Term
| what do hormones interact with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does a hormone need to interact with a cell surface receptor |
|
Definition
| it cannot get through the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does interaction with cell surface receptors cause within the cell |
|
Definition
| altered activity by activating a secondary messenger |
|
|
Term
| what within the cell activates a secondary messenger after a cell surface receptor is activated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cell surface receptor / secondary messenger combinations |
|
Definition
| adenylyl cyclase /cAMP, tyrosine kinase, phosphotidyl inositol, guanylate cyclase /cAMP |
|
|
Term
| what normally ineracts with adanylyl cyclase / cAMP |
|
Definition
| hormones or catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| what normally interacts with tyrosine cyclase |
|
Definition
| insulin and epidermal growth factors |
|
|
Term
| what normally interacts with phosphatidyl inositol |
|
Definition
| oxicotociin, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, angeotensin II, epinepherine |
|
|
Term
| what does the guanylate cyclase cAMP combination do within the cell |
|
Definition
| antagonistic of cAMP activities |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of secondary messengers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do secondary messengers usually do to metabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does an intercellular receptor get into the cell |
|
Definition
| it can go right through the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of intracellular receptors |
|
Definition
| steroids, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 only) |
|
|
Term
| what are the binding domains of intracellular receptors |
|
Definition
1. hormone binding
2. DNA binding
3. amino terminal |
|
|
Term
| what do intracellular receptors affect within the cell |
|
Definition
| direct effect on gene expression, allosterically changes the receptor binds to chromosomal dna, activates RNA polymerase, increases mRNA, which makes new proteins |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the gastroentrophepatic system |
|
Definition
| large collection of endocrine cells around the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| what types of control does the gastroentrohepatic system have |
|
Definition
| endocrine, autocrine, pancrean |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the gastroentrohepatic system and the general endocrine system |
|
Definition
| can have a more localized effect, controls their own cell's activity and the activity of adjacent cells by transfering signals through extracellular space |
|
|
Term
| what is the pituitary gland attached to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the link between the hypothalamus and pituitary |
|
Definition
| morpoholgic and functional, master organs of the endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| which is the boss of the pituitary / hypothalamus kingdom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of control does the pituitary and hypothalamus have |
|
Definition
| endocrine and neuroendocrine |
|
|
Term
| where is the pituirary located |
|
Definition
| in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| what demographic has a larger putuitary gland |
|
Definition
| multiparous women (have had many children) |
|
|
Term
| what covers the pituitary |
|
Definition
| diaphragmatic sellae (dura) |
|
|
Term
| what does the infundibulum connect |
|
Definition
| putiurary to hypothalamus and vascular network |
|
|
Term
| what divides the pituirary into parts |
|
Definition
| functional and embryological differences |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior part of the pituidary called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the adenohypothalamus made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the adenohypothalamus originate |
|
Definition
| oropharynx at raphke's patch from ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of rephke's patch |
|
Definition
| pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis |
|
|
Term
| what is the biggest part of rephke's patch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pars distalis form |
|
Definition
| anterior wall of rephke's patch remnent |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars intermedia form |
|
Definition
| remnent of posterior rephke's patch |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars tuberalis form, what is the shape |
|
Definition
| lateral wall of raphke's patch, collar around infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurosecretory portion of axons in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the posterior pituitary made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the infundibulum continous with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue does the infundibulum contain |
|
Definition
| neurosecretory axons from hypothalamohypopseal tracts |
|
|
Term
| what are the main sources of blood supply with the pituitary |
|
Definition
| superior hypophyseal artery, inferior hypophyseal artery |
|
|
Term
| wwhere does the superior hypophyseal artery come from |
|
Definition
| posterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior hypophyseal artery supply |
|
Definition
| superior pars tuberalis (medial eminence of infundibulum) |
|
|
Term
| where does the inferior hypophyseal artery come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior hypophyseal artery supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the blood supply in the anterior pituitary, what are around the vessels, what type of vessels |
|
Definition
| fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries, cells clumped around capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what do cells of the anterior pituitary respond to, what do they then do |
|
Definition
| signals from hypothalamus,make and secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| in general, what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary, what type of molecule |
|
Definition
| small proteins or glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| growth hormone, prolactin,ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH |
|
|
Term
| what does growth hormone do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop mammary glands, produce milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenocorticotrophic hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain structure of and stimulate adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulate follicular development and spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form corpus luteym and leydig cells in testes to make testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase growth of thyroid hormone and release thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| what are the tropic hormones |
|
Definition
| ACTH, TSH, FSH, regulate activity of other endocrine organs |
|
|
Term
| what makes a hormone tropic |
|
Definition
| it has effects on other organs that release hormones |
|
|
Term
| where is the pars distalis located |
|
Definition
| bulk of anterior part of pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the pars distalis |
|
Definition
| cords of cells with capipllaries between them |
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the pars distalis based on staining |
|
Definition
| basophils, acidophils, chomophobes |
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the pars distalis based on function and immunocytochrmistry |
|
Definition
| somatotrophes, lacrotrophes, corticotrophes, gonadotrophes, thyrotrophes |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are somatotrophes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do somatotrophes make |
|
Definition
| somatotrophin (growth hormone) |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are lactotrophes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do lactotrophes make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes an increase in size of the pituitary in pregnacy |
|
Definition
| increased lactotroph activity, permanent |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are cortoctopes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do corticotropes make |
|
Definition
| propiomelanocortin (POMC) |
|
|
Term
| what is propiomelanocortin (POMC) fragmented into |
|
Definition
| ACTH, very little melanocyto stimulating hormone, b-lipotrophic hormone, endorphin hormone, enkephalin hormone |
|
|
Term
| what hormones from the pituitary are opiates |
|
Definition
| b-lipotrophic, endotrophin, enkephalin |
|
|
Term
| why would there be a significant level of malanocyto stimulating hormone |
|
Definition
| minor in humans but only shows lots in tumor causing bronze skin |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are gondaotropes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do most gonadotropes make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do some gonadotrophes made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are thyrotropes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the overall function of hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do endocrine glands get their secretions into the body |
|
Definition
| they are DUCTLESS they secrete into the blood and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the classes of hormones |
|
Definition
| steroid, small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins, amino acid analouges and derivitives (catecholamines) |
|
|
Term
| what are the catecholamines |
|
Definition
| norepihepherine and epinepherine |
|
|
Term
| what are steroid hormones derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are steroid hormones made |
|
Definition
| ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| where are small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins made |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, enterocndocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| where are cetecholamines made |
|
Definition
| neurons and adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| what types of hormones are classified as amino acid analouge and derivitives |
|
Definition
| thyroid hormones, iodinated amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what is the venous system of the pituitary called |
|
Definition
| hypothalamohypophyseal portal system |
|
|
Term
| what are the portal veins of the pituitary called |
|
Definition
| hypophyseal portal veins and second sinusoidal capillary network or second capillary plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| carries neuroendocrine secretions to hypothalamic nerves from sites of release in median eminence and infundibulum to the pars distalis |
|
|
Term
| where does blood from the pituitary drain |
|
Definition
| mostly into the cavernous sinus on either side of the selle turcica and then into systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| where is the pars intermedia |
|
Definition
| around a series of small cystic cavities that are the remnents of rathke's pouch |
|
|
Term
| what is the pars tuberalis |
|
Definition
| an extension of the anterior lobe along the infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the pars tuberalis |
|
Definition
| immunoreactivity for ACTH, FSH, LH |
|
|
Term
| what can cause an excessive secretion of growth hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an adenoma occurs during childhood and puberty when the apiphyseal plates are still active |
|
|
Term
| what happens when excessive growth hormone occurs in an adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of the hands, feet, jaw, and soft tissues |
|
|
Term
| what do prolactin secreting tumors alter |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamic hypophyseal gonadal interaction leading to gonadotropin deficiency |
|
|
Term
| what is hypersecreting of prolactin in women linked with |
|
Definition
| infertility caused by lack of ovulation and oligomenorrhea or amenorhea (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) |
|
|
Term
| what does hyperlactinemia cause |
|
Definition
| decrease in fertility and libido in males and females |
|
|
Term
| what are effects of hyperprolactinmeia |
|
Definition
| decreased fertility and ilbido in makes and females, galactorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the posterior puiuitary |
|
Definition
| pars nervosa, infundibulum |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars nervosa have |
|
Definition
| neurosecretory axons and their ending |
|
|
Term
| what does the infundibulum contain |
|
Definition
| neurosecretory axons from the hypothalamohypophyseal tracts |
|
|
Term
| what does the pars nervosa contain |
|
Definition
| unmeylinated axons and their axon terminals |
|
|
Term
| where are the cellb odies of the axons in the pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| what forms the hypothalamohypophyseal tract |
|
Definition
| axons from the pars nervosa |
|
|
Term
| where do the axons of the pers nervosa end |
|
Definition
| NOT on other nerons or target cells, near fenestrated capillaries |
|
|
Term
| where are secretory vesicles found in the pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| in all parts of the neurons |
|
|
Term
| what organell is well developed in the cells of the pars nervosa |
|
Definition
| nissl substance (resemble ventral horn ganglion cells) |
|
|
Term
| what is the endocrine function of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| storage site for secretions of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what is the another name for the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are herring bodies formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the vesicles of herring bodies contain |
|
Definition
| oxytocin or ADH, ATP, neurophysin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, argining vasopressin |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between oxytocin and ADH |
|
Definition
| they differ in two amino acid residues |
|
|
Term
| how are oxytocin and neurophysin made |
|
Definition
| as a large molecule including neurophysin |
|
|
Term
| what is the large molecule in herring bodies cleaved into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of neurophysin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are herring bodies located |
|
Definition
| dilations in the axons near the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what is the only cell specific to the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are pituicytes similar to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to pituicytes contain |
|
Definition
| glial fibrillary scidic protein |
|
|
Term
| what are pituicytes associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| pituicytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, herring bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary affect of ADH |
|
Definition
| increase permeability of distal portion of the nepheron, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| how does ADH increase permability |
|
Definition
| acts on regulated water channels to cause rapid reabsorption of water across the tubule epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water channels with an hourglass shape what ADH acts on in the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| what can large nonphysiologic doses of ADH cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does ADH increase blood pressure |
|
Definition
| promoting contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is the short term affect of ADH on AQP2 |
|
Definition
| causes vessels with the transported to come to the cell surface |
|
|
Term
| what is the long term effect ADH had on AQP2 |
|
Definition
| causes synthesis of the channels and insertion into the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what causes ADH to be released |
|
Definition
| increase in plasma osmolaity or decrease in blood volume, pain traume emotional stress, dehydration, sweating, vomitting |
|
|
Term
| what does absence of ADH cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
| lots of dilute urine, thirst |
|
|
Term
| what causes diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
| head injuries, tumors, lesions |
|
|
Term
| how is diabetes insipidus treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
|
Definition
| mutation of AQP2 and ADH receptor genes in the kidney, kidney cannot respond to ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ADH secreting tumors in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of an ADH secretinng tumor |
|
Definition
| retain water, concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote smooth muscle contraction and ADH |
|
|
Term
| where does oxycotin contract smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| uterus and myoepithelial cells in aveoli of the mammary glands |
|
|
Term
| what triggers oxycotin secretion |
|
Definition
| neural stimuli: distension of the uterus, nursing |
|
|
Term
| what does the pineal gland regulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the pineal gland located |
|
Definition
| in the roof of the third ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the pineal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the chief cells of the pineal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells are in the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| pinealocytes, interstitial (glial) cells |
|
|
Term
| what do glial cells resemble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pineal gland secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is corpa arenacea derived from |
|
Definition
| percipitation of calcium phosphates and carbonates on carrier proteins released into the cytoplasm when pineal secretions are exocytosed |
|
|
Term
| where are concentrations of corpora arenacea highest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of organ is the pineal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the pineal gland obtain information |
|
Definition
| gathers info about light and dark cycles from the retina via the retinohypothalmic tract |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the day when light hits the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| inhibit production of melatonin |
|
|
Term
| what happens at night when light is absent from the pineal gland |
|
Definition
| plasma levels of melatonin rise |
|
|
Term
| what disorders does the pineal gland have a part in |
|
Definition
| jet lag and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
|
|
Term
| What are herring bodies, where are they located. Know this! |
|
Definition
| Axon terminals in the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| What are the other, non pituitary specific cells in the posterior pituitary. Know this! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are supraoptic and paraventrcular nuclei located. Know this! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei do. Know this! |
|
Definition
| Secrete hormones in vessels of the posterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the thyroid |
|
Definition
| two lobes, isthmus, maybe pyrmidal |
|
|
Term
| where is the thyroid located |
|
Definition
| anterior nect below thyroid cardilage of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| what directly surrounds the thyroid, what is its function |
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue covering, sends trabeculae into the thyroid partitioning it |
|
|
Term
| what are the functional units of the thyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the thyroid begin to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the thyroid originate as |
|
Definition
| endodermal thickening of floor of primitive pharynx |
|
|
Term
| what is the remnent of the thyroid origin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first thing to form after the thyroid begins as an endodermal thickening |
|
Definition
| duct like invatingation called thyroglossal duct |
|
|
Term
| describe the movement of the thyroglosseal duct |
|
Definition
| descends throug the neck to its final destination in front of the trachea where it divides into two lobes |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the thyroglosseal duct during its migration |
|
Definition
| it atrophies, leaving remnant called pyrmidal lobe |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the thyroid in week 9 of gestation |
|
Definition
| endodermal cells differentiate into plates of follicular cells that become arranged into follicles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the thyroid in week 14 |
|
Definition
| well developed follicles contain colloid |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the thyroid in week 7 |
|
Definition
| ultimobranchial bodies start migrating to the developing thyroid from the fifth pouch and become incorporated into the lateral loves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invagination from the fourth pharyngeal pouch |
|
|
Term
| what are ultimobranchial bodies |
|
Definition
| epithalial cells that become part of the lobes of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| what do ultimobranchial bodies ultametly give rise to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue are thyroid follicles |
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal or low columnar |
|
|
Term
| what do thyroid follicles contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is colloid in a thyroid follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the basal surface of a thyroid follicle cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the principal cells of the thyroid follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what surrounds thyroid follicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what point is a thyroid follicle makiing or secreting hormones |
|
Definition
| they can both happen at the same time or alone |
|
|
Term
| what is the general function of thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
| normalize metabolism, homeostasis, regulate cell and tissue basal metabolism, influence growth and development, heat production |
|
|
Term
| what are the thyroid hormones |
|
Definition
| thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) |
|
|
Term
| what are the thyroid hormones derivatives of, how in general are they altered |
|
Definition
| they are iodinated tyrosine derivates |
|
|
Term
| what is the release of thyroid hormones regulated by |
|
Definition
| TSH from the anterior pituirary |
|
|
Term
| what is the major component of colloid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroglobulin, 120 residues of tyrosine, PAS |
|
|
Term
| what is the inactive form of thyroid horomones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes thyroid hormone storage unique |
|
Definition
| it is in the extracellular area of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of thyroid hormones in fetal growth |
|
Definition
| they are essential and can cross the placenta, early brain development, |
|
|
Term
| what happens to mom's thyroid hormone contribution when baby develops their own thyroid, when does this happen |
|
Definition
| in week 14, both contribute to the babys thyroid hormone needs |
|
|
Term
| what occurs when there is a thyroid deficiencey in fetal development |
|
Definition
| irreversible damage to the CNS, reduced neurons, defective myelination, mental retardation, stunted growth |
|
|
Term
| what happens when there is a thyroid deficiency in development before the baby's thyroid develops |
|
Definition
| severe mental retardation |
|
|
Term
| why does thyroid hormone have a role in growth, how does it do this |
|
Definition
| it stimulates gene expression of GH in the somatotropes of the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| what is congenital hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| CNS and stunted growth abnormalities combined (cretinism) |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for parafollicular cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are parafollocular cells located |
|
Definition
| in peripherial follicular epitheliym of the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| what do parafollocular cells fo |
|
Definition
| synthesize and secrete calcitonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parafollocular cells and the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| how does the hypothalamus / pituitary unit regulate parafollocular cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the antagonist of parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of molecule is calcitonin, how big |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does calcitonin do its job |
|
Definition
| supresses resorptive action of osteoclases, promoting calcium deposition in bones by increasing rate of osteoid calcification |
|
|
Term
| what regulates calcitonin rellease |
|
Definition
| increase in blood Ca increases secretion, decrease inhibits secretion |
|
|
Term
| how many parathyroid glands are there |
|
Definition
| usually 4 but there can be move located in the thymus |
|
|
Term
| what are parathyroid glands covered by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the parathyroid glands change as one gets older |
|
Definition
| more connective tissue with fat |
|
|
Term
| what do the parathyroid glands develop from |
|
Definition
| third and fourth pharyngela pouches |
|
|
Term
| what are the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus developed from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the superior parathyroid glands derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do the principal cells of the parathyroid differentiate |
|
Definition
| durine embryonic development and are function active in regulating fetal calcium metabolism |
|
|
Term
| when do oxyphil cells differentiate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are they types of cells in the parathyroid |
|
Definition
| principal (chief) cells, oxyphil cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous cells of the parathyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the principal cells of the parathyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small dense membrane bound vesicles in the cytoplasm of principal cells of the parathyroid |
|
|
Term
| which parathyroid cell is the largest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| donno but they dont secrete |
|
|
Term
| what does the parathyroid hormone regulate |
|
Definition
| calcium and phosphate levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
| what type of molecule is PTH, how big |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is parathyroid hormone essential for life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if the parathyroid gland is totally removed |
|
Definition
| death mecause muscles, including laryyngeal go into tetanic contraction as blood calcium falls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reabsorption, activates osteolysis by osteoclasrs, releases Ca and P into the blood |
|
|
Term
| what does PTH do in the kidney |
|
Definition
| excretion of Ca is decreased during tubular reabsorption, conserving Ca, phosphate secretion is increased, converts 25-OH vitamin D to active 1,25-OH2 |
|
|
Term
| what does PTH do in the intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what secretes parathyroid hormone KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone is essential for life KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells secrete calcitonon KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what influences for calcitonin to be released KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| nothing, just its own influence |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the adrenal glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the adrenal glands embedded in |
|
Definition
| parirenal fascia of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| where are the adrenal glands located |
|
Definition
| superior pole of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the adrenal glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the adrenal glands covered with |
|
Definition
| thick connective tissue capsule |
|
|
Term
| what extends from the adrenal gland capsule into the parenchyma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the trabeculae of the adrenal gland |
|
Definition
| carry blood vessels and nerves in |
|
|
Term
| how is the secretory parenchyma of the adrenal gland organized |
|
Definition
| into corticol and medullary regions |
|
|
Term
| what is 90% of the cortex of the adrenal gland made of, what does it secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do cortical cells originate from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the adrenal medulla originate from |
|
Definition
| neural crest cells that migrate into the developing gland |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the adrenal gland |
|
Definition
| superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries |
|
|
Term
| what do the arteries of the adrenal glands do before they enter it |
|
Definition
| branch into many small arteries |
|
|
Term
| what do the vessels do when they get inside the adrenal gland |
|
Definition
| branch and make three patterns: capsular capillaries, fenestrated corticol capillaries, medullary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what do caspular capillaries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do fenestrated corticol capillaries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do fenestrated corticol capillaries drain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are medullary arterioles located |
|
Definition
| transverse the cortex and bring arterial blood to the medullary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what supplies blood to the medulla of the adrenal gland |
|
Definition
| medullary arterioles, venous blood from corticol sinusoids that have already supplied the cortex |
|
|
Term
| where does blood from the adrenal gland medulla go |
|
Definition
| small adrenomedullary collecing veins that joint to form central adrenomedullary vein |
|
|
Term
| what is unusual about the central adrenomedullary vein and its tributaries |
|
Definition
| have a tunica medial containing longitudinally oriented bundle of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the smooth muscle of the central adrenomedullary vein and its tributaries cause |
|
Definition
| volume of the adrenal gland to decrease |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the volume of the adrenal gland decreases |
|
Definition
| ehances efflux of hormones from the adrenal medulla into the circulation |
|
|
Term
| what are the zones of the adrenal cortex divided based on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the zones of the adrenal cortex (also, what percent are the zones of the cortex) |
|
Definition
| zona glomerulosa (15%), zona gasciculata (80%), zona reticularis (5-7%) |
|
|
Term
| where is the zona glomerulosa |
|
Definition
| narrow outerzone of the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| where is the zona fasciculata |
|
Definition
| thick middle zone of the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| where is the zona reticularis |
|
Definition
| inner zone of the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
| how are the cells in the zona glomerulosa arranged |
|
Definition
| close packed clusters and curved columns continous with cellular cords in zona fasciculata |
|
|
Term
| what surround cell clusters in the zona glomerulosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do cells of the zona glomerulosa have lots of in them |
|
Definition
| SET, golgi complexes, big mitochondria, free ribosomes, some RER |
|
|
Term
| what do cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do mineralocorticoids do |
|
Definition
| regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis and water balance (aldosterone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts on distal tubules of the nepheron, gastric mucosa, and sweat glands to cause resorption of sodium and excretion of K+ at the kidney |
|
|
Term
| what system is located in the zona glomerulosa |
|
Definition
| renin-angeotensin-aldosterone system |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
Definition
| provide feedback control of zona glomerulosa |
|
|
Term
| what releases renin, where |
|
Definition
| juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates renin release |
|
Definition
| decreased blood pressure or low sodium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| angiotensin converting enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 |
|
|
Term
| where does ACE do its job |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does angiotensin 2 do |
|
Definition
| stimulates cells of the zona glomerulosa to make aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| what causes release of renin ro be inhibited |
|
Definition
| blood pressure, Na, or blood volume increase, (in response to aldosterone) |
|
|
Term
| how do you treat chronic hypertension |
|
Definition
| use druges that inhibit ACE in the lungs |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape of the cells of the zona fasciculata |
|
Definition
| large, polyhedral, commonly bineculate |
|
|
Term
| how are the cells of the zona fasciculata arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organell is indicative of steroid secretion |
|
Definition
| HIGHLY developed SER, well developed golgi and RER |
|
|
Term
| describe the unique organell features of the cells of the zona fasciculata |
|
Definition
| HIGHLY developed SER, well developed golgi and RER, numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what does the zona fasciculata secrete |
|
Definition
| glucocortoids, gonadocorticoids (androgens) |
|
|
Term
| what do glucocorticoids do |
|
Definition
| regulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what is cortisol classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase metabolic activity of glucose and fatty acids (immediate energy release) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of glucacorticoids, in general |
|
Definition
| depress immune and inflammatory response (inhibiting healing), stimulate destruction of lymphocytes in nodes |
|
|
Term
| what regulates secretion of the zona fasciculata |
|
Definition
| ACTH, CRH-ACTH feedback control system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell growth and maintience, stimulating steroid synthesis, increases blood flow through adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| how are the cells of the zona reticularis arranged |
|
Definition
| anastomosing cords seperated by fenestrated capillaries |
|
|
Term
| describe the organell features of the cells of the zona reticularis |
|
Definition
| well developed SER, many mitochondria, little RER |
|
|
Term
| what does the zona reticularis secrete |
|
Definition
| weak androgens (supplimentary sex hormones), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sometimes glucacorticoids, cortisol |
|
|
Term
| what is the zona reticularis under control of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the adrenal medulla composed of |
|
Definition
| chromaffin cells, connective tissue, sinusoids, nerves, genglions |
|
|
Term
| what are chromaffin cells, what are the like |
|
Definition
| secretory epitheloid cells, modified neurons, equlivanent to postganglionic neruons without axons |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
| many myelinated presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| what happens when chromaffiin cells are stimulated by the nerve fibers that pass through them |
|
Definition
| release epinepherine and norepinepherine |
|
|
Term
| why dont chormaffin cells have axons |
|
Definition
| because the hormones of the adrenal cortex exert control over them and prevent neuronal process formation |
|
|
Term
| how are chromaffin cells aranged |
|
Definition
| ovoid clusters and short interconnecting cords |
|
|
Term
| where are capillaries in the adrenal medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the organell features of the chormaffin cells |
|
Definition
| many secretory granules, RER, well developed golgi, distinguishable membrane-vesicles |
|
|
Term
| why are the two distinguishable membrane-vesicles of the chromaffin cells different |
|
Definition
| one secretes epinepherine and one nor eipnepherine |
|
|
Term
| what type of vessicles do chromaffin cells that secrete norepinepherine have |
|
Definition
| large dense core vesicles |
|
|
Term
| what type of vessicles do chromaffin cells that secrete epinepherine have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the axons of the ganglions of the adrenal medulla extend to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the axons of the ganglions of the adrenal medulla do |
|
Definition
| modulate secretory activity of parenchyme, innervate blood vessels in cortex, extend outside gland to splanchnic nerves innervating abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
| what do glucacorticoids secreted in the cortex do, how |
|
Definition
| induce conversion of norepinephering to epinepherine in chromaffin cells by inducing the enzyme that causes methylation |
|
|
Term
| what type of response in the body are catecholamines involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| waht is a pheochromocytoma |
|
Definition
| tumor of the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| what does a pheochromocytoma cause |
|
Definition
| sustained or eisodic hypertension |
|
|
Term
| where does the medulla of the adrenal gland come from KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is strange about the veins in the adrenal medulla KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| they have longitudinally orientated smooth muscle instead of circular in the tunica media |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the different orientation of smooth muscle in the tunica media of the adrenal medulla KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| milk the gland and decrease volume of the gland enhancing the efflux of hormones leaving the gland, like squeezing a sponge |
|
|
Term
| what is lots of smooth ER indicitive of in a cell KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells have lots of smooth ER that indicates steroid production KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| cells of zona glomerulosa and zona faciculata |
|
|
Term
| what type of substance is aldosterone KNOW ME |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does aldosterone act on KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| distal tubules of the kidney nepheron, gastric mucosa, salivary, and sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| what does aldosterone do KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| stimulate resorption of Na and loss of K |
|
|
Term
| what do ace inhibitors do KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| treat chronic hypertension |
|
|
Term
| explain the process and effects of the juxtaglomerular complex KNOW ME |
|
Definition
| release renin in response to decrease in BP or low Na due to JG cell monitoring. Renin finds angiotensinogenin and converts it to angiotensin I which is converted by ACE to angiotensin 2 which stimulates cells of zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone which increases BP, Na , and volume. This inhibits the release of renin, things return to normal |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the urinary system |
|
Definition
| eliminate metabolic waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, produce renin and erhthropoietin |
|
|
Term
| what processes does the urinary system do to do its job |
|
Definition
| filtration, active absorption, passing absorption, secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the dilated upper portion of the ureter begining |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the renal pelvic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the major calyces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the renal pyramids arranged |
|
Definition
| tip towards minor calyx, rays penetrating the cortex |
|
|
Term
| what seperates medullary pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many renal pyramids are there per kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unir of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many nepherons are there per kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the nepheron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what dos the renal corpuscle do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the tubular part of the nepheron do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
| glomerulus, glomerular (bowman's) capsule |
|
|
Term
| what forms the glomerulus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms bowman's gland |
|
Definition
| double waled epithelial capsule |
|
|
Term
| where is the inner layer of bowmans capsule |
|
Definition
| enveloping capillaries of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| where is the outer layer of bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
| degines extenal limit of renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the space between the layers of bowman's capsule called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the poles of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do things enter the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do things exit the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where os the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle located |
|
Definition
| branches into the capillaries of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| how is the efferent arteriole formed |
|
Definition
| merging of the capillaries that form the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| where is the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle located |
|
Definition
| opposite vascular pole, where the tubular part of the nepheron begins |
|
|
Term
| what does the urinary pole connect |
|
Definition
| with lumen of proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the outer part of bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the inner part of bowman's capsule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has many primary processes that give rise to secondary processes, processes interdigitate and embrace capillaries for filtration |
|
|
Term
| what are the processes of the podocytes called |
|
Definition
| pedicles or foot processes |
|
|
Term
| describe the composition of glomerular capillaries |
|
Definition
| fenestrated endothelial cells, no diaphragm, basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries between |
|
Definition
| endothelium and podocytes |
|
|
Term
| how is the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries formed |
|
Definition
| fusion of endothelial cells and podocyte basal laminae |
|
|
Term
| what forms the filtration barrier between blood and urinary space |
|
Definition
| glomerular capillaries and podocyte basal laminae fusion to make a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| in what ways does the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle work |
|
Definition
| physical and charge barrier |
|
|
Term
| describe the composition of glomerular filtrate |
|
Definition
| chemical composition similar to plasma but with almost no proteins |
|
|
Term
| where are mesangial cells located |
|
Definition
| within the capillary tuft adherine to capillary walls around renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of mesangial cells |
|
Definition
| structural support for glomerulus, make ECM, endocytose molecules trapped in basement membrane, contractile, control blood floow through glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what do mesangial cells have receptors for |
|
Definition
| they have engiotensin II and atrial naturetic factor receptors |
|
|
Term
| what does angiotensin II do do mesangial cells |
|
Definition
| causes contraction and decreased blood flow through the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what does atrial naturitic factor do to the mesangial cells |
|
Definition
| relaxation and increased blood flow through the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what connects to the renal corpuscle, where |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubule at urinary pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the organells of the cells of the PCT |
|
Definition
| acidophillic cytoplasm, many microbilli at apex making brush border, canaliculi between microvilli, plasma membrane with infoldings |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean to have an acidophillic cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the PCT cells attach with neighbor cells |
|
Definition
| lateral plasma membrane interdigitates with neighbor cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the general functions of the cells of the PCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the apical canaliculi in the PCT cells |
|
Definition
| increase capacity to absorb macromolecules and small proteins that have passed glomerular filter |
|
|
Term
| what do the PCT cells absorb |
|
Definition
| glucosa and AA, small proteins that didnt get picked up, NaCl, H2O |
|
|
Term
| what do the PCT cells secrete |
|
Definition
| creatine, organic acids, organic bases derived from blood |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the loop of hanle |
|
Definition
| thick descending limb (proximal straight tubule), thin descending lumb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb (distal straight tubule) |
|
|
Term
| which part of the loop of henele is variable, how so |
|
Definition
| some nepherons ahve longer or shorted thin limbs or none at all |
|
|
Term
| how far does the loop of henle extend into the medulla |
|
Definition
| some extend a little some not at all |
|
|
Term
| how can nepherons be divided into groups |
|
Definition
| location in renal corpuscle and length of loop of henle |
|
|
Term
| what classifies a corticol nepheron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what classifies a juxtamedullary nepheron |
|
Definition
| long loops of henle extending deep into the medulla |
|
|
Term
| what establishes the osmotic gradient in the medulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the osmotic gradient of the medulla make it possible to produce |
|
Definition
| hypertonic urine and conservation of water |
|
|
Term
| describe the osmotic gradient of the medulla of the kdney from the base of the medulla to the tip |
|
Definition
| near isoosmotic at the base of the medulla to hyperosmotic at the tip |
|
|
Term
| what is the gradient of the medulla established by |
|
Definition
| selective permability of thin descending and thin ascending limbs of the loop of henle to water ad NaCl |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the DCT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the cells of the DCT differ to those of the PCT |
|
Definition
| no brush border, no apical canaliculi, smaller |
|
|
Term
| how are the DCT cells the same as PCT cells |
|
Definition
| both have basal membrane infoldings and associated mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the DCT cells |
|
Definition
| absorb Na and secrete K (aldosterone), secrete H+ and ammonium for acid base balance |
|
|
Term
| what regulates soidum absorption and K+ secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the DCT in line with in the nepheron |
|
Definition
| vascular pole of renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located |
|
Definition
| in line with the begining of the DCT and vascular pole of renal corpuscle |
|
|
Term
| what cells is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made of |
|
Definition
| cells of macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a modified segment of the wall of the DCT |
|
|
Term
| what distinguishes the macula densa from the DCT |
|
Definition
| taller epithelial cells, closer nuclei, darker apperance |
|
|
Term
| what are the macula densa cells sensitive to |
|
Definition
| ionic content and water volume of tubular fluid |
|
|
Term
| what are JG cells modified from |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
| what is absent near jG cells of the JG apparatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organell is abundent in JG cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the JG apparatus activate |
|
Definition
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
|
Term
| how does the JG apparatus stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
|
Definition
1. macula densa cells signal JC cells to release renin
2. renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin i
3. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ACE in the lung
4. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterne |
|
|
Term
| what do multiple collecting tubules connect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do collecting ducts go from the nepheron |
|
Definition
| travel to medulla to papillae at tips of medullary pyramids |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the collecting ducts as they approach the renal papillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tissue is collecting tubules and ducts |
|
Definition
| simple cuboidal that becomes columnar distally |
|
|
Term
| what types of cells are in the collecting tubules and ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous cells in the collecting tubules and ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are dark cells located |
|
Definition
| cortical regions and absent in distal ducts |
|
|
Term
| what do dark cells secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does antidirutic hormone do to collecting ducts |
|
Definition
| make them permable to water |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the contents as the collecting duct passes through osmotic gradient to medulla |
|
Definition
| water is removed concentrating it |
|
|
Term
| what does the renal artery branch to form, where |
|
Definition
| the interlobar arteries between the medullary pyramids |
|
|
Term
| what do inerlobar arteries form, where |
|
Definition
| arcuate arteries at corticomedullary junction that follows corticomedullary interface |
|
|
Term
| what do acurate arteries give off, in what formation, where |
|
Definition
| interlobular at right angles that travel to the cortex perpendicular to renal capsule |
|
|
Term
| what do interlobular arteries give off, where do these go |
|
Definition
| afferent arterioles that enter renal corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what do afferent arterioles divide into |
|
Definition
| capillaries of the glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| what do capillaries of the glomerulus merge into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do efferent arterioles branch into |
|
Definition
| peritubular capillary network |
|
|
Term
| what do efferent arterioles form |
|
Definition
| corticol glomeruli, juxtamedullary glomeruli |
|
|
Term
| where are corticol glomeruli |
|
Definition
| network wround local tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do the juxtamedullary glomeruli form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long straight vessels that descend along the loop of henle into medulla, they make hair pin loops and ascend out of the medulla along the loop tubules |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the straight down and up course of the vasa recta |
|
Definition
| maintain osmotic gradient of the medulla |
|
|
Term
| where do corticol capillaries drain into |
|
Definition
| interlobular veins then arcuate veins |
|
|
Term
| what drain into arcuate veins |
|
Definition
| interlobular veins and medullary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| where do arcuate veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do interlobar veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do capillaries from the outermost cortex and renal capsule drain |
|
Definition
| into stellate veins near surface of kidney |
|
|
Term
| where do stellate veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to urine once it leaves the collecting duct and renal papilla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the urine go after the renal papilla |
|
Definition
| series of structures specialized to store urine and pass it to body exterior |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of the ureter similar to |
|
Definition
| minor and major calyces, renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| what is the lining of the ureter |
|
Definition
| transitional epithelium (urothelium) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the urothelium |
|
Definition
| impermable to salts and water |
|
|
Term
| how is muscle arranged in the ureter |
|
Definition
| inner layer, outer layer, distally a third outer longitudinal layer that enters the bladder |
|
|
Term
| how is the inner layer of ureter muscle arranged |
|
Definition
| loose spiral, longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| how is the outer layer of ureter muscle arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retroperitoneal adipose tissue, vessels, and nerves around the ureter |
|
|
Term
| where does the ureter penetrate the bladder, what is formed at this point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the bladder lined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare the muscle of the ureter to the bladder |
|
Definition
| the bladder is less regular |
|
|
Term
| describe the muscles at the bladder neck |
|
Definition
| a ring like arrangement around urethra |
|
|
Term
| where is the internal urethral sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of control do we have of the internal urethral sphincter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is distinct about the femal urethra |
|
Definition
| mid part is surrounded by voluntary external sphincter made of striated muscle, transitional epithelium initially becomes stratified squamous terminally, shorter |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the male urethra |
|
Definition
| prostatic, membranous, penile |
|
|
Term
| where is the prostatic urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines the prostatic urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the membranous urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines membranous urethra |
|
Definition
| stratified or pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| where is the external urethral sphinctor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the penile urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the penile urethra lined ith |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar becoming stratified squamous distally |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the male reproductive system |
|
Definition
| testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the testes surrounded by |
|
Definition
| thick capsule of dense connective tissue, tunica albugenia |
|
|
Term
| where is the tunica albugenia the thickest |
|
Definition
| the posterior surface of the testies, tunica mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| where do the septa that devide the testes into testicular lobules come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does each lobule of the testes contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are seminiferous tubules surrounded by |
|
Definition
| loose CT rich in blood lymphatic vessels, nerves, and leydig cells |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are leydig cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the seminiferous tubules make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do interstitial cells of the testes make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at the endo of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| lumen narrows and it continues in short segments called tubuli recti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straight tubules at the end of seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do straight tubules connect to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anastomosing network of channels connecting straight tubules to ductuli efferetentes |
|
|
Term
| what does the ductuli efferents connect |
|
Definition
| rete testis to cephalic epididymis |
|
|
Term
| what are the seminiferous tubule slined by |
|
Definition
| complex stratified epithelium aka geminal or seminiferous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cells in the seminiferous epithelium |
|
Definition
| supporting or steroli cells, cells of spermatogenic lineage |
|
|
Term
| how are cells of spermatogenic lineage arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the outer wall of the seminiferous tubules surrounded by |
|
Definition
| well defined basal lamina and fibrous CT with many layers of fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what adhers to the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| layer of flattened myoid cells |
|
|
Term
| what do myoid cells have characteristics like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occupys most of the space between seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which spermatozoa are formed |
|
|
Term
| what does spermatogenesis begin with |
|
Definition
| primitive germ cell, spermatogonium |
|
|
Term
| where are spermatogonium located |
|
Definition
| next to basal lamina of epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what happen to spermatogonium at sexual maturity |
|
Definition
| begin dividing by mitosis |
|
|
Term
| what paths can dividing spermatogonium take |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do type A spermatogonia do |
|
Definition
| continue dividing as stem cells |
|
|
Term
| what do type B spermatogonia do |
|
Definition
| they are progenitor cells that will differentiate into primary spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many DNA do primary spermatocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to primary spermatocytes soon after they form |
|
Definition
| enter prophase of meiosis 1 |
|
|
Term
| how long does prophase of meiosis 1 take for spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the largest cells of the spermatogenic lineage, why |
|
Definition
| primary spermatocytes, because their prophase is so long |
|
|
Term
| what event creates secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
| they arise from the first meiotic division |
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes do seconday spermatocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much DNA do secondary spematocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
| they quickly enter the second meiotic division |
|
|
Term
| what arise from the second meoitic division in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes do spermatids have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much DNA do spermatids have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| what happens in spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
| formation of acrosome, condensation and elongation of the nucleus, development of the flagellum, loss of most of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
| golgi, acrosomal, maturation |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the golgi phase (3 steps) |
|
Definition
1. proacrosomal granules accumulate in golgi
2. they coalesce to form a single acrosomal granule within a membrane limited acrosomal vesicle
3. flagellar axoneme begins to form opposite acrosome |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the acrosomal phase |
|
Definition
| scrosomal vesicle spreads over the anterior nucleus becoming acrosome,sperm changes its orientation, nucleus elongates and condenses, flagellum forms, mitochondria aggregate |
|
|
Term
| where do mitochondria aggregate in the acrosomal phase |
|
Definition
| around proximal part of flagellum forming middle piece |
|
|
Term
| how is the orientation of the developing sperm changed during the acrosomal phase |
|
Definition
| nucleus becomes oriented to the base of the seminiferous tubule, axoneme projects into lumen |
|
|
Term
| what does the acrosome contain |
|
Definition
| hydrolytic enzymes, specilized lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| describe the function of the acrosome |
|
Definition
| enzymes are released when spermatozoa encounter an oocyte, they dissociate the cells of the corona radiata and digest zona pellucida around oocyte |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the maturation phase |
|
Definition
| residual cytoplasm shead, spermatozoa released into lumen of tubule |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cytoplasm shead by the spermatozoa |
|
Definition
| phagocytosed by sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| during what parts of spermatogenesis are cytoplasmic bridges present |
|
Definition
| when type A spermatogonia are comitted to being type B it forms all cells resulting from division attached until spermatogenesis is complete and residual bodies leave |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of cytoplasmic bridges in spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| coordinate sequence of events in spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take fo get from spermatogonia to mature spermatoza |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is spermatogenesis conducted withing the tubules, when where |
|
Definition
| in each small area it occurs independently from any other area and different tubules are independent |
|
|
Term
| what makes testicular fluid |
|
Definition
| steroli cells and rete testis lining cells |
|
|
Term
| what transports spermatozoa to the epididymis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does testicular fluid contain |
|
Definition
| steroids, proteins, ions, androgen binding protein associated with testosterone |
|
|
Term
| where are the steroli cells located |
|
Definition
| bases attached to basal lamina, apex frequently reaches the lumen, enveloping cells of spermatocytic lineage |
|
|
Term
| when do sertoli cells divide |
|
Definition
| in development only, not during the reproductive period |
|
|
Term
| how do steroli cells stay alive without dividing |
|
Definition
| very resistant to infection, malnutrition, and x-ray |
|
|
Term
| how are adjacent sertoli cells bound together |
|
Definition
| occluding junctions at basolateral surface and gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what do bound sertoli cells form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gap junctions in sertoli cells |
|
Definition
| may regulate cycle of seminiferous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what do the occluding junctions of sertoli cells do to the structure of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| seperate them into basal compartmant and adluminal compartment |
|
|
Term
| what compartment are spermatogonia in |
|
Definition
| basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, below the blood testis barrier |
|
|
Term
| where are cells of later stages of spermatogenesis located |
|
Definition
| in adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules above the blood testis barrier |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the sertoli cells |
|
Definition
| support, protect, regulate nutrition of development spermatozoa, phagocytosis, secretion, blood testis barrier, produce hormone |
|
|
Term
| how do sertoli cells function in support, protection, and nutritional regulation |
|
Definition
| mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites, protect from immunological attack |
|
|
Term
| what do sertoli cells protect spermatozoa from |
|
Definition
| sperm specific antigens (they body never desensitized to sperm antigens) |
|
|
Term
| how to sertoli cells have the ability to mediate nutritional exchange for spermatozoa |
|
Definition
| because they are isolate from blood supply |
|
|
Term
| what do steroli cells phagocytose |
|
Definition
| excess spermatid cytoplasm (residual bodies0 |
|
|
Term
| what to sertoli cells secrete |
|
Definition
| testicular fluid, androgen binding protein, inhibit, anti-mullerian hormone |
|
|
Term
| what controls release of androgen binding hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can sertoli cells do with testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supress synthesis and release of FSH in the anterior hypophysis, released by the sertoli cell when its released enough androgen binding protein |
|
|
Term
| what does anti mullerian hormone do |
|
Definition
| promotes regression of mullerian ducts that would form in a female fetus |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for mullerian ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures that are formed in male fetuses |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for wolffian ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what induces the development of wolffian ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells types in the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, undifferentiated connective cells, mast cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| when do leydig cells show up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the leydic cell, organells etc |
|
Definition
| round or polygonal, central nucleus, esinophilic cytoplas, lots of lipid drops |
|
|
Term
| where are the enzymes to make testosterone in the leydig cells |
|
Definition
| mitochondria and smoother ER |
|
|
Term
| what is testosterone important for |
|
Definition
| spermatogenesis, sexual differentation during embryonic and fetal development, control fo gonadotropin secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is a metabolite of testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does dihydrotestosterone act on |
|
Definition
| many organs and tissues: muscle, hair pattern and growth |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates testosterone synthesis is leydig cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what relative temperature does spermatogenesis need to occur at |
|
Definition
| below core body temperature, approx 35 deg C |
|
|
Term
| what devices allow appropirate testicular temperature |
|
Definition
| counter current heat exchange between venous plexus and testicular artery, evaporative cooling, cremaster muscle contraction for warming |
|
|
Term
| what do the tubuli recti join |
|
Definition
| ends of seminiferous tubule loop to rete testes |
|
|
Term
| what is the initial segment of the tubuli recti made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main segment of the tubuli recti made of |
|
Definition
| cuboidal epithelium supported by dense CT |
|
|
Term
| where are the rete testis located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are rete testis lined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the rete testis connect |
|
Definition
| tubuli recti and ductuli efferentss |
|
|
Term
| what do ductuli efferentes connect |
|
Definition
| rete testis to ductus epididymids |
|
|
Term
| what lines the ductuli efferentes |
|
Definition
| epithelium with groups of noncilliated cuboidal alternating with ciliated, gives scalloped apperance |
|
|
Term
| what direction do the cilia of the ductuli efferents beat |
|
Definition
| direction of the epididymis |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the noncilliated cells of the ductuli efferentes |
|
Definition
| absorb fluid secreted by the seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| what is outside of the basal lamina of the ductuli efferentes |
|
Definition
| thin layer of circularly oriented smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of the ductus epididymis |
|
Definition
| highly coiled, forms body and tail of the epididymis with CT and vessels |
|
|
Term
| what lines the ductus epididymis |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium with round basal and columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the surface of the ductus epididymis epithelium lined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, branched, irregular microvilli |
|
|
Term
| what does the smooth muscle around the ductus epidydmis do |
|
Definition
| peristaltic contractions to help move spermatozoa along duct and loose CT tissue rich in capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what does the vas deferens connect |
|
Definition
| epididymis to prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
| what is the vas deferents lined with |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia, lamina propria with rich elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| describe the tube of the vas deferents |
|
Definition
| straight, thick muscular wall |
|
|
Term
| describe the lumen of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| mucosa with longitudinal folds, elastic |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers within the muscular layer of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| inner longitudinal, middle citcular, outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the muscular layer of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| peristaltic contractions that expell spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the vas deferens that is dilated just before the prostate |
|
|
Term
| describe the epithelium of the ampulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the muscular layer of the vas deferens stop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the mucosal layer of the vas deferens stop |
|
Definition
| continues through the prostate as prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
| what is the final segment of the vas deferens called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the seminal vesicle lined with |
|
Definition
| cuboidal or pseudostratified with secretory granules |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
| rich in elastic fibers, thin layer of smooth muscle surrounding |
|
|
Term
| what does the seminal vesicle make |
|
Definition
| viscous, yellow fluid with sperma activating substances |
|
|
Term
| what are sperm activating substances |
|
Definition
| carbs (fructose), citrate, inositol, prostaglandins, proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the epithelium and secretory function of the seminal vessicle dependent on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the prostate consist of |
|
Definition
| 30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands |
|
|
Term
| where do ducts from the prostate empty into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prostate lined with |
|
Definition
| cuboidal or columnar pseudostratified epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what surrounds the prostate glands |
|
Definition
| rich fibromuscular stroma and fibroelastic capsule with smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what does the prostate gland produce and store |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is prostatic fluid a part of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does prostate function depend on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for bulbuorethral gands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| where do cowpers glands empty |
|
Definition
| proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands do the cowpers glands have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the cowpers glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are cowpers glands lined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the septa of cowpers glands |
|
Definition
| skeletal and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the masses of erectile tissue in the penis |
|
Definition
| 2 corpa cavernosa, 1 corpa spongiosum |
|
|
Term
| what is venous spaces tissue lined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is venous spaces seperated by |
|
Definition
| trabeculae of connected tissue and smooth muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what does erectile tissue have lots of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the trabecular of erectile tissue supplied by for O and nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do helicine arteries empty |
|
Definition
| cavernous spaces of erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is between helican arteries and the deep dorsal vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the arteriovenous shunts |
|
Definition
| regulate blood flow through the cavernous spaces of erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
| where is the penile urethea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the penile urethra lined with |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous distally |
|
|
Term
| what glands does the penile urethra have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the glands of littre secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the surface of the ovary covered by |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium or cuboidal (germinal epithelium) |
|
|
Term
| what is under the epithelium of the ovary |
|
Definition
| dense CT (tunica albuginea) |
|
|
Term
| what is under the tunica albuginea of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main thin in the cortex of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are ovarian follicles embedded in |
|
Definition
| CT of the cortical region of the stroma |
|
|
Term
| what is the stroma of the ovary made of |
|
Definition
| spindle shaped fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what do the fibroblasts of the ovary stroma respond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the medulla of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the division of the medulla and cortex of the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in ovarian development at 1 mo gestation |
|
Definition
| primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal primordia and divide into oogonia |
|
|
Term
| what moth are there the most oogonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can oogonia do, when can they start |
|
Definition
| turn into primary oocytes, mo 3. or go through atresia |
|
|
Term
| what do primary oocytes do |
|
Definition
| go into meiosis 1 and stop in prophase diplotine |
|
|
Term
| what surrounds primary oocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what month are their no oogonia, why |
|
Definition
| mo 7 because they are no all primary oocytes or atresia |
|
|
Term
| what does an ovarian follicle consist of |
|
Definition
| oocyte, one or mroe layers follicular cells |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for follicular cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lies under the follicular cells in a follicle, what does this seperate the follicle from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are premordial follicles located |
|
Definition
| superificial layer of corticol region |
|
|
Term
| when does follicular growth begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in follicular growth |
|
Definition
| every day some primordial follicles begin to modify the oocyte, follicular cells, and stroma cells around it |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates follicular growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is oocyte growth most rapid |
|
Definition
| in the first part of follicular growth |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the first part of follicular growth |
|
Definition
| follicular cells divide my mitosis and form single layer of cuboidal cells (unilaminal primary follicle) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the oocyte after the unilaminal primary follicle forms |
|
Definition
| follicular cells proliferate forming zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the zona pellucida |
|
Definition
| stratified follicular epithelium (granulosa layer) |
|
|
Term
| how do zona pellucida cells communicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells contribute to the production of the zona pellucida |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do the follicular cells communicate with the oocyte after the zona pellucida is formed |
|
Definition
| filopodia of the follicular cells and microville from the oocyte penetrate zona pellucida through gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is the follicle called after it gets a zona pellucida |
|
Definition
| multilaminar primary follicle (prenatal) |
|
|
Term
| what happens after the follicle becomes a multilaminal primary follicle |
|
Definition
| it moves to the deepr corticol region and liquid begins to accumulate between the follicular cells that coalesce into a larger cavity called antrum |
|
|
Term
| what is the liquid that forms the antrum made of |
|
Definition
| GAGs, steroid binding proteins, high steroid concentrations (progesterone, androgens, estrogens) |
|
|
Term
| after the follicular cells form antrum, describe the reorganization, new naming, etc |
|
Definition
| the ones on the interior of antrum are cumulus oophorus. that ones right by the oocyte are the corona radiata |
|
|
Term
| what is the follicle called when it has an antrum and the follicular cells reorganize |
|
Definition
| secondary or antral follicle |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the corona radiata |
|
Definition
| it stays with the oocyte when it leaves the ovary |
|
|
Term
| what happens to stroma cells as the follicle matures |
|
Definition
| they differentiate into theca folliculi and then differentiate into the theca interna and externa |
|
|
Term
| what does the theca interna consist of, what is the function |
|
Definition
| steroid secreting cells that make aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| what happens to aldosterone once made in the ovary |
|
Definition
| transported to granulosa cell layer and converted to estrogen |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates for aldosterone to be turned into estrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the theca externa |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts in layers around theca interna |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the follicles during the menstural cycle |
|
Definition
| one follicle becomes dominent, the others undergo atresia |
|
|
Term
| what is a follicle called when it doest go through atresia and is fully developed and the only one left |
|
Definition
| preovulatory, mature, or graafian follicle |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a follicle to mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a follicle undergoes atresia |
|
Definition
| oocyte and granulosa cells die and are phagocytosed by macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what do follcles undergo atresia if not the chosen follicle |
|
Definition
| at any time during development, they could get all the way to almost mature and be in second place and be wiped out just before the finish line |
|
|
Term
| when is atresia of follicle more frequent |
|
Definition
| at times of hormone change: birth, puberty, pregnacy |
|
|
Term
| what does ovulation consist of |
|
Definition
| rupture of mature collicle and liberation of oocyte |
|
|
Term
| when in the menstural cycle does ovulation take place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates for ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates for LH to be released to stimulate ovulation |
|
Definition
| estrogen released by growing follicles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the oocyte just before ovulation |
|
Definition
| first meiotic division is completed and the secondary oocyte is made along with a polar body, then the second division begins and pauses in metaphase |
|
|
Term
| what happens right after the follicle wall ruptures |
|
Definition
| ocyte and first polar body enclosed in zona pellucida, the crona radiata, and some follicular fluid leave the ovary and enter uterine tube where oocyte can be fertilized |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur |
|
Definition
| in degenerates in 24 hours |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the granulosa cells and theca interna after ovulation |
|
Definition
| reorganize into temporary endocrine gland, corpus luteum, they enlarge and turn into steroid secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| what do the theca interna cells of the corpus luteum become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the granulosa cells of the corpus luteum become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once the corpus luteum is basically formed (has its first cells) what happnes to it as it matures |
|
Definition
| capillaries and lymphatics grow in and cells change enzyme sets and secrete progesterone and estrogen |
|
|
Term
| what induces maturation of the corpus luteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilized |
|
Definition
| in 10-12 days it goes through apopotosis and a scar called corpa albicans remains |
|
|
Term
| what happes to the corpus luteum if the egg is fertilized |
|
Definition
| trophoblast cells release HGC and it is similar to LH so it corpus luteum stays for longer after 5 months goes through apoptosis leaving a larger scar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scar left by corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the uterine tubes made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the dilated end of the uretine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the uterine tube wall |
|
Definition
| mucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| what tissue is the mucosa of the uterine tubes |
|
Definition
| simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, loose ct |
|
|
Term
| what are the cell types of the mucosa of the uterine tubes |
|
Definition
| one ciliated, one secretory |
|
|
Term
| what does estrogen do to the uterine tube |
|
Definition
| hypertrophy, ciliogenesis |
|
|
Term
| what does progesterone do to the uterine tube |
|
Definition
| increases number of secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| what do the ciliated cells of the uterine tubes do |
|
Definition
| move viscous liquid film secreteed by secretory cells to the uterus |
|
|
Term
| describe the muscular layer of the uterine tubes |
|
Definition
| thick inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the serosa of the uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the uterine tube do at ovulation |
|
Definition
| activly moves toward the ovary to push the oocyte to it |
|
|
Term
| how long is an oocyte viable after ovulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of uterine tube secretions |
|
Definition
| nutrients for oocyte, capacitation of spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| where does fertilization usually occur |
|
Definition
| in ampulla of uterine tube |
|
|
Term
| what does penetration of the oocyte by the spermatozoon trigger |
|
Definition
| zompletion of second meiotic division generating the second polar body and leaving the oocyte ready to combine DNA with the sperm |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a zygote to be transfered to the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the uterus wall |
|
Definition
| serosa of peritoneum / ct adventitia, muscular layer (myometrium), mucosal (endometrium) |
|
|
Term
| describe the organization of the myometrium |
|
Definition
| bundles of smooth muscle seperated by cr forming 3-4 poorly defined layers. the inner and outer layer run longitudinal, middle has vessels |
|
|
Term
| what ahppens to the myometrium during pregnacy |
|
Definition
| hyperplasia and hypertrophy, smooth muscles make collagen |
|
|
Term
| what ahppens to the myometrium after pregnacy |
|
Definition
| destruction of smooth m, reduction in size of others, enzymatic degradation of collagen |
|
|
Term
| what is in the epithelium and lamina propria of the endometrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are in the endometroum |
|
Definition
| mixture of ciliary and secretory simple columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| what endometrium cell type is more rare in glandular epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the lamina propria of the endomterium |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, ground substance, type 3 collagen |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the endometrium |
|
Definition
| stratum functionale, stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| what is the function and location of the stratum functionale |
|
Definition
| it is thicker, more superificial, and sloughed off at mensturation |
|
|
Term
| what is the function and location of the stratum basale |
|
Definition
| deeper, retained in mensturation, source for regeneratin of stratum functionale |
|
|
Term
| what comes off the uterine arteries to supply tne uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to arcuate arteries |
|
Definition
| they anastomose in the myometrium |
|
|
Term
| what are the radial arteries a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are radial arteries located |
|
Definition
| stratum basale of the endometrium |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches off the radial arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the small straight arteries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do radial arteries end |
|
Definition
| they continue to the stratum functionale and become highly coiled turning into spiral arteries |
|
|
Term
| what do spiral arteries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what function do the spiral arteries have |
|
Definition
| help in sloughing off of the stratum functionale |
|
|
Term
| when does the menstural cycle begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when does the menstural cycle end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is the menstural cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of the mestural cycle, how long are they |
|
Definition
| menstural 4-5, proliferative 10, secretory 14 |
|
|
Term
| what occures in the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
| growth of follicles and secretion of estrogen, cell proliferation in endometrium |
|
|
Term
| what is the surface of the endometrium covered by in the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the glands like the the proliferative phase |
|
Definition
| straight tubules with narrow lumens |
|
|
Term
| when does the secretory phase occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormone influences the secretory phase, where does it come from |
|
Definition
| progesterone, corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the secretory phase |
|
Definition
| endometrium becomes edematous, glands enlarge and spiral, gland lumens become sacculated and fill with secretions |
|
|
Term
| what initiates the menstural phase |
|
Definition
| rapid decline in progesterone levels when corpus luteum stops functioning |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the menstural phase |
|
Definition
| periodic contractions of spiral arteries happen for hours at a time causing ischemia of the stratum functionale, after 2 days it sloughs off until only stratumm basale remains |
|
|
Term
| what is in vaginal discharge |
|
Definition
| blood, uterine fluid, sloughing stromal and epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens in gavid phase |
|
Definition
| implantation occurs, blastocyst implants by invagind the endometrium, trophoblast cells secrete HCG stimulating continued secretion of corpus lutrum preserving the endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stromal fibers change and are called decidual cells because of implantation |
|
|
Term
| what is the endometrium called after implantatioon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do stromal fibroblasts change into decdual cells |
|
Definition
| enlarge, rounde, exhibit characteristics of protein secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the classifications of deciduia |
|
Definition
| basalis, capsularis, parietalis |
|
|
Term
| where is the deciduia basalis |
|
Definition
| between embryo and myometroim |
|
|
Term
| where is the deciduia capsularis |
|
Definition
| between embryo and lumen of uterus |
|
|
Term
| what is the cervex made of |
|
Definition
| dense ct, smooth muscle fibers, muscous secreting simple columnar, larged branched glands |
|
|
Term
| does the cervex epithelium slough off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cervicla mucous mid cycle, why |
|
Definition
| lots of mucous, less viscous. more favorable for sperm |
|
|
Term
| describe the cervical mucous during pregnacy |
|
Definition
| cervical glands proliferate and secrete a more viscous and abundent mucous making a plug |
|
|
Term
| what is the portion of the cervix protruding into the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ectocervix covered by |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| that is the transformation zone |
|
Definition
| transition between mucous secreting columnar mucosa of endocervix and squmous mucosa of ectocervix |
|
|
Term
| where is the transformation zone in reproductivly active women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the transfoermation zone in women of menopause of pre-puberty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease should the transformation zone be watched for |
|
Definition
| metaplasia, dysplastic changes, cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the vagina |
|
Definition
| mucuosal, muscular, adventitial |
|
|
Term
| what is the vagina lined by |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium without glands |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the epithelium of the vagina int eh follicular phase |
|
Definition
| estrogen causes epithelial cells to make a accumulate glycogen as they migrate to the surface |
|
|
Term
| what does the lamina propria of the vagina have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the muscular layer of the vagina |
|
Definition
| outer thicker longitudinal layer smooth muscle, continous with uterus, less prodominate inner layer |
|
|
Term
| describe the adventitial layer of the vagina |
|
Definition
| denser inner rich layer of elastic fibers and outer layer the blends with surroundings |
|
|
Term
| when do mammary glands develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tells mammary glands to develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does mammary gland development include |
|
Definition
| increases in adipose and ct and increased growth and branching of lacterous ducts |
|
|
Term
| how many lobes are in a mammary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of glands are mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for nipple |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what seperates mammary gland lobes |
|
Definition
| fibrous bands of ct and further into lobules |
|
|
Term
| how does each lobe of the mammary gland drain |
|
Definition
| through its own duct in the nipple |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the lacterifous duct just before it opens at the nipple |
|
Definition
| there is a dilated lactiferous sinus |
|
|
Term
| what lines the lacterifous duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines the lacteriferous sinus and duct system |
|
Definition
| layered cuboidal to simple columnar or cuboidal in the rest of the duct system |
|
|
Term
| what is the mammary gland composed of when inactive |
|
Definition
| mostly duct elements, few glandular elements |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the mammary glands near ovulation |
|
Definition
| under influence of estrogen they increase secretory cell height and opening od duct lumens |
|
|
Term
| what happens to mammary glands in the premenstural period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to mammary glands in pregnacy |
|
Definition
| ducts branch and alveoli develop (mostly later), decrease in adipose and CT, infiltration of CT by plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| what does estrogen stimulate in mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does progesterone stimulate in mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what other hormones stimulate mammmary glands |
|
Definition
| prolcating, human placemtal lactogen, adrenal glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| what do secreting cells of the mammary glands make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are protein components of mammary glands secreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is merocrine secretion |
|
Definition
| vesicle membranes fuse with plasma membrane of cell |
|
|
Term
| how is the lipid compoenent of mammary glands secreted |
|
Definition
| apocrine system where lipid drops are covered by layer of plasma membrane and small amount of cytoplasm when released |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first secretion released from the mammary glands the first few days after birth |
|
|
Term
| what is colostrum made of |
|
Definition
| more protein, less fat and carbs that milk later, antibodies (IgA) |
|
|
Term
| what happens after mom is done breast feeding |
|
Definition
| most alveoli under go degeneration by apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| what happens to mammary glands after menopause |
|
Definition
| secretory proteins degenerate and dissipear, ducts decrease but some remain, atrophic changes in CT, decreased fibroblasts and collagen, loss of elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the eye |
|
Definition
| coneosclear coat, vascular coat, retina |
|
|
Term
| what is the outer fibrous layer of the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the corneoscleral coat ccontain |
|
Definition
| sclera 9white0 and cornea (clear) |
|
|
Term
| what is the middle layer of the eye called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the vascular coat include |
|
Definition
| choroid, stroma of the ciliary body and iris |
|
|
Term
| what is the inner layer of the eye called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the retina include |
|
Definition
| outer pigment epithelium, inner neural layer, epithelium of the ciliary body and iris |
|
|
Term
| what are the chambers of the eye |
|
Definition
| anteriorn, posterior, and vitreous |
|
|
Term
| what forms the anterior chamber of the eye |
|
Definition
| space between cornea and iris |
|
|
Term
| what forms the posterior chamber of the eye |
|
Definition
| space between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens |
|
|
Term
| what forms the vitreous chamber of the eye |
|
Definition
| space between posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina |
|
|
Term
| what and when does the eye appear as |
|
Definition
| shallow grooves called optic sulci or grooves on day 22 |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the optic sulci or grooves |
|
Definition
| as the neural tube closes, they form outpocketings called optic vesicles |
|
|
Term
| as the optic vesicles form laterally, what is happening at the other end of the developing eye |
|
Definition
| connection to the forebrain becomes constricted to form an optic stalk and the overlying ectoderm thickens and forms and lens placode |
|
|
Term
| how is the optic vesicle turned into two eyes |
|
Definition
| the lens placode and optic vesicle invaginate forming a double layered optic cup |
|
|
Term
| what does the inner layer of the optic cup become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the outer layer of the optic cup become |
|
Definition
| retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where do grooves containing blood vessels for the eye come from, where |
|
Definition
| mesenchyme along inferior surface of each optic cup |
|
|
Term
| what are the grooves with vessels in the developing eye called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do choroid fissures function to do |
|
Definition
| allow hayloid vessels to reach the inner chamber of the eye |
|
|
Term
| what ultametly happens to the hayloid vessels |
|
Definition
| distal part degenerates and proximal part remains as the central vessels of the retina |
|
|
Term
| during the third month of gestation what does the optic cup make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the dilator and sphincter pupillary muscles appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hte iris light blue at birth |
|
Definition
| because pigment isnt usually present yet |
|
|
Term
| what is the key regulatory gene for eye development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what initiates formation of the ridge on the neural plate that forms a single eye field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the single eye field seperate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what signals for seperation of the eye field |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what in the eye comes from the surface ectoderm |
|
Definition
| lens, epithelium of cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and its drainage system |
|
|
Term
| what in the eye comes from the neural ectoderm |
|
Definition
| vitreous body, epithelium of retina iris and ciliary body, sphinctor pupillae, dilatory pupillae, optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what in the eye comes from the mesoderm |
|
Definition
| sclera, stroma of the cornea ciliary body iris and choroid, extraocular muscles, eyelids, hayloid system, coverings of the optic n, ct and vessels of the eye bony orbit and vitreous body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| whwhat is congenital cataracts |
|
Definition
| lens becomes clouded during intrauterine life |
|
|
Term
| what can cause congenital cataracts |
|
Definition
| maternal rubella infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes microphthalmia |
|
Definition
| cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anophthalmia usually accompanied by |
|
Definition
| severe cranial abnormailities |
|
|
Term
| what is congential aphakia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can cause congenital aphakia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cyclopia or synophthalmia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cyclopia or synophthalmia usually associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are the eyes fused in cyclopia or synophthalmia |
|
Definition
| loss of midline structures prevented the eye fields from seperating |
|
|
Term
| when does loss of midline structures in cyclopia or synophthalmia occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are factors that affet midline structure loss |
|
Definition
| alcohol, mutations in SHH, abnormailities in cholesterol metabolism that disrupts SHH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease in aniridia a part of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does WAGR syndrome consist of |
|
Definition
| wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormailities, retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cer of the kidney the usually affects children of 5 years but also in the fetus |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the cornea |
|
Definition
| corneal epithelium, bowman's membrane, corneal stroma, descemet's membrane, corneal endothelium |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the corneal epithelium |
|
Definition
| non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the corneal epithelium attached to, by what |
|
Definition
| bowman's membrane by hemidesmosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| where is the bowmans membrane |
|
Definition
| between corneal epithelium and underlying corneal strma |
|
|
Term
| where does bowmans membrane end |
|
Definition
| abruptly at the corneoscleral limbus. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of bowmans membrane |
|
Definition
| barrier to spread infection |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the corneal stroma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the corneal stroma consist of |
|
Definition
| layers of parallel bundles of collagen, avascular |
|
|
Term
| where is the corneal stroma |
|
Definition
| between flattened fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what is descemet's membrane |
|
Definition
| posterior thick basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the corneal endothelium |
|
Definition
| metabolic exchange between cornea and aquous humor |
|
|
Term
| what is the sclera mostly made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sclera contain |
|
Definition
| dense CT, collagen bundles, elastic fibers and ground substance between collagen |
|
|
Term
| how is the collagen of the sclera oriented |
|
Definition
| various directions and in pannels to the surface elastic fibers and ground substance between collagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, optic nerve |
|
|
Term
| what do the tendons of the extraocular muscles insert into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the corneoscleral limbus |
|
Definition
| transitional zone between cornea and sclera |
|
|
Term
| how does the cornea and sclera combine at the edges |
|
Definition
| corneal layers merge with collagen bundles of sclera |
|
|
Term
| describe the transition of the vasculature at the corneoscleral limbus |
|
Definition
| abrupt transition from avascular cornea to highly vascularized sclara |
|
|
Term
| where is the outflow apparatus for the aquous humor |
|
Definition
| limbus region, iridocorneal angle |
|
|
Term
| what forms the scleral venous sinus |
|
Definition
| endothelium lined channels called trabecular network merge |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for scleral venous sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the canal of schlemm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the canal of schlemm |
|
Definition
| drains squous humor from the anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
| what is the most anterior part of the vascular coat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the iris come from and attach to |
|
Definition
| anterior border of ciliary body and is attached to sclera at the corneoscleral junction |
|
|
Term
| what is the central aperature of the iris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the iris consist of |
|
Definition
| highly vascularized CT stroma covered on posterior surface by highly pigmented cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the highly pigmented cells on the posterior iris called |
|
Definition
| posterior pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where does color in the eye come from |
|
Definition
| light reflected from the pigment present in the cells of the posterior surface of the regina giving it a blue apperance. more pigment leads to a darker color |
|
|
Term
| what is the ciliary body part of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ciliary body between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are ciliary processes |
|
Definition
| ridges with zonular fibers that attach to the lens |
|
|
Term
| what covers the ciliary body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is ciliary epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of ciliary epithelium |
|
Definition
| secretes aquous humor, blood aquous barrier, secrete and anchor zonular fibers to form suspensory ligament of the lens |
|
|
Term
| what do the non pigament cells of the ciliary body do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the non pigmented cells of the ciliary body held down |
|
Definition
| cell cell junctions with zona occludins and lots of basal and lateral infoldings |
|
|
Term
| how are pigmented cells of the ciliary body held in |
|
Definition
| less developed junctions, irregular intercellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| what holds the apical surfaces of ciliary cells togather |
|
Definition
| desmosomes and gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what are the discontinous gaps between ciliary cells called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the aquous humor a derivative of plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the path of the aquous humor |
|
Definition
| passes ciliary body, goes to between iris and lens before the anterior chamber,in chamber it goes from cornea to iris and penetrates tissue of limbus to make the trabecular meshwork which turns into canal of schlemm |
|
|
Term
| what does the canall of schlemm run with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in general, what causes glaucoma |
|
Definition
| obstruction of the drainage of the aquous humor increasing intraocular pressure causing retina damage and ultametly blindness |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of glaucoma |
|
Definition
| pain, nausea, blurred vision, halos |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common form of glaucoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in open angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| trabecular meshwork drains aquous homor but schlemm is blocked |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in closed angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| aquous humor cant go to trabecular meshwork because of inflammation of uvea. it never gets to the schlemm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trabeculoplasty: laser burns holes in trabecular mesh around limbus to restore fluid flow, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| what do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do |
|
Definition
| stop carbonic anhydrase isomerase which makes aquous humor |
|
|
Term
| what happens in pressure in the eye is not relived |
|
Definition
| retinal nerve fiber atrophy |
|
|
Term
| where is the choroid located |
|
Definition
| vascular coat, between sclera and retina |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the choroid |
|
Definition
| choricocapillary and burch's membrane |
|
|
Term
| where is the choricocapillary in the choroid, what is it made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the burch's membrane in the choroid, what is the made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the retina |
|
Definition
| photoreceptors, conducting neurons, association/other, supporting |
|
|
Term
| what are the photoreceptor cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the conduction neuron cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the association / other cells of the retina |
|
Definition
| horizontal, centrifugal, interplexiform, amacrine |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the supporting cells of the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the supporting cells of the retina |
|
Definition
| muller, microglial, astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the 10 layers of the retina |
|
Definition
1. retinal pigmented epithelium
2. rods and cones
3. outer limiting membrane
4. outer nuclear layer
5. outer plexiform layer
6. inner nuclear layer
7. inner plexiform layer
8. ganglion cell layer
9. optic nerve fibers
10. inner limiting membrane |
|
|
Term
| what layer of the retina is not part of the retina |
|
Definition
| retinal pigmented epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what does the retinal pigmented epithelium do |
|
Definition
| absorb light through neural retina preventing reflection and flare, participate in the blood-retina barrier |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is the retinal pigmented epithelium |
|
Definition
| 1 layer of cuboid cells connected by junctions |
|
|
Term
| what does the retinal pigmented epithelium sit on |
|
Definition
| birch's membrane of choricoid |
|
|
Term
| what is in the rod and cone layer |
|
Definition
| outer and inner photo receptors |
|
|
Term
| what is in the outer limiting membrane |
|
Definition
| apical boundry of muller's cells |
|
|
Term
| what is in the outer mouclear layer |
|
Definition
| cell bodies of rods and cones |
|
|
Term
| what is in the outer plexiform layer |
|
Definition
| processes of rods and cones, processes of horizontal amacrine and bipolar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is in the inner nuclear layer |
|
Definition
| cell bodies of horizontal, amacrine bipolar, and muller's cells |
|
|
Term
| what is in the inner plexiform layer |
|
Definition
| process of hariz, amacrine, bipolar cells and ganglion cells that connect them |
|
|
Term
| what is in the genglion cell layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the optic nerve fiber layer |
|
Definition
| axons of genglia cells from retina to brain |
|
|
Term
| what is in the inner limiting membrane |
|
Definition
| basal lamina and muller cells |
|
|
Term
| which is more sensitive to light rods or cones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reb, gree, blue, or their mixture |
|
|
Term
| what photoreceptors form in development first |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the forva centralis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central part of the forva made of all cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the macula lutes yellow |
|
Definition
| because of the xanthophyll pigment |
|
|
Term
| where in the retina are there no retina vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the optic disc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the optic dics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the blind spot, why |
|
Definition
| optic disc because it has no photo receptors |
|
|
Term
| what happens in retinal detachment |
|
Definition
| potential space between optic cup layers expands and retina pulls away from retinal pigmented epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are floaters, why are they there |
|
Definition
| in retinal detachment no nutrients get to the photoreceptors from choricocapillary plexus of chorcoid and floaters are released RBC that are injured |
|
|
Term
| if the retina is not re attached what happens after some time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in solubility of lens protein decreasing opacity |
|
|
Term
| what increases cataract risk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does diabetes cause cataracts |
|
Definition
| glucose increases and it is a metabolite for the eye and is turned into sorbitol and it accumulates decreasing solubility of proteins and opacity |
|
|
Term
| what does cataracts do to vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is hte vitreous body |
|
Definition
| transparent jelly in vitreous chamber posterior part |
|
|
Term
| what is the vitreous body mostly made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the vitreous body made of |
|
Definition
| water, collagen, GAGs 9hyaluronan), hyalocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make collagen fibrils and GAGs |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| genetics and the enivornment (uv light, drugs) |
|
|
Term
| what is dry macular degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in dry macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| degenerative lesions of macula lutea |
|
|
Term
| what do degenerative lesions cause |
|
Definition
| focal thickening of burch's membrane, atrophy and depigmentation of retinal pigment epithelium, destory capillaries in choroid |
|
|
Term
| describe wet macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| exudative neurovascular, formation of vessels, a complication of dry macular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in wet macular degeneration |
|
Definition
| new vessels form and are thin, fragile, and leaky leading to adudate and hemmorage in space between them |
|
|
Term
| how is wet macular degeneration treated |
|
Definition
| laser therapy to destory vesses |
|
|
Term
| describe the lens of the eye in general |
|
Definition
| avascular, biconvex, transparent |
|
|
Term
| what suspends the lens, what is its other function |
|
Definition
| ciliary body gives out sonular fibers that suspend and it it flat |
|
|
Term
| what happens if tension on the lens is released, what is this called |
|
Definition
| it plumps to allow for focus and bends light closer to the eye putting the focus on the retina. accumulation |
|
|
Term
| what forms junctional complexes with lens fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the capsule of the lens made of |
|
Definition
| IV collagen and proteoglycans, elastic |
|
|
Term
| where is the capsule of the lens thicker |
|
Definition
| zonular fiber attachment and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what connects the lens to the subcapsular epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the basal lamina of the lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of cells is the subcapsular epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the subcapsular epithelium |
|
Definition
| only on anterior part of lens |
|
|
Term
| where do lens fibers come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lens fibers change over life |
|
Definition
| in development they increase in size, as you age new ones appear and they mature |
|
|
Term
| how do lens fibers mature |
|
Definition
| they gety thinner, taller, lose nuclei, fill with crystalin (protein) |
|
|
Term
| what do the urinary and genital system both develop from, where is it |
|
Definition
| internmediate mesoderm, on posterior wall of abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| were do the excretatory ducts from both the urinary and genital system enter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three kidney systems that develop cranial to caudal |
|
Definition
| pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the pronephros |
|
Definition
| rudimentary, non functions |
|
|
Term
| when does the pronephros develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7-10 groups in the cervical region |
|
|
Term
| what does the pronephros consist of |
|
Definition
| vestigial excretiion units |
|
|
Term
| where does the mesonephros and mesonepheric ducts develop |
|
Definition
| upper thoracic to upper lumbar |
|
|
Term
| when does the mesonephros develop |
|
Definition
| when pronephros begins regressing |
|
|
Term
| describe the development of the mesonephros medially |
|
Definition
| excretory tubules appear, S shaped. they acquire glomeruli and form corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the mesonephros laterally |
|
Definition
| tubules enter a longitudinal collecting duct 9woliffian duct) |
|
|
Term
| where is the mesonephros in the middle of month 2 |
|
Definition
| lateral to developing gonad forming a ridge with it |
|
|
Term
| what is the ridge beterrn the developing gonad and mesonephros |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the mesonephros at the end of month 2 |
|
Definition
| excretory tubules ahve degenerated |
|
|
Term
| what is different in the mesonephros in males vs females |
|
Definition
| in males, a few caudal tubules and the mesonepheric duct persist and become part of the genital system |
|
|
Term
| when does the metanephros appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what s the function of the metanephros |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do excretory units from the metanephros develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the collecting duct of the metanephros develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what and where is the ureteric bud |
|
Definition
| outgrowth of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of the collecting duct development |
|
Definition
| ureteric bud penetrates metanephric tissue and branches as it grows |
|
|
Term
| explain how renal calyces and pyramids are made |
|
Definition
| the ureteric bud branches and the 1st generation of major calyces, 2nd generation absorbs the 3ed and 4th forming minor calyces, subsequent generations elongate from the renal pyramids |
|
|
Term
| what does the ureteric bud make KNOW |
|
Definition
| ureter, renal pervis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts, tubules |
|
|
Term
| what does the ureteric bud make KNOW |
|
Definition
| ureter, renal pervis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts, tubules |
|
|
Term
| what does the metanephric tissue covering the collecting tubule form |
|
Definition
| epithelial structures called renal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| what do the renal vesicles form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do capillaries grow into the kidney |
|
Definition
| into the pocket at one end of the tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do the capillaries that grow into the tubules differentiate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the development of the tubule part of the nephron |
|
Definition
| glomerulus and tubule epithelium form renal corpuscle and the other end connects with the collecting tubule then as it grows the PCT, loop, and DCT are made |
|
|
Term
| what are the nephrons derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do the nephrons form |
|
Definition
| through development until birth. they increase in size after birth not number |
|
|
Term
| what happens to kidneys as they grow |
|
Definition
| they loose their lobulations |
|
|
Term
| when does urine production begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of diseases that include kidney or ureter malformations |
|
Definition
| wilms tumor, renal dysplasias and agenesis, congenital polycystic kidney disease, ureter duplication |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in renal dysplasis and agenesis |
|
Definition
| multicystic dysplastic kidney, renal agenesis |
|
|
Term
| what is wrong in a congenital polycystic kidney disease that is autosomal recessive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is wrong in a congenital polycystic kidney disease that is autosomal dominent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what dysruptions can happen tot he ureter |
|
Definition
| partial or complete duplication, ectopic insertions |
|
|
Term
| where does the kidney develop at, where does it move to |
|
Definition
| in the pelvis, moves up into abdomen |
|
|
Term
| what usually causes problems with kidney ascent |
|
Definition
| kidney not fitting through fork of the umbilical arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is horseshoe kidney, what causes this |
|
Definition
| fused lower poles, gets caught on root of inferior mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| what are diseases involved with ascent of the kidney |
|
Definition
| pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cloaca in weeks 4-7 |
|
Definition
| divides into rogenital sinus enterior and anal canal posterior |
|
|
Term
| what does the tip of the urorectal septum form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the urogenital sinus |
|
Definition
| urinary bladder, pelvic part, phallic part |
|
|
Term
| from what part of the urogenital sinus does the bladder form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe what happens in development of the bladder to the allantos |
|
Definition
| it is initially continous with the bladder, when it obliterates it leaves the uracus that connects apex of bladder to umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what does the urachus become |
|
Definition
| median umbilical ligament |
|
|
Term
| what forms the trigone area of the bladder |
|
Definition
| during differentationof the cloaca the distal portion of the mesonepheric duct is incorporated to form it |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the ureters from the mesonephric ducts making them enter the bladder seperatly |
|
Definition
| the distal portion of the mesonephric ducts forming the trigone of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| what do the new distal mesonephric duct segments become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus make |
|
Definition
| prostatic and membranous part of the uretha in male |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the phallic part of the urogenital sinus in development |
|
Definition
| flattened from side to side and pulled ventral with growht of genital tubricle forming penile urethra in male |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the epithelium of the prostatetic urethra at the end of the third month in males |
|
Definition
| it proliferates and forms outgrowths into the surround mesenchyme forming prostatic gland |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the epithelium of the prostatetic urethra at the end of the third month in females |
|
Definition
| outgrowths of the urethra epithelium form urethral and paraurethral glands |
|
|
Term
| what is the key to sexual dimorphism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the master gene that influences male development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do gonads become male or female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do gonads initially form |
|
Definition
| longitudinal ridges by epithelial proliferation and mesoderm condensation |
|
|
Term
| when do germ cells arrive at the gonads |
|
Definition
| 6 week after migration from yolk sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no distingushing male or female features |
|
|
Term
| what do the germ cells do when they arrive to the indifferent gonad |
|
Definition
| populate cords of epithelial cells that penetrated mesenchyme of gonad from the surface (primitive sex cords) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the primitive sex cords if the embryo is male |
|
Definition
| continue to proliferate and penetrate deep into medulla forming testis or medullary cords |
|
|
Term
| once medullary cords form in a male, what happens to them |
|
Definition
| near the hilum they break up into thin strands and become rete testes |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the testis cords from surface epithelium |
|
Definition
| dense CT, tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the testis cords in month 4 |
|
Definition
| they become horse shoe shaped, they ends are continous with rete testis |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cords in month 4 |
|
Definition
| they are made of primitive germ cells and sertoli cells derived from surface epithelium |
|
|
Term
| when do leydig cells form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do leydig cells come from |
|
Definition
| mesenchyme of gonadal ridge |
|
|
Term
| where are the leydig cells |
|
Definition
| interstitium between cords |
|
|
Term
| when do leydig cells begin to make testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the testosterone from the leydig cells do for development |
|
Definition
| influences differentation of genital ducts and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the testis cords at puberty |
|
Definition
| they go from solid to developing lumens becomes seminiferous tubules that join with the rete testis tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do the rete testis connect to after puberty |
|
Definition
| connect to ducruli efferentes |
|
|
Term
| what are the ductuli efferentes derived from |
|
Definition
| remaining excretory tubules of the mesonephros |
|
|
Term
| what does the ductuli efferentes connect to |
|
Definition
| mesonephric or wollian duct |
|
|
Term
| what becomes the epiditymis, ductus deferens and semial vesicle |
|
Definition
| mesonephric or wollian duct |
|
|
Term
| where does the ducts terminate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the primitive sex cords in females, where are they, what do they turn into |
|
Definition
| dissociate into seperate cell clusters that occupy medilla of ovary and later dissipear leaving vascular stroma of the medulla of mature ovaries |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the surface epithelium in female embryos, where is it, what does it do |
|
Definition
| continues to proliferate and form second generation of cords, cortical cords, that penetrate into ovary but remain near surface |
|
|
Term
| what happens to corticol cords in month 4 |
|
Definition
| split into isolated cell clusters surrounding one or more germ cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens to germ cells of female |
|
Definition
| differentiate into oogonia |
|
|
Term
| what happens to epithelial cells of female embryo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are follicular cells derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do follicular cells form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the peremesonephric or mullerian duct come from |
|
Definition
| longitudinal invagination of epithelium on urogenital ridge |
|
|
Term
| where does the mullerian duct open into cranially |
|
Definition
| abdominal cavity, and meets the duct from the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| how is the uterine canal formed |
|
Definition
| mullerian ducts from opposite sides meet and fuse and the caudal top projects into posterior wall of urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| what gives rise to the uterine tubules, uterus, superior vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after mullerian duct contacts urogenital sinus, 2 sinovaginal bulbs grow as sold vaginal plate at end of the duct, proliferation lifts the duct tissue from the wall or urogenital sinus and forms a column of tissue between structures that cannilizes forming lower vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the vagina |
|
Definition
| upper from paramesonepheric ducts, lower from the urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the lumen of the vagina from the urogenital sinus |
|
Definition
| hymen, thin plate of tissue |
|
|
Term
| when do the cloacl folds form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cloacl folds, what are they formed by |
|
Definition
| slightly elevated folds around the cloacl membrane formed by cells that migrated from primitive streak |
|
|
Term
| what forms the genital tubercle |
|
Definition
| the cranial to the cloacl membrane of the cloacl folds |
|
|
Term
| what do the cloacl folds subdivide into caudally |
|
Definition
| urethral folds anterior and anal posterior |
|
|
Term
| where do the genital swellings appear |
|
Definition
| lateral to urethral folds |
|
|
Term
| what do genital swellings turn into in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the genital swellings turn into in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the indeifferent stage of genitalia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain male external genitalia development |
|
Definition
| rapid elongation of genital tubercle (phallus) that pulls urethral folds forawrd forming walls of urethral groove |
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Term
| where does the urethral groove extend along |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the epithelial lining of the urethral groove form |
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Definition
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Term
| what forms the penile urethra, when |
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Definition
| at the end of the third month the two urethral folds close over the urethral plate |
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Term
| when is the most distal part of the urethra formed |
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Definition
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Term
| what forms the more distal part of the urethra, how |
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Definition
| ectoderm cells from tip of glans penetrate inward and form a short epithelial cord that forms a lumen connecting with penile urethra lumen proximally and forms external urethral meatus |
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Term
| where do the scrotal swellings arise |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how the scrotal swellings move |
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Definition
| caudally forming half the scrotum |
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Term
| what are defects in the male genitalia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| explain the development of the external female genitalia |
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Definition
| genital tubercle elongates slightly forming clitoris, urethral folds do not fuse and form labia minora, genital swellings enlarge forming labia majora, urogenital groove is open forming vestibule |
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Term
| explain the descent of the testes time line |
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Definition
| reach inguinal region by 12 weeks, migrate through inguinal canal at 28 weeks, reach scrotum 33 weeks, mostly in scrotum at birth |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of testicles to descent |
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Term
| what is cryptorchidism associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the symptoms of cryptorchidism |
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Definition
| failure to make sperm, cancer risk |
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Term
| explain the descent of the ovaries |
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Definition
| go to just below rim of true pelvis posterior to broad ligament |
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