heart |
|
Definition
1. SA node
2. AV node
3. down the bundle of HIS
4. right and left bundle branches
5. sybendothelial branches (purkinje) |
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|
Term
| what is the function of the SA node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the SA node made of |
|
Definition
| special cardiac muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are purkinje fibers made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer of the heart are purkinje fibers in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lies next to purkinje fibers, what are they NOT used for |
|
Definition
| autonomic nerve fibers, DO NOT BEGIN HEART BEAT |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when said the heart is autorythmic |
|
Definition
| inherently rythmic, genetrated intrinsically via synchronized special heart muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what does autonomic regulation to to the heart |
|
Definition
| ALTER heart beat, does NOT initiate, REGULATES |
|
|
Term
| what is the chronotrophic effect |
|
Definition
| regulation of heart rate via autonomic nerves |
|
|
Term
| where does parasympathetic stimulation for the heart come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do presynaptic parasympathetic neurons that regulate the heart synapse |
|
Definition
| in the heart wall, at the SA or AV node, some to coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| what are the ganglia in the SA or AV node called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic heart nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does acetylcholine do to the heart |
|
Definition
| slows heart rate and constricts coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constriction of coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| where does sympathetic innervation of the heart come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do sympathetic fibers innervating the heart synapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do postganglionic fibers sympathetic innervation of the heart land |
|
Definition
| SA or AV node, or coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter do sympathetic fibers innervating the heart use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does norepinepherine do to the heart |
|
Definition
| regulates SA node impulses, causes trachecardia, increases contraction and heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased contraction force and rate of the heart, dilates coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of arteries and veins |
|
Definition
| tuinca intamia, tunica media, tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| what is the tunica intamia made of |
|
Definition
| endothelial, basal lamina, subendothelium, connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the tunica media made of |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle, circumfruntally |
|
|
Term
| what is the tunica adventitia made of |
|
Definition
| collagenous and elastic tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small vessels, nourish the tunica media in large vessels |
|
|
Term
| what is the nervi vascularis |
|
Definition
| control smooth muscle autonomically in arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
| where is the nervi vascularis located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the vasa virosum located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the lagest elastic arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the elastic arteries |
|
Definition
| aorta, pulmonary, bracheocephalic, common caroted, subclavian, common iliac |
|
|
Term
| where are the rod cytoplasmic inclusions located |
|
Definition
| in the cytoplasm of elastic arteries tunica intamia |
|
|
Term
| what do the rod cytoplasmic inclusions do |
|
Definition
| release coagulation factor VIII (8) |
|
|
Term
| what is coagulation factor VIII (8) made by |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells in elastic arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for coagulation factor VIII (8) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for rod cytoplasm inclusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of elastic arteries |
|
Definition
| maintain selectivly permiable layer, maintain nonthrombogenic barrier, release prothrombogenic agents, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, regulate immune response, hormone synthesis, growth factor for metabolism, modify lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the nonthrombegenic barrier between |
|
Definition
| platlets and subendothelial tissue |
|
|
Term
| how do elastic arteries maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier |
|
Definition
| release anticolagulents (thrombomodulin) and antithrombogenic substances (prostacyclin, tissue plasminogen activator) |
|
|
Term
| what antithrombogenic substance do the elastic arteries release that is REALLY REALLY REALLY important for the block exam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is prostacyclin YOU BETTER KNOW!! |
|
Definition
| antithrombogenic substance released by endothelial cells to maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier |
|
|
Term
| what do damaged elastic artery endothelial cells release |
|
Definition
| protrombogenic agents (coagulation factor VIII (8), plasminogen activator) |
|
|
Term
| what do prothrombogenic agents do |
|
Definition
| cause platlets to aggregate and release factors that cause formation of clots or thrombi |
|
|
Term
| how do the elastic arteries cause vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| endothelin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
|
|
Term
| how do elastic arteries cause vasodilation |
|
Definition
| endothelial derived relaxation factor, prostacyclin |
|
|
Term
| how do elastic arteries modify lipoproteins |
|
Definition
| VLDL and LDL are oxidized by free radicals made by endothelial cells, modified LDL are endocytosed by macrophages making foam cells |
|
|
Term
| what is a characteristic feature of athlerosclerotic plaques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of atherosclerotic plaque formation |
|
Definition
1. endothelial cells express cell adhesion molecules
2. monocytes migrate through endothelium
3. platlet derived growth factor is release from smooth m
4. PDGF migrates from tunica media to intima
5. intima gets more ECM and thickens
6. foam cells and smooth m accumulate LDLs that cross endothelial barrier
7. endothelial oxidizes LDL via free radicles |
|
|
Term
| what expresses adhesion molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what initiates for monocytes to go through vessel endothelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes smooth muscle to migrate from tunica media to intima |
|
Definition
| platlet derived growth factor |
|
|
Term
| where do foam cells come from |
|
Definition
| macrophages and smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the medium sized artery of them all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare elastin, smooth muscle, and tunica media of muscular arteries to the rest |
|
Definition
| less elastin, more smooth muscle, tunica media almost completely smooth |
|
|
Term
| what is the internal elastic membrane |
|
Definition
| prodominate layer in muscular arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is the neurovascular bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare an arteriole to a venule in shape |
|
Definition
| arterioles are more round |
|
|
Term
| how do RBC get through capillaries if their so small |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are continous capillaries located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects cells in continous capillaries |
|
Definition
| occulding or tight junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unspecilized cell derived from same precursor as endothelial. waiting to participate in tissue repair and connective tissue after injury |
|
|
Term
| where are fenestrated capillaries loated |
|
Definition
| endocrine glands, GI, gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| what are the physical characteristics of fenestrated capillaries |
|
Definition
| have gaps or ion channels with nonmembranous diaphragm in the fenestrations |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for discontinous capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are sinusoidal capillaries located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of sunosoidal capillaries, how does this correlate with their function |
|
Definition
| large, irregular shape causes blood to flow slow letting macrophages near every cell to survey it |
|
|
Term
| desribe the basal lamina of sunosidal capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sphinctor on an arteriole that regulates blood flow into capillaries. tends to push fluid out of vessels and into space between capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what makes a medium sized vein different in size than medium arteries |
|
Definition
| thicker tunica dventitia than arteries |
|
|
Term
| what makes a large vein large |
|
Definition
| thick tunica adventitia, thin tunica media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are atypical veins located |
|
Definition
| in folds of dura mater that are endothelial lined |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for atypical veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of atypical veins |
|
Definition
| superior saggital, inferior saggital, transverse, sigmoid, cavernous sinus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of lymph vessels |
|
Definition
| carry protein rick fluid back to circulation |
|
|
Term
| how do lymph vessels begin |
|
Definition
| with blind ended tubes in the tissues converging into vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the largest lymph vessels |
|
Definition
| thoracic and right lymphatic ducts |
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