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Cell Bio Block 4
KYCOM Block 4
1056
Biology
Graduate
12/10/2012

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Term
what do hormones interact with
Definition
cell surface receptors
Term
why does a hormone need to interact with a cell surface receptor
Definition
it cannot get through the membrane
Term
what does interaction with cell surface receptors cause within the cell
Definition
altered activity by activating a secondary messenger
Term
what within the cell activates a secondary messenger after a cell surface receptor is activated
Definition
g proteins
Term
what are the types of cell surface receptor / secondary messenger combinations
Definition
adenylyl cyclase /cAMP, tyrosine kinase, phosphotidyl inositol, guanylate cyclase /cAMP
Term
what normally ineracts with adanylyl cyclase / cAMP
Definition
hormones or catecholamines
Term
what normally interacts with tyrosine cyclase
Definition
insulin and epidermal growth factors
Term
what normally interacts with phosphatidyl inositol
Definition
oxicotociin, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, angeotensin II, epinepherine
Term
what does the guanylate cyclase cAMP combination do within the cell
Definition
antagonistic of cAMP activities
Term
what are examples of secondary messengers
Definition
cAMP, 1,2-DAG, IP3, Ca2+
Term
what do secondary messengers usually do to metabolism
Definition
stimulate
Term
how does an intercellular receptor get into the cell
Definition
it can go right through the membrane
Term
what are examples of intracellular receptors
Definition
steroids, thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 only)
Term
what are the binding domains of intracellular receptors
Definition
1. hormone binding
2. DNA binding
3. amino terminal
Term
what do intracellular receptors affect within the cell
Definition
direct effect on gene expression, allosterically changes the receptor binds to chromosomal dna, activates RNA polymerase, increases mRNA, which makes new proteins
Term
what makes up the gastroentrophepatic system
Definition
large collection of endocrine cells around the GI tract
Term
what types of control does the gastroentrohepatic system have
Definition
endocrine, autocrine, pancrean
Term
what is the difference between the gastroentrohepatic system and the general endocrine system
Definition
can have a more localized effect, controls their own cell's activity and the activity of adjacent cells by transfering signals through extracellular space
Term
what is the pituitary gland attached to
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
what is the link between the hypothalamus and pituitary
Definition
morpoholgic and functional, master organs of the endocrine system
Term
which is the boss of the pituitary / hypothalamus kingdom
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
what types of control does the pituitary and hypothalamus have
Definition
endocrine and neuroendocrine
Term
where is the pituirary located
Definition
in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Term
what demographic has a larger putuitary gland
Definition
multiparous women (have had many children)
Term
what covers the pituitary
Definition
diaphragmatic sellae (dura)
Term
what does the infundibulum connect
Definition
putiurary to hypothalamus and vascular network
Term
what divides the pituirary into parts
Definition
functional and embryological differences
Term
what is the anterior part of the pituidary called
Definition
adenohypothalamus
Term
what type of tissue is the adenohypothalamus made of
Definition
glandular, endocrine
Term
where does the adenohypothalamus originate
Definition
oropharynx at raphke's patch from ectoderm
Term
what are the parts of rephke's patch
Definition
pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
Term
what is the biggest part of rephke's patch
Definition
pars distalis
Term
what does the pars distalis form
Definition
anterior wall of rephke's patch remnent
Term
what does the pars intermedia form
Definition
remnent of posterior rephke's patch
Term
what does the pars tuberalis form, what is the shape
Definition
lateral wall of raphke's patch, collar around infundibulum
Term
what is the origin of the posterior pituitary
Definition
diencephalon
Term
what is the pars nervosa
Definition
neurosecretory portion of axons in the posterior pituitary
Term
what type of tissue is the posterior pituitary made of
Definition
neural secretory
Term
what is the infundibulum continous with
Definition
medial eminence
Term
what tissue does the infundibulum contain
Definition
neurosecretory axons from hypothalamohypopseal tracts
Term
what are the main sources of blood supply with the pituitary
Definition
superior hypophyseal artery, inferior hypophyseal artery
Term
wwhere does the superior hypophyseal artery come from
Definition
posterior communicating artery
Term
what does the superior hypophyseal artery supply
Definition
superior pars tuberalis (medial eminence of infundibulum)
Term
where does the inferior hypophyseal artery come from
Definition
internal carotid
Term
what does the inferior hypophyseal artery supply
Definition
superior pars nervosa
Term
describe the blood supply in the anterior pituitary, what are around the vessels, what type of vessels
Definition
fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries, cells clumped around capillaries
Term
what do cells of the anterior pituitary respond to, what do they then do
Definition
signals from hypothalamus,make and secrete hormones
Term
in general, what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary, what type of molecule
Definition
small proteins or glycoproteins
Term
what are the hormones of the anterior pituitary
Definition
growth hormone, prolactin,ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH
Term
what does growth hormone do
Definition
control body growth
Term
what does prolactin do
Definition
develop mammary glands, produce milk
Term
what does ACTH stand for
Definition
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Term
what does ACTH do
Definition
maintain structure of and stimulate adrenal cortex
Term
what does FSH do
Definition
stimulate follicular development and spermatogenesis
Term
what does LH do
Definition
form corpus luteym and leydig cells in testes to make testosterone
Term
what does TSH do
Definition
increase growth of thyroid hormone and release thyroid hormones
Term
what are the tropic hormones
Definition
ACTH, TSH, FSH, regulate activity of other endocrine organs
Term
what makes a hormone tropic
Definition
it has effects on other organs that release hormones
Term
where is the pars distalis located
Definition
bulk of anterior part of pituitary
Term
what makes up the pars distalis
Definition
cords of cells with capipllaries between them
Term
what are the cell types of the pars distalis based on staining
Definition
basophils, acidophils, chomophobes
Term
what are the cell types of the pars distalis based on function and immunocytochrmistry
Definition
somatotrophes, lacrotrophes, corticotrophes, gonadotrophes, thyrotrophes
Term
what type of cells are somatotrophes
Definition
acidophils
Term
what do somatotrophes make
Definition
somatotrophin (growth hormone)
Term
what type of cells are lactotrophes
Definition
acidophiles
Term
what do lactotrophes make
Definition
prolactin
Term
what causes an increase in size of the pituitary in pregnacy
Definition
increased lactotroph activity, permanent
Term
what type of cells are cortoctopes
Definition
basophils
Term
what do corticotropes make
Definition
propiomelanocortin (POMC)
Term
what is propiomelanocortin (POMC) fragmented into
Definition
ACTH, very little melanocyto stimulating hormone, b-lipotrophic hormone, endorphin hormone, enkephalin hormone
Term
what hormones from the pituitary are opiates
Definition
b-lipotrophic, endotrophin, enkephalin
Term
why would there be a significant level of malanocyto stimulating hormone
Definition
minor in humans but only shows lots in tumor causing bronze skin
Term
what type of cells are gondaotropes
Definition
basophils
Term
what do most gonadotropes make
Definition
both FSH and LH
Term
what do some gonadotrophes made
Definition
either FSH and LH
Term
what type of cells are thyrotropes
Definition
basophils
Term
what do thyrotropes make
Definition
thyrotropic hormone
Term
what is the overall function of hormones
Definition
maintain homeostasis
Term
how do endocrine glands get their secretions into the body
Definition
they are DUCTLESS they secrete into the blood and connective tissue
Term
what are the classes of hormones
Definition
steroid, small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins, amino acid analouges and derivitives (catecholamines)
Term
what are the catecholamines
Definition
norepihepherine and epinepherine
Term
what are steroid hormones derived from
Definition
cholesterol
Term
where are steroid hormones made
Definition
ovaries, testes, adrenal cortex
Term
where are small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins made
Definition
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, enterocndocrine cells
Term
where are cetecholamines made
Definition
neurons and adrenal medulla
Term
what types of hormones are classified as amino acid analouge and derivitives
Definition
thyroid hormones, iodinated amino acids
Term
what is the venous system of the pituitary called
Definition
hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
Term
what are the portal veins of the pituitary called
Definition
hypophyseal portal veins and second sinusoidal capillary network or second capillary plexus
Term
what is the function of the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
Definition
carries neuroendocrine secretions to hypothalamic nerves from sites of release in median eminence and infundibulum to the pars distalis
Term
where does blood from the pituitary drain
Definition
mostly into the cavernous sinus on either side of the selle turcica and then into systemic circulation
Term
where is the pars intermedia
Definition
around a series of small cystic cavities that are the remnents of rathke's pouch
Term
what is the pars tuberalis
Definition
an extension of the anterior lobe along the infundibulum
Term
what is the function of the pars tuberalis
Definition
immunoreactivity for ACTH, FSH, LH
Term
what can cause an excessive secretion of growth hormone
Definition
benign tumor (adenoma)
Term
what causes giantism
Definition
when an adenoma occurs during childhood and puberty when the apiphyseal plates are still active
Term
what happens when excessive growth hormone occurs in an adult
Definition
acromeagly
Term
what is aceomeagly
Definition
enlargement of the hands, feet, jaw, and soft tissues
Term
what do prolactin secreting tumors alter
Definition
the hypothalamic hypophyseal gonadal interaction leading to gonadotropin deficiency
Term
what is hypersecreting of prolactin in women linked with
Definition
infertility caused by lack of ovulation and oligomenorrhea or amenorhea (dysfunctional uterine bleeding)
Term
what does hyperlactinemia cause
Definition
decrease in fertility and libido in males and females
Term
what are effects of hyperprolactinmeia
Definition
decreased fertility and ilbido in makes and females, galactorrhea
Term
what is galactorrhea
Definition
milk secretion
Term
what are the parts of the posterior puiuitary
Definition
pars nervosa, infundibulum
Term
what does the pars nervosa have
Definition
neurosecretory axons and their ending
Term
what does the infundibulum contain
Definition
neurosecretory axons from the hypothalamohypophyseal tracts
Term
what does the pars nervosa contain
Definition
unmeylinated axons and their axon terminals
Term
where are the cellb odies of the axons in the pars nervosa
Definition
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
Term
what forms the hypothalamohypophyseal tract
Definition
axons from the pars nervosa
Term
where do the axons of the pers nervosa end
Definition
NOT on other nerons or target cells, near fenestrated capillaries
Term
where are secretory vesicles found in the pars nervosa
Definition
in all parts of the neurons
Term
what organell is well developed in the cells of the pars nervosa
Definition
nissl substance (resemble ventral horn ganglion cells)
Term
what is the endocrine function of the posterior pituitary
Definition
there is none
Term
what is the function of the posterior pituitary
Definition
storage site for secretions of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Term
what is the another name for the posterior pituitary
Definition
neurohypophysis
Term
what are herring bodies formed by
Definition
membrane bound vesicles
Term
what do the vesicles of herring bodies contain
Definition
oxytocin or ADH, ATP, neurophysin
Term
what does ADH stand for
Definition
antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin, argining vasopressin
Term
what is the difference between oxytocin and ADH
Definition
they differ in two amino acid residues
Term
how are oxytocin and neurophysin made
Definition
as a large molecule including neurophysin
Term
what is the large molecule in herring bodies cleaved into
Definition
hormone and neurophysin
Term
what is the function of neurophysin
Definition
we dont know
Term
where are herring bodies located
Definition
dilations in the axons near the axon terminals in the posterior pituitary
Term
what is the only cell specific to the posterior pituitary
Definition
pituicytes
Term
what are pituicytes similar to
Definition
astrocytes
Term
what to pituicytes contain
Definition
glial fibrillary scidic protein
Term
what are pituicytes associated with
Definition
fenestrated capillaries
Term
what are the cells of the posterior pituitary
Definition
pituicytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, herring bodies
Term
what is the primary affect of ADH
Definition
increase permeability of distal portion of the nepheron, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting ducts
Term
how does ADH increase permability
Definition
acts on regulated water channels to cause rapid reabsorption of water across the tubule epithelium
Term
what are aquaporins
Definition
water channels with an hourglass shape what ADH acts on in the cell membrane
Term
what can large nonphysiologic doses of ADH cause
Definition
increased blood pressure
Term
how does ADH increase blood pressure
Definition
promoting contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries
Term
what is the short term affect of ADH on AQP2
Definition
causes vessels with the transported to come to the cell surface
Term
what is the long term effect ADH had on AQP2
Definition
causes synthesis of the channels and insertion into the membrane
Term
what causes ADH to be released
Definition
increase in plasma osmolaity or decrease in blood volume, pain traume emotional stress, dehydration, sweating, vomitting
Term
what does absence of ADH cause
Definition
lots of dilute urine
Term
what causes diabetes insipidus
Definition
absence or reduced ADH
Term
what are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus
Definition
lots of dilute urine, thirst
Term
what causes diabetes insipidus
Definition
head injuries, tumors, lesions
Term
how is diabetes insipidus treated
Definition
synthetic ADH
Term
what causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Definition
mutation of AQP2 and ADH receptor genes in the kidney, kidney cannot respond to ADH
Term
what can cause high ADH
Definition
ADH secreting tumors in the hypothalamus
Term
what are the symptoms of an ADH secretinng tumor
Definition
retain water, concentrated urine
Term
what does oxytocin do
Definition
promote smooth muscle contraction and ADH
Term
where does oxycotin contract smooth muscle
Definition
uterus and myoepithelial cells in aveoli of the mammary glands
Term
what triggers oxycotin secretion
Definition
neural stimuli: distension of the uterus, nursing
Term
what does the pineal gland regulate
Definition
carcadin rythm
Term
where is the pineal gland located
Definition
in the roof of the third ventricle
Term
what is the shape of the pineal gland
Definition
pine cone
Term
what are the chief cells of the pineal gland
Definition
pinealocytes
Term
what cells are in the pineal gland
Definition
pinealocytes, interstitial (glial) cells
Term
what do glial cells resemble
Definition
astrocytes
Term
what does the pineal gland secrete
Definition
melatonin
Term
what is corpa arenacea derived from
Definition
percipitation of calcium phosphates and carbonates on carrier proteins released into the cytoplasm when pineal secretions are exocytosed
Term
where are concentrations of corpora arenacea highest
Definition
increase with age
Term
what type of organ is the pineal gland
Definition
photosensitive organ
Term
how does the pineal gland obtain information
Definition
gathers info about light and dark cycles from the retina via the retinohypothalmic tract
Term
what happens in the day when light hits the pineal gland
Definition
inhibit production of melatonin
Term
what happens at night when light is absent from the pineal gland
Definition
plasma levels of melatonin rise
Term
what disorders does the pineal gland have a part in
Definition
jet lag and seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Term
What are herring bodies, where are they located. Know this!
Definition
Axon terminals in the posterior pituitary
Term
What are the other, non pituitary specific cells in the posterior pituitary. Know this!
Definition
Fibroblasts, mast cells
Term
Where are supraoptic and paraventrcular nuclei located. Know this!
Definition
Posterior pituitary
Term
What do supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei do. Know this!
Definition
Secrete hormones in vessels of the posterior pituitary
Term
what are the parts of the thyroid
Definition
two lobes, isthmus, maybe pyrmidal
Term
where is the thyroid located
Definition
anterior nect below thyroid cardilage of the larynx
Term
what directly surrounds the thyroid, what is its function
Definition
thin connective tissue covering, sends trabeculae into the thyroid partitioning it
Term
what are the functional units of the thyroid
Definition
secretory follicles
Term
when does the thyroid begin to develop
Definition
week 4 of gestation
Term
what does the thyroid originate as
Definition
endodermal thickening of floor of primitive pharynx
Term
what is the remnent of the thyroid origin
Definition
foramen cecum
Term
what is the first thing to form after the thyroid begins as an endodermal thickening
Definition
duct like invatingation called thyroglossal duct
Term
describe the movement of the thyroglosseal duct
Definition
descends throug the neck to its final destination in front of the trachea where it divides into two lobes
Term
what happens to the thyroglosseal duct during its migration
Definition
it atrophies, leaving remnant called pyrmidal lobe
Term
what happens to the thyroid in week 9 of gestation
Definition
endodermal cells differentiate into plates of follicular cells that become arranged into follicles
Term
what happens to the thyroid in week 14
Definition
well developed follicles contain colloid
Term
what happens to the thyroid in week 7
Definition
ultimobranchial bodies start migrating to the developing thyroid from the fifth pouch and become incorporated into the lateral loves
Term
what is the fifth pouch
Definition
invagination from the fourth pharyngeal pouch
Term
what are ultimobranchial bodies
Definition
epithalial cells that become part of the lobes of the thyroid
Term
what do ultimobranchial bodies ultametly give rise to
Definition
parafollicular cells
Term
what type of tissue are thyroid follicles
Definition
simple cuboidal or low columnar
Term
what do thyroid follicles contain
Definition
colloid
Term
where is colloid in a thyroid follicle
Definition
apical surface
Term
where is the basal surface of a thyroid follicle cells located
Definition
basal lamina
Term
what are the principal cells of the thyroid follicle
Definition
follicular cells
Term
what produces thyroid hormones T3 and T4
Definition
follicular cells
Term
what surrounds thyroid follicles
Definition
fenestrated capillaries
Term
at what point is a thyroid follicle makiing or secreting hormones
Definition
they can both happen at the same time or alone
Term
what is the general function of thyroid hormones
Definition
normalize metabolism, homeostasis, regulate cell and tissue basal metabolism, influence growth and development, heat production
Term
what are the thyroid hormones
Definition
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
Term
what are the thyroid hormones derivatives of, how in general are they altered
Definition
they are iodinated tyrosine derivates
Term
what is the release of thyroid hormones regulated by
Definition
TSH from the anterior pituirary
Term
what is the major component of colloid
Definition
thyroglobulin
Term
what is colloid made of
Definition
thyroglobulin, 120 residues of tyrosine, PAS
Term
what is the inactive form of thyroid horomones
Definition
thyroglobulin
Term
what makes thyroid hormone storage unique
Definition
it is in the extracellular area of the thyroid
Term
what is the role of thyroid hormones in fetal growth
Definition
they are essential and can cross the placenta, early brain development,
Term
what happens to mom's thyroid hormone contribution when baby develops their own thyroid, when does this happen
Definition
in week 14, both contribute to the babys thyroid hormone needs
Term
what occurs when there is a thyroid deficiencey in fetal development
Definition
irreversible damage to the CNS, reduced neurons, defective myelination, mental retardation, stunted growth
Term
what happens when there is a thyroid deficiency in development before the baby's thyroid develops
Definition
severe mental retardation
Term
why does thyroid hormone have a role in growth, how does it do this
Definition
it stimulates gene expression of GH in the somatotropes of the anterior pituitary
Term
what is congenital hypothyroidism
Definition
CNS and stunted growth abnormalities combined (cretinism)
Term
what is another name for parafollicular cells
Definition
C cells
Term
where are parafollocular cells located
Definition
in peripherial follicular epitheliym of the thyroid gland
Term
what do parafollocular cells fo
Definition
synthesize and secrete calcitonin
Term
what secretes calcitonin
Definition
parafollocular cells and the thyroid gland
Term
how does the hypothalamus / pituitary unit regulate parafollocular cells
Definition
it doesnt
Term
what is the antagonist of parathyroid hormone
Definition
calcitonin
Term
what type of molecule is calcitonin, how big
Definition
polypeptide, 32 AA
Term
how does calcitonin do its job
Definition
supresses resorptive action of osteoclases, promoting calcium deposition in bones by increasing rate of osteoid calcification
Term
what regulates calcitonin rellease
Definition
increase in blood Ca increases secretion, decrease inhibits secretion
Term
how many parathyroid glands are there
Definition
usually 4 but there can be move located in the thymus
Term
what are parathyroid glands covered by
Definition
thin capsule and septa
Term
how do the parathyroid glands change as one gets older
Definition
more connective tissue with fat
Term
what do the parathyroid glands develop from
Definition
third and fourth pharyngela pouches
Term
what are the inferior parathyroid glands and thymus developed from
Definition
third pharyngeal pouch
Term
what are the superior parathyroid glands derived from
Definition
fourth pharyngeal pouch
Term
when do the principal cells of the parathyroid differentiate
Definition
durine embryonic development and are function active in regulating fetal calcium metabolism
Term
when do oxyphil cells differentiate
Definition
later at puberty
Term
what are they types of cells in the parathyroid
Definition
principal (chief) cells, oxyphil cells
Term
what are the most numerous cells of the parathyroid
Definition
principal (chief) cells
Term
what is the function of the principal cells of the parathyroid
Definition
secretion of PTH
Term
where is PTH stored
Definition
small dense membrane bound vesicles in the cytoplasm of principal cells of the parathyroid
Term
which parathyroid cell is the largest
Definition
oxyphil
Term
what do oxyphil cells do
Definition
donno but they dont secrete
Term
what does the parathyroid hormone regulate
Definition
calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
Term
what type of molecule is PTH, how big
Definition
polypeptide, 84 AA
Term
is parathyroid hormone essential for life
Definition
yes
Term
what happens if the parathyroid gland is totally removed
Definition
death mecause muscles, including laryyngeal go into tetanic contraction as blood calcium falls
Term
what does PTH do in bone
Definition
reabsorption, activates osteolysis by osteoclasrs, releases Ca and P into the blood
Term
what does PTH do in the kidney
Definition
excretion of Ca is decreased during tubular reabsorption, conserving Ca, phosphate secretion is increased, converts 25-OH vitamin D to active 1,25-OH2
Term
what does PTH do in the intestines
Definition
has Ca absorbed
Term
what secretes parathyroid hormone KNOW ME
Definition
the parathyroid gland
Term
what hormone is essential for life KNOW ME
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
what cells secrete calcitonon KNOW ME
Definition
parafollicular cells
Term
what influences for calcitonin to be released KNOW ME
Definition
nothing, just its own influence
Term
what is the shape of the adrenal glands
Definition
flattened triangular
Term
what are the adrenal glands embedded in
Definition
parirenal fascia of the kidney
Term
where are the adrenal glands located
Definition
superior pole of the kidneys
Term
what is another name for the adrenal glands
Definition
suprarenal glands
Term
what are the adrenal glands covered with
Definition
thick connective tissue capsule
Term
what extends from the adrenal gland capsule into the parenchyma
Definition
trabeculae
Term
what is the function of the trabeculae of the adrenal gland
Definition
carry blood vessels and nerves in
Term
how is the secretory parenchyma of the adrenal gland organized
Definition
into corticol and medullary regions
Term
what is 90% of the cortex of the adrenal gland made of, what does it secrete
Definition
glands, steroid hormones
Term
what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete
Definition
catecholamines
Term
what do cortical cells originate from
Definition
mesodermal messenchyme
Term
where does the adrenal medulla originate from
Definition
neural crest cells that migrate into the developing gland
Term
what arteries supply the adrenal gland
Definition
superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries
Term
what do the arteries of the adrenal glands do before they enter it
Definition
branch into many small arteries
Term
what do the vessels do when they get inside the adrenal gland
Definition
branch and make three patterns: capsular capillaries, fenestrated corticol capillaries, medullary capillaries
Term
what do caspular capillaries supply
Definition
adrenal gland capsule
Term
what do fenestrated corticol capillaries supply
Definition
cortex of adrenal gland
Term
where do fenestrated corticol capillaries drain
Definition
medullary capillaries
Term
where are medullary arterioles located
Definition
transverse the cortex and bring arterial blood to the medullary capillaries
Term
what supplies blood to the medulla of the adrenal gland
Definition
medullary arterioles, venous blood from corticol sinusoids that have already supplied the cortex
Term
where does blood from the adrenal gland medulla go
Definition
small adrenomedullary collecing veins that joint to form central adrenomedullary vein
Term
what is unusual about the central adrenomedullary vein and its tributaries
Definition
have a tunica medial containing longitudinally oriented bundle of smooth muscle
Term
what does contraction of the smooth muscle of the central adrenomedullary vein and its tributaries cause
Definition
volume of the adrenal gland to decrease
Term
what happens when the volume of the adrenal gland decreases
Definition
ehances efflux of hormones from the adrenal medulla into the circulation
Term
what are the zones of the adrenal cortex divided based on
Definition
arrangement of cells
Term
what are the zones of the adrenal cortex (also, what percent are the zones of the cortex)
Definition
zona glomerulosa (15%), zona gasciculata (80%), zona reticularis (5-7%)
Term
where is the zona glomerulosa
Definition
narrow outerzone of the adrenal cortex
Term
where is the zona fasciculata
Definition
thick middle zone of the adrenal cortex
Term
where is the zona reticularis
Definition
inner zone of the adrenal cortex
Term
how are the cells in the zona glomerulosa arranged
Definition
close packed clusters and curved columns continous with cellular cords in zona fasciculata
Term
what surround cell clusters in the zona glomerulosa
Definition
capillary networks
Term
what do cells of the zona glomerulosa have lots of in them
Definition
SET, golgi complexes, big mitochondria, free ribosomes, some RER
Term
what do cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete
Definition
mineralocorticoids
Term
what do mineralocorticoids do
Definition
regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis and water balance (aldosterone)
Term
what does aldosterone do
Definition
acts on distal tubules of the nepheron, gastric mucosa, and sweat glands to cause resorption of sodium and excretion of K+ at the kidney
Term
what system is located in the zona glomerulosa
Definition
renin-angeotensin-aldosterone system
Term
what is the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Definition
provide feedback control of zona glomerulosa
Term
what releases renin, where
Definition
juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney
Term
what stimulates renin release
Definition
decreased blood pressure or low sodium
Term
what does renin do
Definition
catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1
Term
what does ACE stand for
Definition
angiotensin converting enzyme
Term
what does ACE do
Definition
converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
Term
where does ACE do its job
Definition
lungs
Term
what does angiotensin 2 do
Definition
stimulates cells of the zona glomerulosa to make aldosterone
Term
what causes release of renin ro be inhibited
Definition
blood pressure, Na, or blood volume increase, (in response to aldosterone)
Term
how do you treat chronic hypertension
Definition
use druges that inhibit ACE in the lungs
Term
describe the shape of the cells of the zona fasciculata
Definition
large, polyhedral, commonly bineculate
Term
how are the cells of the zona fasciculata arranged
Definition
long, straight cords
Term
what organell is indicative of steroid secretion
Definition
HIGHLY developed SER, well developed golgi and RER
Term
describe the unique organell features of the cells of the zona fasciculata
Definition
HIGHLY developed SER, well developed golgi and RER, numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm
Term
what does the zona fasciculata secrete
Definition
glucocortoids, gonadocorticoids (androgens)
Term
what do glucocorticoids do
Definition
regulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis
Term
what is cortisol classified as
Definition
glucocorticoid
Term
what does cortisol do
Definition
increase metabolic activity of glucose and fatty acids (immediate energy release)
Term
what is the function of glucacorticoids, in general
Definition
depress immune and inflammatory response (inhibiting healing), stimulate destruction of lymphocytes in nodes
Term
what regulates secretion of the zona fasciculata
Definition
ACTH, CRH-ACTH feedback control system
Term
what does ACTH do
Definition
cell growth and maintience, stimulating steroid synthesis, increases blood flow through adrenal gland
Term
how are the cells of the zona reticularis arranged
Definition
anastomosing cords seperated by fenestrated capillaries
Term
describe the organell features of the cells of the zona reticularis
Definition
well developed SER, many mitochondria, little RER
Term
what does the zona reticularis secrete
Definition
weak androgens (supplimentary sex hormones), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sometimes glucacorticoids, cortisol
Term
what is the zona reticularis under control of
Definition
CRH-ACTH feedback system
Term
what is the adrenal medulla composed of
Definition
chromaffin cells, connective tissue, sinusoids, nerves, genglions
Term
what are chromaffin cells, what are the like
Definition
secretory epitheloid cells, modified neurons, equlivanent to postganglionic neruons without axons
Term
what passes through the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
Definition
many myelinated presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers
Term
what happens when chromaffiin cells are stimulated by the nerve fibers that pass through them
Definition
release epinepherine and norepinepherine
Term
why dont chormaffin cells have axons
Definition
because the hormones of the adrenal cortex exert control over them and prevent neuronal process formation
Term
how are chromaffin cells aranged
Definition
ovoid clusters and short interconnecting cords
Term
where are capillaries in the adrenal medulla
Definition
close to the parenchyma
Term
what are the organell features of the chormaffin cells
Definition
many secretory granules, RER, well developed golgi, distinguishable membrane-vesicles
Term
why are the two distinguishable membrane-vesicles of the chromaffin cells different
Definition
one secretes epinepherine and one nor eipnepherine
Term
what type of vessicles do chromaffin cells that secrete norepinepherine have
Definition
large dense core vesicles
Term
what type of vessicles do chromaffin cells that secrete epinepherine have
Definition
smaller less dense
Term
where do the axons of the ganglions of the adrenal medulla extend to
Definition
peripherally into cortex
Term
what do the axons of the ganglions of the adrenal medulla do
Definition
modulate secretory activity of parenchyme, innervate blood vessels in cortex, extend outside gland to splanchnic nerves innervating abdominal organs
Term
what do glucacorticoids secreted in the cortex do, how
Definition
induce conversion of norepinephering to epinepherine in chromaffin cells by inducing the enzyme that causes methylation
Term
what type of response in the body are catecholamines involved in
Definition
fight or flight
Term
waht is a pheochromocytoma
Definition
tumor of the adrenal medulla
Term
what does a pheochromocytoma cause
Definition
sustained or eisodic hypertension
Term
where does the medulla of the adrenal gland come from KNOW ME
Definition
neural crest
Term
what is strange about the veins in the adrenal medulla KNOW ME
Definition
they have longitudinally orientated smooth muscle instead of circular in the tunica media
Term
what is the function of the different orientation of smooth muscle in the tunica media of the adrenal medulla KNOW ME
Definition
milk the gland and decrease volume of the gland enhancing the efflux of hormones leaving the gland, like squeezing a sponge
Term
what is lots of smooth ER indicitive of in a cell KNOW ME
Definition
steroid producing cell
Term
what cells have lots of smooth ER that indicates steroid production KNOW ME
Definition
cells of zona glomerulosa and zona faciculata
Term
what type of substance is aldosterone KNOW ME
Definition
mineral corticoid
Term
what does aldosterone act on KNOW ME
Definition
distal tubules of the kidney nepheron, gastric mucosa, salivary, and sweat glands
Term
what does aldosterone do KNOW ME
Definition
stimulate resorption of Na and loss of K
Term
what do ace inhibitors do KNOW ME
Definition
treat chronic hypertension
Term
explain the process and effects of the juxtaglomerular complex KNOW ME
Definition
release renin in response to decrease in BP or low Na due to JG cell monitoring. Renin finds angiotensinogenin and converts it to angiotensin I which is converted by ACE to angiotensin 2 which stimulates cells of zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone which increases BP, Na , and volume. This inhibits the release of renin, things return to normal
Term
what are the components of the urinary system
Definition
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
what are the functions of the urinary system
Definition
eliminate metabolic waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, produce renin and erhthropoietin
Term
what processes does the urinary system do to do its job
Definition
filtration, active absorption, passing absorption, secretion
Term
what is the dilated upper portion of the ureter begining
Definition
renal pelvis
Term
what forms the renal pelvic
Definition
2-3 major calyces
Term
what forms the major calyces
Definition
several minor calyces
Term
what are the layers of the kidney
Definition
cortex and medulla
Term
how are the renal pyramids arranged
Definition
tip towards minor calyx, rays penetrating the cortex
Term
what seperates medullary pyramids
Definition
renal columns
Term
how many renal pyramids are there per kidney
Definition
8-18
Term
what is the functional unir of the kidney
Definition
nepheron
Term
how many nepherons are there per kidney
Definition
about 2 million
Term
what are the parts of the nepheron
Definition
renal corpuscle, tubular
Term
what dos the renal corpuscle do
Definition
filtration
Term
what does the tubular part of the nepheron do
Definition
absorb and secrete
Term
what are the parts of the renal corpuscle
Definition
glomerulus, glomerular (bowman's) capsule
Term
what forms the glomerulus
Definition
tuft of capillaries
Term
what forms bowman's gland
Definition
double waled epithelial capsule
Term
where is the inner layer of bowmans capsule
Definition
enveloping capillaries of the glomerulus
Term
where is the outer layer of bowman's capsule
Definition
degines extenal limit of renal corpuscle
Term
what is the space between the layers of bowman's capsule called
Definition
urinary space
Term
what are the poles of the renal corpuscle
Definition
vascular, urinary
Term
how do things enter the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle
Definition
afferent arteriole
Term
how do things exit the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle
Definition
efferent arteriole
Term
where os the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle located
Definition
branches into the capillaries of the glomerulus
Term
how is the efferent arteriole formed
Definition
merging of the capillaries that form the glomerulus
Term
where is the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle located
Definition
opposite vascular pole, where the tubular part of the nepheron begins
Term
what does the urinary pole connect
Definition
with lumen of proximal convoluted tubule
Term
what type of tissue is the outer part of bowman's capsule
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
Term
what type of tissue is the inner part of bowman's capsule
Definition
podocytes
Term
describe a podocyte
Definition
has many primary processes that give rise to secondary processes, processes interdigitate and embrace capillaries for filtration
Term
what are the processes of the podocytes called
Definition
pedicles or foot processes
Term
describe the composition of glomerular capillaries
Definition
fenestrated endothelial cells, no diaphragm, basement membrane
Term
what is the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries between
Definition
endothelium and podocytes
Term
how is the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries formed
Definition
fusion of endothelial cells and podocyte basal laminae
Term
what forms the filtration barrier between blood and urinary space
Definition
glomerular capillaries and podocyte basal laminae fusion to make a basement membrane
Term
in what ways does the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle work
Definition
physical and charge barrier
Term
describe the composition of glomerular filtrate
Definition
chemical composition similar to plasma but with almost no proteins
Term
where are mesangial cells located
Definition
within the capillary tuft adherine to capillary walls around renal corpuscle
Term
what is the function of mesangial cells
Definition
structural support for glomerulus, make ECM, endocytose molecules trapped in basement membrane, contractile, control blood floow through glomerulus
Term
what do mesangial cells have receptors for
Definition
they have engiotensin II and atrial naturetic factor receptors
Term
what does angiotensin II do do mesangial cells
Definition
causes contraction and decreased blood flow through the glomerulus
Term
what does atrial naturitic factor do to the mesangial cells
Definition
relaxation and increased blood flow through the glomerulus
Term
what connects to the renal corpuscle, where
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule at urinary pole
Term
what tissue is the PCT
Definition
simple cuboidal
Term
describe the organells of the cells of the PCT
Definition
acidophillic cytoplasm, many microbilli at apex making brush border, canaliculi between microvilli, plasma membrane with infoldings
Term
what does it mean to have an acidophillic cytoplasm
Definition
many mitochondria
Term
how do the PCT cells attach with neighbor cells
Definition
lateral plasma membrane interdigitates with neighbor cells
Term
what are the general functions of the cells of the PCT
Definition
absorption and secretion
Term
what is the function of the apical canaliculi in the PCT cells
Definition
increase capacity to absorb macromolecules and small proteins that have passed glomerular filter
Term
what do the PCT cells absorb
Definition
glucosa and AA, small proteins that didnt get picked up, NaCl, H2O
Term
what do the PCT cells secrete
Definition
creatine, organic acids, organic bases derived from blood
Term
what are the parts of the loop of hanle
Definition
thick descending limb (proximal straight tubule), thin descending lumb, thin ascending limb, thick ascending limb (distal straight tubule)
Term
which part of the loop of henele is variable, how so
Definition
some nepherons ahve longer or shorted thin limbs or none at all
Term
how far does the loop of henle extend into the medulla
Definition
some extend a little some not at all
Term
how can nepherons be divided into groups
Definition
location in renal corpuscle and length of loop of henle
Term
what classifies a corticol nepheron
Definition
short loop of henle
Term
what classifies a juxtamedullary nepheron
Definition
long loops of henle extending deep into the medulla
Term
what establishes the osmotic gradient in the medulla
Definition
juxtamedullary nepherons
Term
what does the osmotic gradient of the medulla make it possible to produce
Definition
hypertonic urine and conservation of water
Term
describe the osmotic gradient of the medulla of the kdney from the base of the medulla to the tip
Definition
near isoosmotic at the base of the medulla to hyperosmotic at the tip
Term
what is the gradient of the medulla established by
Definition
selective permability of thin descending and thin ascending limbs of the loop of henle to water ad NaCl
Term
what type of tissue is the DCT
Definition
simple cuboidal
Term
how do the cells of the DCT differ to those of the PCT
Definition
no brush border, no apical canaliculi, smaller
Term
how are the DCT cells the same as PCT cells
Definition
both have basal membrane infoldings and associated mitochondria
Term
what is the function of the DCT cells
Definition
absorb Na and secrete K (aldosterone), secrete H+ and ammonium for acid base balance
Term
what regulates soidum absorption and K+ secretion
Definition
aldosterone
Term
what is the DCT in line with in the nepheron
Definition
vascular pole of renal corpuscle
Term
where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located
Definition
in line with the begining of the DCT and vascular pole of renal corpuscle
Term
what cells is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made of
Definition
cells of macula densa, JG cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
Term
what is the macula densa
Definition
a modified segment of the wall of the DCT
Term
what distinguishes the macula densa from the DCT
Definition
taller epithelial cells, closer nuclei, darker apperance
Term
what are the macula densa cells sensitive to
Definition
ionic content and water volume of tubular fluid
Term
what are JG cells modified from
Definition
smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
Term
what is absent near jG cells of the JG apparatus
Definition
internal elastic lamina
Term
what organell is abundent in JG cells
Definition
secretory granules
Term
what do JG cells secrete
Definition
renin
Term
what is the function of extraglomerular mesangial cells
Definition
donno
Term
what does the JG apparatus activate
Definition
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Term
how does the JG apparatus stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Definition
1. macula densa cells signal JC cells to release renin
2. renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin i
3. angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ACE in the lung
4. angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterne
Term
what do multiple collecting tubules connect
Definition
DCT to collectine duct
Term
where do collecting ducts go from the nepheron
Definition
travel to medulla to papillae at tips of medullary pyramids
Term
what happens to the collecting ducts as they approach the renal papillae
Definition
increase in diameter
Term
what tissue is collecting tubules and ducts
Definition
simple cuboidal that becomes columnar distally
Term
what types of cells are in the collecting tubules and ducts
Definition
light cells, dark cells
Term
what are the most numerous cells in the collecting tubules and ducts
Definition
light cells
Term
where are dark cells located
Definition
cortical regions and absent in distal ducts
Term
what do dark cells secrete
Definition
H+ or bicarbonate
Term
what does antidirutic hormone do to collecting ducts
Definition
make them permable to water
Term
what happens to the contents as the collecting duct passes through osmotic gradient to medulla
Definition
water is removed concentrating it
Term
what does the renal artery branch to form, where
Definition
the interlobar arteries between the medullary pyramids
Term
what do inerlobar arteries form, where
Definition
arcuate arteries at corticomedullary junction that follows corticomedullary interface
Term
what do acurate arteries give off, in what formation, where
Definition
interlobular at right angles that travel to the cortex perpendicular to renal capsule
Term
what do interlobular arteries give off, where do these go
Definition
afferent arterioles that enter renal corpuscles
Term
what do afferent arterioles divide into
Definition
capillaries of the glomerulus
Term
what do capillaries of the glomerulus merge into
Definition
efferent arterioles
Term
what do efferent arterioles branch into
Definition
peritubular capillary network
Term
what do efferent arterioles form
Definition
corticol glomeruli, juxtamedullary glomeruli
Term
where are corticol glomeruli
Definition
network wround local tubules
Term
what do the juxtamedullary glomeruli form
Definition
vasa recta
Term
where are the vasa recta
Definition
long straight vessels that descend along the loop of henle into medulla, they make hair pin loops and ascend out of the medulla along the loop tubules
Term
what is the function of the straight down and up course of the vasa recta
Definition
maintain osmotic gradient of the medulla
Term
where do corticol capillaries drain into
Definition
interlobular veins then arcuate veins
Term
what drain into arcuate veins
Definition
interlobular veins and medullary capillaries
Term
where do arcuate veins drain into
Definition
interlobar veins
Term
where do interlobar veins drain into
Definition
renal vein
Term
where do capillaries from the outermost cortex and renal capsule drain
Definition
into stellate veins near surface of kidney
Term
where do stellate veins drain into
Definition
interlobular veins
Term
what happens to urine once it leaves the collecting duct and renal papilla
Definition
it is no longer modified
Term
where does the urine go after the renal papilla
Definition
series of structures specialized to store urine and pass it to body exterior
Term
what is the structure of the ureter similar to
Definition
minor and major calyces, renal pelvis
Term
what is the lining of the ureter
Definition
transitional epithelium (urothelium)
Term
what is the function of the urothelium
Definition
impermable to salts and water
Term
how is muscle arranged in the ureter
Definition
inner layer, outer layer, distally a third outer longitudinal layer that enters the bladder
Term
how is the inner layer of ureter muscle arranged
Definition
loose spiral, longitudinal
Term
how is the outer layer of ureter muscle arranged
Definition
tight spiral, circular
Term
what is the adventitia
Definition
retroperitoneal adipose tissue, vessels, and nerves around the ureter
Term
where does the ureter penetrate the bladder, what is formed at this point
Definition
obliquely, a valve
Term
what is the bladder lined with
Definition
transitional eipthelium
Term
compare the muscle of the ureter to the bladder
Definition
the bladder is less regular
Term
describe the muscles at the bladder neck
Definition
a ring like arrangement around urethra
Term
where is the internal urethral sphincter
Definition
neck of bladder
Term
what type of control do we have of the internal urethral sphincter
Definition
involuntary
Term
what is distinct about the femal urethra
Definition
mid part is surrounded by voluntary external sphincter made of striated muscle, transitional epithelium initially becomes stratified squamous terminally, shorter
Term
what are the parts of the male urethra
Definition
prostatic, membranous, penile
Term
where is the prostatic urethra
Definition
through prostate
Term
what lines the prostatic urethra
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
where is the membranous urethra
Definition
urogenital diaphragm
Term
what lines membranous urethra
Definition
stratified or pseudostratified columnar
Term
where is the external urethral sphinctor
Definition
membranous urethra
Term
where is the penile urethra
Definition
length of penis
Term
what is the penile urethra lined ith
Definition
pseudostratified columnar becoming stratified squamous distally
Term
what are the parts of the male reproductive system
Definition
testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, penis
Term
what do the testes make
Definition
spermatozoa and hormones
Term
what are the testes surrounded by
Definition
thick capsule of dense connective tissue, tunica albugenia
Term
where is the tunica albugenia the thickest
Definition
the posterior surface of the testies, tunica mediastinum
Term
where do the septa that devide the testes into testicular lobules come from
Definition
tunica mediastinum
Term
what does each lobule of the testes contain
Definition
1-4 seminiferous tubules
Term
what are seminiferous tubules surrounded by
Definition
loose CT rich in blood lymphatic vessels, nerves, and leydig cells
Term
what type of cells are leydig cells
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
what do the seminiferous tubules make
Definition
spermatozoa
Term
what do interstitial cells of the testes make
Definition
testicular androgens
Term
what happens at the endo of the seminiferous tubules
Definition
lumen narrows and it continues in short segments called tubuli recti
Term
what are tubuli recti
Definition
straight tubules at the end of seminiferous tubules
Term
what do straight tubules connect to
Definition
rete testes
Term
what are the rete testes
Definition
anastomosing network of channels connecting straight tubules to ductuli efferetentes
Term
what does the ductuli efferents connect
Definition
rete testis to cephalic epididymis
Term
what are the seminiferous tubule slined by
Definition
complex stratified epithelium aka geminal or seminiferous epithelium
Term
what are the types of cells in the seminiferous epithelium
Definition
supporting or steroli cells, cells of spermatogenic lineage
Term
how are cells of spermatogenic lineage arranged
Definition
in stacks of 4-8 layers
Term
what is the outer wall of the seminiferous tubules surrounded by
Definition
well defined basal lamina and fibrous CT with many layers of fibroblasts
Term
what adhers to the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules
Definition
layer of flattened myoid cells
Term
what do myoid cells have characteristics like
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
what occupys most of the space between seminiferous tubules
Definition
leydig cells
Term
define spermatogenesis
Definition
process by which spermatozoa are formed
Term
what does spermatogenesis begin with
Definition
primitive germ cell, spermatogonium
Term
where are spermatogonium located
Definition
next to basal lamina of epithelium
Term
what happen to spermatogonium at sexual maturity
Definition
begin dividing by mitosis
Term
what paths can dividing spermatogonium take
Definition
type A or type B
Term
what do type A spermatogonia do
Definition
continue dividing as stem cells
Term
what do type B spermatogonia do
Definition
they are progenitor cells that will differentiate into primary spermatocytes
Term
how many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes have
Definition
46 (2n)
Term
how many DNA do primary spermatocytes have
Definition
4d
Term
what happens to primary spermatocytes soon after they form
Definition
enter prophase of meiosis 1
Term
how long does prophase of meiosis 1 take for spermatogenesis
Definition
22 days
Term
what are the largest cells of the spermatogenic lineage, why
Definition
primary spermatocytes, because their prophase is so long
Term
what event creates secondary spermatocytes
Definition
they arise from the first meiotic division
Term
how many chromosomes do seconday spermatocytes have
Definition
23 (1n)
Term
how much DNA do secondary spematocytes have
Definition
2d
Term
what happens to secondary spermatocytes
Definition
they quickly enter the second meiotic division
Term
what arise from the second meoitic division in males
Definition
spermatids
Term
how many chromosomes do spermatids have
Definition
23 (1n)
Term
how much DNA do spermatids have
Definition
1d
Term
define sperminogenesis
Definition
final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa
Term
what happens in spermiogenesis
Definition
formation of acrosome, condensation and elongation of the nucleus, development of the flagellum, loss of most of the cytoplasm
Term
what are the phases of spermiogenesis
Definition
golgi, acrosomal, maturation
Term
what happens in the golgi phase (3 steps)
Definition
1. proacrosomal granules accumulate in golgi
2. they coalesce to form a single acrosomal granule within a membrane limited acrosomal vesicle
3. flagellar axoneme begins to form opposite acrosome
Term
what happens in the acrosomal phase
Definition
scrosomal vesicle spreads over the anterior nucleus becoming acrosome,sperm changes its orientation, nucleus elongates and condenses, flagellum forms, mitochondria aggregate
Term
where do mitochondria aggregate in the acrosomal phase
Definition
around proximal part of flagellum forming middle piece
Term
how is the orientation of the developing sperm changed during the acrosomal phase
Definition
nucleus becomes oriented to the base of the seminiferous tubule, axoneme projects into lumen
Term
what does the acrosome contain
Definition
hydrolytic enzymes, specilized lysosomes
Term
describe the function of the acrosome
Definition
enzymes are released when spermatozoa encounter an oocyte, they dissociate the cells of the corona radiata and digest zona pellucida around oocyte
Term
what happens in the maturation phase
Definition
residual cytoplasm shead, spermatozoa released into lumen of tubule
Term
what happens to the cytoplasm shead by the spermatozoa
Definition
phagocytosed by sertoli cells
Term
during what parts of spermatogenesis are cytoplasmic bridges present
Definition
when type A spermatogonia are comitted to being type B it forms all cells resulting from division attached until spermatogenesis is complete and residual bodies leave
Term
what is the role of cytoplasmic bridges in spermatogenesis
Definition
coordinate sequence of events in spermatogenesis
Term
how long does it take fo get from spermatogonia to mature spermatoza
Definition
74 days
Term
how is spermatogenesis conducted withing the tubules, when where
Definition
in each small area it occurs independently from any other area and different tubules are independent
Term
what makes testicular fluid
Definition
steroli cells and rete testis lining cells
Term
what transports spermatozoa to the epididymis
Definition
testicular fluid
Term
what does testicular fluid contain
Definition
steroids, proteins, ions, androgen binding protein associated with testosterone
Term
where are the steroli cells located
Definition
bases attached to basal lamina, apex frequently reaches the lumen, enveloping cells of spermatocytic lineage
Term
when do sertoli cells divide
Definition
in development only, not during the reproductive period
Term
how do steroli cells stay alive without dividing
Definition
very resistant to infection, malnutrition, and x-ray
Term
how are adjacent sertoli cells bound together
Definition
occluding junctions at basolateral surface and gap junctions
Term
what do bound sertoli cells form
Definition
blood testes barrier
Term
what is the function of gap junctions in sertoli cells
Definition
may regulate cycle of seminiferous epithelium
Term
what do the occluding junctions of sertoli cells do to the structure of the seminiferous tubules
Definition
seperate them into basal compartmant and adluminal compartment
Term
what compartment are spermatogonia in
Definition
basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, below the blood testis barrier
Term
where are cells of later stages of spermatogenesis located
Definition
in adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules above the blood testis barrier
Term
what are the functions of the sertoli cells
Definition
support, protect, regulate nutrition of development spermatozoa, phagocytosis, secretion, blood testis barrier, produce hormone
Term
how do sertoli cells function in support, protection, and nutritional regulation
Definition
mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites, protect from immunological attack
Term
what do sertoli cells protect spermatozoa from
Definition
sperm specific antigens (they body never desensitized to sperm antigens)
Term
how to sertoli cells have the ability to mediate nutritional exchange for spermatozoa
Definition
because they are isolate from blood supply
Term
what do steroli cells phagocytose
Definition
excess spermatid cytoplasm (residual bodies0
Term
what to sertoli cells secrete
Definition
testicular fluid, androgen binding protein, inhibit, anti-mullerian hormone
Term
what controls release of androgen binding hormone
Definition
FSH and testosterone
Term
what can sertoli cells do with testosterone
Definition
convert it to estradiol
Term
what do inhibin fo
Definition
supress synthesis and release of FSH in the anterior hypophysis, released by the sertoli cell when its released enough androgen binding protein
Term
what does anti mullerian hormone do
Definition
promotes regression of mullerian ducts that would form in a female fetus
Term
what is another name for mullerian ducts
Definition
paramesonepheric ducts
Term
what are wolffian ducts
Definition
structures that are formed in male fetuses
Term
what is another name for wolffian ducts
Definition
mesonepheric ducts
Term
what induces the development of wolffian ducts
Definition
testosterone
Term
what are the cells types in the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules
Definition
fibroblasts, undifferentiated connective cells, mast cells, macrophages
Term
when do leydig cells show up
Definition
during puberty
Term
describe the leydic cell, organells etc
Definition
round or polygonal, central nucleus, esinophilic cytoplas, lots of lipid drops
Term
where are the enzymes to make testosterone in the leydig cells
Definition
mitochondria and smoother ER
Term
what is testosterone important for
Definition
spermatogenesis, sexual differentation during embryonic and fetal development, control fo gonadotropin secretion
Term
what is a metabolite of testosterone
Definition
dihydrotestosterone
Term
what does dihydrotestosterone act on
Definition
many organs and tissues: muscle, hair pattern and growth
Term
what stimulates testosterone synthesis is leydig cells
Definition
LH
Term
what relative temperature does spermatogenesis need to occur at
Definition
below core body temperature, approx 35 deg C
Term
what devices allow appropirate testicular temperature
Definition
counter current heat exchange between venous plexus and testicular artery, evaporative cooling, cremaster muscle contraction for warming
Term
what do the tubuli recti join
Definition
ends of seminiferous tubule loop to rete testes
Term
what is the initial segment of the tubuli recti made of
Definition
sertoli cells
Term
what is the main segment of the tubuli recti made of
Definition
cuboidal epithelium supported by dense CT
Term
where are the rete testis located
Definition
mediastinum testis
Term
what are rete testis lined with
Definition
cuboidal epithelium
Term
what do the rete testis connect
Definition
tubuli recti and ductuli efferentss
Term
what do ductuli efferentes connect
Definition
rete testis to ductus epididymids
Term
what lines the ductuli efferentes
Definition
epithelium with groups of noncilliated cuboidal alternating with ciliated, gives scalloped apperance
Term
what direction do the cilia of the ductuli efferents beat
Definition
direction of the epididymis
Term
what is the function of the noncilliated cells of the ductuli efferentes
Definition
absorb fluid secreted by the seminiferous tubules
Term
what is outside of the basal lamina of the ductuli efferentes
Definition
thin layer of circularly oriented smooth muscle
Term
describe the structure of the ductus epididymis
Definition
highly coiled, forms body and tail of the epididymis with CT and vessels
Term
what lines the ductus epididymis
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with round basal and columnar cells
Term
what is the surface of the ductus epididymis epithelium lined by
Definition
sterocillia
Term
what are sterocillia
Definition
long, branched, irregular microvilli
Term
what does the smooth muscle around the ductus epidydmis do
Definition
peristaltic contractions to help move spermatozoa along duct and loose CT tissue rich in capillaries
Term
what does the vas deferens connect
Definition
epididymis to prostatic urethra
Term
what is the vas deferents lined with
Definition
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia, lamina propria with rich elastic fibers
Term
describe the tube of the vas deferents
Definition
straight, thick muscular wall
Term
describe the lumen of the vas deferens
Definition
mucosa with longitudinal folds, elastic
Term
what are the layers within the muscular layer of the vas deferens
Definition
inner longitudinal, middle citcular, outer longitudinal
Term
what is the purpose of the muscular layer of the vas deferens
Definition
peristaltic contractions that expell spermatozoa
Term
what is the ampulla
Definition
region of the vas deferens that is dilated just before the prostate
Term
describe the epithelium of the ampulla
Definition
thicker, folded
Term
where does the muscular layer of the vas deferens stop
Definition
prostate
Term
where does the mucosal layer of the vas deferens stop
Definition
continues through the prostate as prostatic urethra
Term
what is the final segment of the vas deferens called
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
what is the shape of the seminal vesicle
Definition
tortuous
Term
describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicle
Definition
folded
Term
what is the seminal vesicle lined with
Definition
cuboidal or pseudostratified with secretory granules
Term
what are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the seminal vesicle
Definition
rich in elastic fibers, thin layer of smooth muscle surrounding
Term
what does the seminal vesicle make
Definition
viscous, yellow fluid with sperma activating substances
Term
what are sperm activating substances
Definition
carbs (fructose), citrate, inositol, prostaglandins, proteins
Term
what is the epithelium and secretory function of the seminal vessicle dependent on
Definition
testosterone levels
Term
what does the prostate consist of
Definition
30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands
Term
where do ducts from the prostate empty into
Definition
prostatic urethra
Term
what is the prostate lined with
Definition
cuboidal or columnar pseudostratified epithelium
Term
what surrounds the prostate glands
Definition
rich fibromuscular stroma and fibroelastic capsule with smooth muscle
Term
what does the prostate gland produce and store
Definition
prostatic fluid
Term
what is prostatic fluid a part of
Definition
seminal fluid
Term
what does prostate function depend on
Definition
testosterone
Term
what is another name for bulbuorethral gands
Definition
cowper's glands
Term
where are cowpers glands
Definition
proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra
Term
where do cowpers glands empty
Definition
proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra
Term
what type of glands do the cowpers glands have
Definition
tubuloalveolar
Term
what do the cowpers glands secrete
Definition
mucus
Term
what are cowpers glands lined with
Definition
simple cuboidal
Term
what is in the septa of cowpers glands
Definition
skeletal and smooth muscle
Term
what are the masses of erectile tissue in the penis
Definition
2 corpa cavernosa, 1 corpa spongiosum
Term
what is venous spaces tissue lined by
Definition
endothelium
Term
what is venous spaces seperated by
Definition
trabeculae of connected tissue and smooth muscle fibers
Term
what does erectile tissue have lots of
Definition
venous spaces
Term
what are the trabecular of erectile tissue supplied by for O and nutrients
Definition
nutritive arteries
Term
where do helicine arteries empty
Definition
cavernous spaces of erectile tissue
Term
what is between helican arteries and the deep dorsal vein
Definition
arteriovenous shunts
Term
what is the function of the arteriovenous shunts
Definition
regulate blood flow through the cavernous spaces of erectile tissue
Term
where is the penile urethea
Definition
in the corpus spongosium
Term
what is the penile urethra lined with
Definition
pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous distally
Term
what glands does the penile urethra have
Definition
glands of littre
Term
what do the glands of littre secrete
Definition
mucus
Term
what is the surface of the ovary covered by
Definition
simple squamous epithelium or cuboidal (germinal epithelium)
Term
what is under the epithelium of the ovary
Definition
dense CT (tunica albuginea)
Term
what is under the tunica albuginea of the ovary
Definition
cortical region
Term
what is the main thin in the cortex of the ovary
Definition
ovarian follicle
Term
what are ovarian follicles embedded in
Definition
CT of the cortical region of the stroma
Term
what is the stroma of the ovary made of
Definition
spindle shaped fibroblasts
Term
what do the fibroblasts of the ovary stroma respond to
Definition
hormonal stimuli
Term
what is in the medulla of the ovary
Definition
vascular bed, loose CT
Term
what marks the division of the medulla and cortex of the ovary
Definition
nothing, they blend
Term
what happens in ovarian development at 1 mo gestation
Definition
primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal primordia and divide into oogonia
Term
what moth are there the most oogonia
Definition
month 5
Term
what can oogonia do, when can they start
Definition
turn into primary oocytes, mo 3. or go through atresia
Term
what do primary oocytes do
Definition
go into meiosis 1 and stop in prophase diplotine
Term
what surrounds primary oocytes
Definition
follicular cells
Term
at what month are their no oogonia, why
Definition
mo 7 because they are no all primary oocytes or atresia
Term
what does an ovarian follicle consist of
Definition
oocyte, one or mroe layers follicular cells
Term
what is another name for follicular cells
Definition
granulosa cells
Term
what lies under the follicular cells in a follicle, what does this seperate the follicle from
Definition
basal lamina, stroma
Term
where are premordial follicles located
Definition
superificial layer of corticol region
Term
when does follicular growth begin
Definition
puverty
Term
what occurs in follicular growth
Definition
every day some primordial follicles begin to modify the oocyte, follicular cells, and stroma cells around it
Term
what stimulates follicular growth
Definition
FSH
Term
when is oocyte growth most rapid
Definition
in the first part of follicular growth
Term
what happens in the first part of follicular growth
Definition
follicular cells divide my mitosis and form single layer of cuboidal cells (unilaminal primary follicle)
Term
what happens to the oocyte after the unilaminal primary follicle forms
Definition
follicular cells proliferate forming zona pellucida
Term
what type of tissue is the zona pellucida
Definition
stratified follicular epithelium (granulosa layer)
Term
how do zona pellucida cells communicate
Definition
gap junctions
Term
what cells contribute to the production of the zona pellucida
Definition
follicular and oocyte
Term
how do the follicular cells communicate with the oocyte after the zona pellucida is formed
Definition
filopodia of the follicular cells and microville from the oocyte penetrate zona pellucida through gap junctions
Term
what is the follicle called after it gets a zona pellucida
Definition
multilaminar primary follicle (prenatal)
Term
what happens after the follicle becomes a multilaminal primary follicle
Definition
it moves to the deepr corticol region and liquid begins to accumulate between the follicular cells that coalesce into a larger cavity called antrum
Term
what is the liquid that forms the antrum made of
Definition
GAGs, steroid binding proteins, high steroid concentrations (progesterone, androgens, estrogens)
Term
after the follicular cells form antrum, describe the reorganization, new naming, etc
Definition
the ones on the interior of antrum are cumulus oophorus. that ones right by the oocyte are the corona radiata
Term
what is the follicle called when it has an antrum and the follicular cells reorganize
Definition
secondary or antral follicle
Term
what happens to the corona radiata
Definition
it stays with the oocyte when it leaves the ovary
Term
what happens to stroma cells as the follicle matures
Definition
they differentiate into theca folliculi and then differentiate into the theca interna and externa
Term
what does the theca interna consist of, what is the function
Definition
steroid secreting cells that make aldosterone
Term
what happens to aldosterone once made in the ovary
Definition
transported to granulosa cell layer and converted to estrogen
Term
what stimulates for aldosterone to be turned into estrogen
Definition
FSH
Term
what is in the theca externa
Definition
fibroblasts in layers around theca interna
Term
what happens to the follicles during the menstural cycle
Definition
one follicle becomes dominent, the others undergo atresia
Term
what is a follicle called when it doest go through atresia and is fully developed and the only one left
Definition
preovulatory, mature, or graafian follicle
Term
how long does it take for a follicle to mature
Definition
90 days
Term
what happens when a follicle undergoes atresia
Definition
oocyte and granulosa cells die and are phagocytosed by macrophages
Term
what do follcles undergo atresia if not the chosen follicle
Definition
at any time during development, they could get all the way to almost mature and be in second place and be wiped out just before the finish line
Term
when is atresia of follicle more frequent
Definition
at times of hormone change: birth, puberty, pregnacy
Term
what does ovulation consist of
Definition
rupture of mature collicle and liberation of oocyte
Term
when in the menstural cycle does ovulation take place
Definition
middle
Term
what stimulates for ovulation
Definition
LH
Term
what stimulates for LH to be released to stimulate ovulation
Definition
estrogen released by growing follicles
Term
what happens to the oocyte just before ovulation
Definition
first meiotic division is completed and the secondary oocyte is made along with a polar body, then the second division begins and pauses in metaphase
Term
what happens right after the follicle wall ruptures
Definition
ocyte and first polar body enclosed in zona pellucida, the crona radiata, and some follicular fluid leave the ovary and enter uterine tube where oocyte can be fertilized
Term
what happens to the oocyte if fertilization does not occur
Definition
in degenerates in 24 hours
Term
what happens to the granulosa cells and theca interna after ovulation
Definition
reorganize into temporary endocrine gland, corpus luteum, they enlarge and turn into steroid secreting cells
Term
what do the theca interna cells of the corpus luteum become
Definition
theca lutein cells
Term
what do the granulosa cells of the corpus luteum become
Definition
granulosa lutein cells
Term
once the corpus luteum is basically formed (has its first cells) what happnes to it as it matures
Definition
capillaries and lymphatics grow in and cells change enzyme sets and secrete progesterone and estrogen
Term
what induces maturation of the corpus luteum
Definition
LH
Term
what happens to the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilized
Definition
in 10-12 days it goes through apopotosis and a scar called corpa albicans remains
Term
what happes to the corpus luteum if the egg is fertilized
Definition
trophoblast cells release HGC and it is similar to LH so it corpus luteum stays for longer after 5 months goes through apoptosis leaving a larger scar
Term
what is a corpa albicans
Definition
scar left by corpus luteum
Term
what is another name for uterine tube
Definition
fallopian tubes
Term
what are the uterine tubes made of
Definition
muscle
Term
what is on the dilated end of the uretine tube
Definition
fimbrae
Term
what are the layers of the uterine tube wall
Definition
mucosa, muscularis, serosa
Term
what tissue is the mucosa of the uterine tubes
Definition
simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, loose ct
Term
what are the cell types of the mucosa of the uterine tubes
Definition
one ciliated, one secretory
Term
what does estrogen do to the uterine tube
Definition
hypertrophy, ciliogenesis
Term
what does progesterone do to the uterine tube
Definition
increases number of secretory cells
Term
what do the ciliated cells of the uterine tubes do
Definition
move viscous liquid film secreteed by secretory cells to the uterus
Term
describe the muscular layer of the uterine tubes
Definition
thick inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
Term
what is the serosa of the uterine tube
Definition
visceral peritoneum
Term
what does the uterine tube do at ovulation
Definition
activly moves toward the ovary to push the oocyte to it
Term
how long is an oocyte viable after ovulation
Definition
24 hours
Term
what is the function of uterine tube secretions
Definition
nutrients for oocyte, capacitation of spermatozoa
Term
where does fertilization usually occur
Definition
in ampulla of uterine tube
Term
what does penetration of the oocyte by the spermatozoon trigger
Definition
zompletion of second meiotic division generating the second polar body and leaving the oocyte ready to combine DNA with the sperm
Term
how long does it take for a zygote to be transfered to the uterus
Definition
5 days
Term
what are the layers of the uterus wall
Definition
serosa of peritoneum / ct adventitia, muscular layer (myometrium), mucosal (endometrium)
Term
describe the organization of the myometrium
Definition
bundles of smooth muscle seperated by cr forming 3-4 poorly defined layers. the inner and outer layer run longitudinal, middle has vessels
Term
what ahppens to the myometrium during pregnacy
Definition
hyperplasia and hypertrophy, smooth muscles make collagen
Term
what ahppens to the myometrium after pregnacy
Definition
destruction of smooth m, reduction in size of others, enzymatic degradation of collagen
Term
what is in the epithelium and lamina propria of the endometrium
Definition
ssimple tubular glands
Term
what type of cells are in the endometroum
Definition
mixture of ciliary and secretory simple columnar cells
Term
what endometrium cell type is more rare in glandular epithelium
Definition
ciliated
Term
what is in the lamina propria of the endomterium
Definition
fibroblasts, ground substance, type 3 collagen
Term
what are the layers of the endometrium
Definition
stratum functionale, stratum basale
Term
what is the function and location of the stratum functionale
Definition
it is thicker, more superificial, and sloughed off at mensturation
Term
what is the function and location of the stratum basale
Definition
deeper, retained in mensturation, source for regeneratin of stratum functionale
Term
what comes off the uterine arteries to supply tne uterus
Definition
arcuate arteries
Term
what happens to arcuate arteries
Definition
they anastomose in the myometrium
Term
what are the radial arteries a branch of
Definition
arcuate arteries
Term
where are radial arteries located
Definition
stratum basale of the endometrium
Term
what are the branches off the radial arteries
Definition
small straight arteries
Term
what do the small straight arteries supply
Definition
stratum basale
Term
how do radial arteries end
Definition
they continue to the stratum functionale and become highly coiled turning into spiral arteries
Term
what do spiral arteries supply
Definition
stratum functionale
Term
what function do the spiral arteries have
Definition
help in sloughing off of the stratum functionale
Term
when does the menstural cycle begin
Definition
9-14
Term
when does the menstural cycle end
Definition
45-55
Term
how long is the menstural cycle
Definition
28-30 days
Term
what are the phases of the mestural cycle, how long are they
Definition
menstural 4-5, proliferative 10, secretory 14
Term
what occures in the proliferative phase
Definition
growth of follicles and secretion of estrogen, cell proliferation in endometrium
Term
what is the surface of the endometrium covered by in the proliferative phase
Definition
simple clumnar
Term
what are the glands like the the proliferative phase
Definition
straight tubules with narrow lumens
Term
when does the secretory phase occur
Definition
1 day after ovulation
Term
what hormone influences the secretory phase, where does it come from
Definition
progesterone, corpus luteum
Term
what happens in the secretory phase
Definition
endometrium becomes edematous, glands enlarge and spiral, gland lumens become sacculated and fill with secretions
Term
what initiates the menstural phase
Definition
rapid decline in progesterone levels when corpus luteum stops functioning
Term
what occurs in the menstural phase
Definition
periodic contractions of spiral arteries happen for hours at a time causing ischemia of the stratum functionale, after 2 days it sloughs off until only stratumm basale remains
Term
what is in vaginal discharge
Definition
blood, uterine fluid, sloughing stromal and epithelial cells
Term
what happens in gavid phase
Definition
implantation occurs, blastocyst implants by invagind the endometrium, trophoblast cells secrete HCG stimulating continued secretion of corpus lutrum preserving the endometrium
Term
what is decidualization
Definition
stromal fibers change and are called decidual cells because of implantation
Term
what is the endometrium called after implantatioon
Definition
decidua
Term
how do stromal fibroblasts change into decdual cells
Definition
enlarge, rounde, exhibit characteristics of protein secreting cells
Term
what are the classifications of deciduia
Definition
basalis, capsularis, parietalis
Term
where is the deciduia basalis
Definition
between embryo and myometroim
Term
where is the deciduia capsularis
Definition
between embryo and lumen of uterus
Term
what is the cervex made of
Definition
dense ct, smooth muscle fibers, muscous secreting simple columnar, larged branched glands
Term
does the cervex epithelium slough off
Definition
no
Term
describe the cervicla mucous mid cycle, why
Definition
lots of mucous, less viscous. more favorable for sperm
Term
describe the cervical mucous during pregnacy
Definition
cervical glands proliferate and secrete a more viscous and abundent mucous making a plug
Term
what is the portion of the cervix protruding into the vagina
Definition
ectocervix
Term
what is the ectocervix covered by
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
that is the transformation zone
Definition
transition between mucous secreting columnar mucosa of endocervix and squmous mucosa of ectocervix
Term
where is the transformation zone in reproductivly active women
Definition
just outside cervical os
Term
where is the transfoermation zone in women of menopause of pre-puberty
Definition
in cervical canal
Term
what disease should the transformation zone be watched for
Definition
metaplasia, dysplastic changes, cancer
Term
what are the layers of the vagina
Definition
mucuosal, muscular, adventitial
Term
what is the vagina lined by
Definition
stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium without glands
Term
what happens to the epithelium of the vagina int eh follicular phase
Definition
estrogen causes epithelial cells to make a accumulate glycogen as they migrate to the surface
Term
what does the lamina propria of the vagina have
Definition
elastic fibers
Term
describe the muscular layer of the vagina
Definition
outer thicker longitudinal layer smooth muscle, continous with uterus, less prodominate inner layer
Term
describe the adventitial layer of the vagina
Definition
denser inner rich layer of elastic fibers and outer layer the blends with surroundings
Term
when do mammary glands develop
Definition
puberty
Term
what tells mammary glands to develop
Definition
ovarian hormones
Term
what does mammary gland development include
Definition
increases in adipose and ct and increased growth and branching of lacterous ducts
Term
how many lobes are in a mammary gland
Definition
15-20
Term
what type of glands are mammary glands
Definition
tubuloalevolar
Term
what is another name for nipple
Definition
mammary papilla
Term
what seperates mammary gland lobes
Definition
fibrous bands of ct and further into lobules
Term
how does each lobe of the mammary gland drain
Definition
through its own duct in the nipple
Term
what occurs in the lacterifous duct just before it opens at the nipple
Definition
there is a dilated lactiferous sinus
Term
what lines the lacterifous duct
Definition
stratified squamous
Term
what lines the lacteriferous sinus and duct system
Definition
layered cuboidal to simple columnar or cuboidal in the rest of the duct system
Term
what is the mammary gland composed of when inactive
Definition
mostly duct elements, few glandular elements
Term
what happens to the mammary glands near ovulation
Definition
under influence of estrogen they increase secretory cell height and opening od duct lumens
Term
what happens to mammary glands in the premenstural period
Definition
increase hydration of ct
Term
what happens to mammary glands in pregnacy
Definition
ducts branch and alveoli develop (mostly later), decrease in adipose and CT, infiltration of CT by plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils
Term
what does estrogen stimulate in mammary glands
Definition
duct growth
Term
what does progesterone stimulate in mammary glands
Definition
alveolar growth
Term
what other hormones stimulate mammmary glands
Definition
prolcating, human placemtal lactogen, adrenal glucocorticoids
Term
what do secreting cells of the mammary glands make
Definition
protein and lipid
Term
how are protein components of mammary glands secreted
Definition
merocrine secretion
Term
what is merocrine secretion
Definition
vesicle membranes fuse with plasma membrane of cell
Term
how is the lipid compoenent of mammary glands secreted
Definition
apocrine system where lipid drops are covered by layer of plasma membrane and small amount of cytoplasm when released
Term
what is colostrum
Definition
the first secretion released from the mammary glands the first few days after birth
Term
what is colostrum made of
Definition
more protein, less fat and carbs that milk later, antibodies (IgA)
Term
what happens after mom is done breast feeding
Definition
most alveoli under go degeneration by apoptosis
Term
what happens to mammary glands after menopause
Definition
secretory proteins degenerate and dissipear, ducts decrease but some remain, atrophic changes in CT, decreased fibroblasts and collagen, loss of elastic fibers
Term
what are the layers of the eye
Definition
coneosclear coat, vascular coat, retina
Term
what is the outer fibrous layer of the eye
Definition
corneoscleral coat
Term
what does the corneoscleral coat ccontain
Definition
sclera 9white0 and cornea (clear)
Term
what is the middle layer of the eye called
Definition
vascular coat or uvea
Term
what does the vascular coat include
Definition
choroid, stroma of the ciliary body and iris
Term
what is the inner layer of the eye called
Definition
retina
Term
what does the retina include
Definition
outer pigment epithelium, inner neural layer, epithelium of the ciliary body and iris
Term
what are the chambers of the eye
Definition
anteriorn, posterior, and vitreous
Term
what forms the anterior chamber of the eye
Definition
space between cornea and iris
Term
what forms the posterior chamber of the eye
Definition
space between the posterior surface of the iris and the anterior surface of the lens
Term
what forms the vitreous chamber of the eye
Definition
space between posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina
Term
what and when does the eye appear as
Definition
shallow grooves called optic sulci or grooves on day 22
Term
what happens to the optic sulci or grooves
Definition
as the neural tube closes, they form outpocketings called optic vesicles
Term
as the optic vesicles form laterally, what is happening at the other end of the developing eye
Definition
connection to the forebrain becomes constricted to form an optic stalk and the overlying ectoderm thickens and forms and lens placode
Term
how is the optic vesicle turned into two eyes
Definition
the lens placode and optic vesicle invaginate forming a double layered optic cup
Term
what does the inner layer of the optic cup become
Definition
neural retinal
Term
what does the outer layer of the optic cup become
Definition
retinal pigment epithelium
Term
where do grooves containing blood vessels for the eye come from, where
Definition
mesenchyme along inferior surface of each optic cup
Term
what are the grooves with vessels in the developing eye called
Definition
choroid fissures
Term
what do choroid fissures function to do
Definition
allow hayloid vessels to reach the inner chamber of the eye
Term
what ultametly happens to the hayloid vessels
Definition
distal part degenerates and proximal part remains as the central vessels of the retina
Term
during the third month of gestation what does the optic cup make
Definition
ciliary body and iris
Term
where do the dilator and sphincter pupillary muscles appear
Definition
month 6
Term
what is hte iris light blue at birth
Definition
because pigment isnt usually present yet
Term
what is the key regulatory gene for eye development
Definition
PAX6
Term
what initiates formation of the ridge on the neural plate that forms a single eye field
Definition
PAX6
Term
what does the single eye field seperate into
Definition
two optic primordia
Term
what signals for seperation of the eye field
Definition
SHH
Term
what in the eye comes from the surface ectoderm
Definition
lens, epithelium of cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and its drainage system
Term
what in the eye comes from the neural ectoderm
Definition
vitreous body, epithelium of retina iris and ciliary body, sphinctor pupillae, dilatory pupillae, optic nerve
Term
what in the eye comes from the mesoderm
Definition
sclera, stroma of the cornea ciliary body iris and choroid, extraocular muscles, eyelids, hayloid system, coverings of the optic n, ct and vessels of the eye bony orbit and vitreous body
Term
what is coloboma
Definition
cleft in iris
Term
whwhat is congenital cataracts
Definition
lens becomes clouded during intrauterine life
Term
what can cause congenital cataracts
Definition
maternal rubella infection
Term
what is microphthalmia
Definition
the eye is too small
Term
what causes microphthalmia
Definition
cytomegalovirus and toxoplasmosis
Term
what is anophthalmia
Definition
absence of the eye
Term
what is anophthalmia usually accompanied by
Definition
severe cranial abnormailities
Term
what is congential aphakia
Definition
absence of lens
Term
what can cause congenital aphakia
Definition
mutation in PAX6
Term
what is cyclopia or synophthalmia
Definition
fusion of the eyes
Term
what is cyclopia or synophthalmia usually associated with
Definition
holoprosencephaly
Term
why are the eyes fused in cyclopia or synophthalmia
Definition
loss of midline structures prevented the eye fields from seperating
Term
when does loss of midline structures in cyclopia or synophthalmia occur
Definition
19-21 days
Term
what are factors that affet midline structure loss
Definition
alcohol, mutations in SHH, abnormailities in cholesterol metabolism that disrupts SHH
Term
what is aniridia
Definition
absence of iris
Term
what can cause aniridia
Definition
mutations in PAX6
Term
what disease in aniridia a part of
Definition
WAGR syndrome
Term
what does WAGR syndrome consist of
Definition
wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormailities, retardation
Term
what is wilms tumor
Definition
can cer of the kidney the usually affects children of 5 years but also in the fetus
Term
what are the layers of the cornea
Definition
corneal epithelium, bowman's membrane, corneal stroma, descemet's membrane, corneal endothelium
Term
what type of tissue is the corneal epithelium
Definition
non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Term
what is the corneal epithelium attached to, by what
Definition
bowman's membrane by hemidesmosomes
Term
what is bomans membrane
Definition
anterior basement membrane
Term
where is the bowmans membrane
Definition
between corneal epithelium and underlying corneal strma
Term
where does bowmans membrane end
Definition
abruptly at the corneoscleral limbus.
Term
what is the function of bowmans membrane
Definition
barrier to spread infection
Term
what is another name for the corneal stroma
Definition
substantia propria
Term
what does the corneal stroma consist of
Definition
layers of parallel bundles of collagen, avascular
Term
where is the corneal stroma
Definition
between flattened fibroblasts
Term
what is descemet's membrane
Definition
posterior thick basement membrane
Term
what is the function of the corneal endothelium
Definition
metabolic exchange between cornea and aquous humor
Term
what is the sclera mostly made of
Definition
dense CT
Term
what does the sclera contain
Definition
dense CT, collagen bundles, elastic fibers and ground substance between collagen
Term
how is the collagen of the sclera oriented
Definition
various directions and in pannels to the surface elastic fibers and ground substance between collagen
Term
what pierces the sclera
Definition
blood vessels, nerves, optic nerve
Term
what do the tendons of the extraocular muscles insert into
Definition
sclera
Term
what is the corneoscleral limbus
Definition
transitional zone between cornea and sclera
Term
how does the cornea and sclera combine at the edges
Definition
corneal layers merge with collagen bundles of sclera
Term
describe the transition of the vasculature at the corneoscleral limbus
Definition
abrupt transition from avascular cornea to highly vascularized sclara
Term
where is the outflow apparatus for the aquous humor
Definition
limbus region, iridocorneal angle
Term
what forms the scleral venous sinus
Definition
endothelium lined channels called trabecular network merge
Term
what is another name for scleral venous sinus
Definition
canal of schlemm
Term
where is the canal of schlemm
Definition
encircles the eye
Term
what is the function of the canal of schlemm
Definition
drains squous humor from the anterior chamber
Term
what is the most anterior part of the vascular coat
Definition
itis
Term
where does the iris come from and attach to
Definition
anterior border of ciliary body and is attached to sclera at the corneoscleral junction
Term
what is the central aperature of the iris
Definition
pupil
Term
what does the iris consist of
Definition
highly vascularized CT stroma covered on posterior surface by highly pigmented cells
Term
what are the highly pigmented cells on the posterior iris called
Definition
posterior pigment epithelium
Term
where does color in the eye come from
Definition
light reflected from the pigment present in the cells of the posterior surface of the regina giving it a blue apperance. more pigment leads to a darker color
Term
what is the ciliary body part of
Definition
vascular coat
Term
what is the ciliary body between
Definition
iris and choroid
Term
what are ciliary processes
Definition
ridges with zonular fibers that attach to the lens
Term
what covers the ciliary body
Definition
ciliary epithelium
Term
what type of tissue is ciliary epithelium
Definition
double layer of columnar
Term
what are the functions of ciliary epithelium
Definition
secretes aquous humor, blood aquous barrier, secrete and anchor zonular fibers to form suspensory ligament of the lens
Term
what do the non pigament cells of the ciliary body do
Definition
fluid transport
Term
how are the non pigmented cells of the ciliary body held down
Definition
cell cell junctions with zona occludins and lots of basal and lateral infoldings
Term
how are pigmented cells of the ciliary body held in
Definition
less developed junctions, irregular intercellular spaces
Term
what holds the apical surfaces of ciliary cells togather
Definition
desmosomes and gap junctions
Term
what are the discontinous gaps between ciliary cells called
Definition
ciliary channels
Term
what is the aquous humor a derivative of plasma
Definition
plasma
Term
explain the path of the aquous humor
Definition
passes ciliary body, goes to between iris and lens before the anterior chamber,in chamber it goes from cornea to iris and penetrates tissue of limbus to make the trabecular meshwork which turns into canal of schlemm
Term
what does the canall of schlemm run with
Definition
veins of sclera
Term
in general, what causes glaucoma
Definition
obstruction of the drainage of the aquous humor increasing intraocular pressure causing retina damage and ultametly blindness
Term
what are the symptoms of glaucoma
Definition
pain, nausea, blurred vision, halos
Term
what is the most common form of glaucoma
Definition
open angle
Term
what occurs in open angle glaucoma
Definition
trabecular meshwork drains aquous homor but schlemm is blocked
Term
what occurs in closed angle glaucoma
Definition
aquous humor cant go to trabecular meshwork because of inflammation of uvea. it never gets to the schlemm
Term
how is glaucoma treated
Definition
trabeculoplasty: laser burns holes in trabecular mesh around limbus to restore fluid flow, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Term
what do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors do
Definition
stop carbonic anhydrase isomerase which makes aquous humor
Term
what happens in pressure in the eye is not relived
Definition
retinal nerve fiber atrophy
Term
where is the choroid located
Definition
vascular coat, between sclera and retina
Term
what are the layers of the choroid
Definition
choricocapillary and burch's membrane
Term
where is the choricocapillary in the choroid, what is it made of
Definition
inner vascular layer
Term
where is the burch's membrane in the choroid, what is the made of
Definition
outer thin hayline layer
Term
what are the cells of the retina
Definition
photoreceptors, conducting neurons, association/other, supporting
Term
what are the photoreceptor cells
Definition
rods, cones
Term
what are the conduction neuron cells
Definition
bipolar, ganglion
Term
what are the association / other cells of the retina
Definition
horizontal, centrifugal, interplexiform, amacrine
Term
what is another name for the supporting cells of the retina
Definition
neuroglial
Term
what are the supporting cells of the retina
Definition
muller, microglial, astrocytes
Term
what are the 10 layers of the retina
Definition
1. retinal pigmented epithelium
2. rods and cones
3. outer limiting membrane
4. outer nuclear layer
5. outer plexiform layer
6. inner nuclear layer
7. inner plexiform layer
8. ganglion cell layer
9. optic nerve fibers
10. inner limiting membrane
Term
what layer of the retina is not part of the retina
Definition
retinal pigmented epithelium
Term
what does the retinal pigmented epithelium do
Definition
absorb light through neural retina preventing reflection and flare, participate in the blood-retina barrier
Term
what type of cells is the retinal pigmented epithelium
Definition
1 layer of cuboid cells connected by junctions
Term
what does the retinal pigmented epithelium sit on
Definition
birch's membrane of choricoid
Term
what is in the rod and cone layer
Definition
outer and inner photo receptors
Term
what is in the outer limiting membrane
Definition
apical boundry of muller's cells
Term
what is in the outer mouclear layer
Definition
cell bodies of rods and cones
Term
what is in the outer plexiform layer
Definition
processes of rods and cones, processes of horizontal amacrine and bipolar cells
Term
what is in the inner nuclear layer
Definition
cell bodies of horizontal, amacrine bipolar, and muller's cells
Term
what is in the inner plexiform layer
Definition
process of hariz, amacrine, bipolar cells and ganglion cells that connect them
Term
what is in the genglion cell layer
Definition
cell bodies of ganglia
Term
what is in the optic nerve fiber layer
Definition
axons of genglia cells from retina to brain
Term
what is in the inner limiting membrane
Definition
basal lamina and muller cells
Term
which is more sensitive to light rods or cones
Definition
rods
Term
what do rods percieve
Definition
low light, gray tones
Term
what do cones percieve
Definition
reb, gree, blue, or their mixture
Term
what photoreceptors form in development first
Definition
cones
Term
what is the forva centralis
Definition
depression of the retina
Term
what is the foveola
Definition
central part of the forva made of all cones
Term
what is the macula lutea
Definition
region around the foeva
Term
why is the macula lutes yellow
Definition
because of the xanthophyll pigment
Term
where in the retina are there no retina vessels
Definition
macula lutea
Term
what is another name for the optic disc
Definition
papilla
Term
what is in the optic dics
Definition
optic n
Term
what is the blind spot, why
Definition
optic disc because it has no photo receptors
Term
what happens in retinal detachment
Definition
potential space between optic cup layers expands and retina pulls away from retinal pigmented epithelium
Term
what are floaters, why are they there
Definition
in retinal detachment no nutrients get to the photoreceptors from choricocapillary plexus of chorcoid and floaters are released RBC that are injured
Term
if the retina is not re attached what happens after some time
Definition
blindness
Term
define cataracts
Definition
change in solubility of lens protein decreasing opacity
Term
what increases cataract risk
Definition
age, diabetes
Term
how does diabetes cause cataracts
Definition
glucose increases and it is a metabolite for the eye and is turned into sorbitol and it accumulates decreasing solubility of proteins and opacity
Term
what does cataracts do to vision
Definition
scatters light
Term
what is hte vitreous body
Definition
transparent jelly in vitreous chamber posterior part
Term
what is the vitreous body mostly made of
Definition
water
Term
what is the vitreous body made of
Definition
water, collagen, GAGs 9hyaluronan), hyalocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts
Term
what do hyalocytes do
Definition
make collagen fibrils and GAGs
Term
what is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly
Definition
macular degeneration
Term
what causes macular degeneration
Definition
genetics and the enivornment (uv light, drugs)
Term
what is dry macular degeneration
Definition
atrophic, nonexudative
Term
what occurs in dry macular degeneration
Definition
degenerative lesions of macula lutea
Term
what do degenerative lesions cause
Definition
focal thickening of burch's membrane, atrophy and depigmentation of retinal pigment epithelium, destory capillaries in choroid
Term
describe wet macular degeneration
Definition
exudative neurovascular, formation of vessels, a complication of dry macular degeneration
Term
what occurs in wet macular degeneration
Definition
new vessels form and are thin, fragile, and leaky leading to adudate and hemmorage in space between them
Term
how is wet macular degeneration treated
Definition
laser therapy to destory vesses
Term
describe the lens of the eye in general
Definition
avascular, biconvex, transparent
Term
what suspends the lens, what is its other function
Definition
ciliary body gives out sonular fibers that suspend and it it flat
Term
what happens if tension on the lens is released, what is this called
Definition
it plumps to allow for focus and bends light closer to the eye putting the focus on the retina. accumulation
Term
what forms junctional complexes with lens fibers
Definition
subcapsular cells
Term
what is the capsule of the lens made of
Definition
IV collagen and proteoglycans, elastic
Term
where is the capsule of the lens thicker
Definition
zonular fiber attachment and basal lamina
Term
what connects the lens to the subcapsular epithelium
Definition
gap junctions
Term
what makes the basal lamina of the lens
Definition
anterior lens cells
Term
what type of cells is the subcapsular epithelium
Definition
cuboidal
Term
where is the subcapsular epithelium
Definition
only on anterior part of lens
Term
where do lens fibers come from
Definition
subcapsular epithelium
Term
how do lens fibers change over life
Definition
in development they increase in size, as you age new ones appear and they mature
Term
how do lens fibers mature
Definition
they gety thinner, taller, lose nuclei, fill with crystalin (protein)
Term
what do the urinary and genital system both develop from, where is it
Definition
internmediate mesoderm, on posterior wall of abdominal cavity
Term
were do the excretatory ducts from both the urinary and genital system enter
Definition
cloaca
Term
what are the three kidney systems that develop cranial to caudal
Definition
pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
Term
what is the function of the pronephros
Definition
rudimentary, non functions
Term
when does the pronephros develop
Definition
during week 4
Term
where is the pronephros
Definition
7-10 groups in the cervical region
Term
what does the pronephros consist of
Definition
vestigial excretiion units
Term
where does the mesonephros and mesonepheric ducts develop
Definition
upper thoracic to upper lumbar
Term
when does the mesonephros develop
Definition
when pronephros begins regressing
Term
describe the development of the mesonephros medially
Definition
excretory tubules appear, S shaped. they acquire glomeruli and form corpuscles
Term
what happens to the mesonephros laterally
Definition
tubules enter a longitudinal collecting duct 9woliffian duct)
Term
where is the mesonephros in the middle of month 2
Definition
lateral to developing gonad forming a ridge with it
Term
what is the ridge beterrn the developing gonad and mesonephros
Definition
urogrnital ridge
Term
what happens to the mesonephros at the end of month 2
Definition
excretory tubules ahve degenerated
Term
what is different in the mesonephros in males vs females
Definition
in males, a few caudal tubules and the mesonepheric duct persist and become part of the genital system
Term
when does the metanephros appear
Definition
week 5
Term
what s the function of the metanephros
Definition
becomes permanent kidney
Term
what do excretory units from the metanephros develop from
Definition
metanepheric mesoderm
Term
where does the collecting duct of the metanephros develop from
Definition
from ureteric bud
Term
what and where is the ureteric bud
Definition
outgrowth of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca
Term
describe the process of the collecting duct development
Definition
ureteric bud penetrates metanephric tissue and branches as it grows
Term
explain how renal calyces and pyramids are made
Definition
the ureteric bud branches and the 1st generation of major calyces, 2nd generation absorbs the 3ed and 4th forming minor calyces, subsequent generations elongate from the renal pyramids
Term
what does the ureteric bud make KNOW
Definition
ureter, renal pervis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts, tubules
Term
what does the ureteric bud make KNOW
Definition
ureter, renal pervis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts, tubules
Term
what does the metanephric tissue covering the collecting tubule form
Definition
epithelial structures called renal vesicles
Term
what do the renal vesicles form
Definition
tubular structures
Term
where do capillaries grow into the kidney
Definition
into the pocket at one end of the tubules
Term
what do the capillaries that grow into the tubules differentiate into
Definition
glomeruli
Term
describe the development of the tubule part of the nephron
Definition
glomerulus and tubule epithelium form renal corpuscle and the other end connects with the collecting tubule then as it grows the PCT, loop, and DCT are made
Term
what are the nephrons derived from
Definition
metanephric mesoderm
Term
when do the nephrons form
Definition
through development until birth. they increase in size after birth not number
Term
what happens to kidneys as they grow
Definition
they loose their lobulations
Term
when does urine production begin
Definition
week 12
Term
what are examples of diseases that include kidney or ureter malformations
Definition
wilms tumor, renal dysplasias and agenesis, congenital polycystic kidney disease, ureter duplication
Term
what occurs in renal dysplasis and agenesis
Definition
multicystic dysplastic kidney, renal agenesis
Term
what is wrong in a congenital polycystic kidney disease that is autosomal recessive
Definition
collecting ducts
Term
what is wrong in a congenital polycystic kidney disease that is autosomal dominent
Definition
nephron all segments
Term
what dysruptions can happen tot he ureter
Definition
partial or complete duplication, ectopic insertions
Term
where does the kidney develop at, where does it move to
Definition
in the pelvis, moves up into abdomen
Term
what usually causes problems with kidney ascent
Definition
kidney not fitting through fork of the umbilical arteries
Term
what is horseshoe kidney, what causes this
Definition
fused lower poles, gets caught on root of inferior mesenteric a
Term
what are diseases involved with ascent of the kidney
Definition
pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney
Term
what happens to the cloaca in weeks 4-7
Definition
divides into rogenital sinus enterior and anal canal posterior
Term
what does the tip of the urorectal septum form
Definition
perineal body
Term
what divides the cloaca
Definition
urorectal septum
Term
what are the parts of the urogenital sinus
Definition
urinary bladder, pelvic part, phallic part
Term
from what part of the urogenital sinus does the bladder form
Definition
upper and largest
Term
describe what happens in development of the bladder to the allantos
Definition
it is initially continous with the bladder, when it obliterates it leaves the uracus that connects apex of bladder to umbilicus
Term
what does the urachus become
Definition
median umbilical ligament
Term
what forms the trigone area of the bladder
Definition
during differentationof the cloaca the distal portion of the mesonepheric duct is incorporated to form it
Term
what seperates the ureters from the mesonephric ducts making them enter the bladder seperatly
Definition
the distal portion of the mesonephric ducts forming the trigone of the bladder
Term
what do the new distal mesonephric duct segments become
Definition
ejaculatory ducts
Term
what does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus make
Definition
prostatic and membranous part of the uretha in male
Term
what happens to the phallic part of the urogenital sinus in development
Definition
flattened from side to side and pulled ventral with growht of genital tubricle forming penile urethra in male
Term
what happens to the epithelium of the prostatetic urethra at the end of the third month in males
Definition
it proliferates and forms outgrowths into the surround mesenchyme forming prostatic gland
Term
what happens to the epithelium of the prostatetic urethra at the end of the third month in females
Definition
outgrowths of the urethra epithelium form urethral and paraurethral glands
Term
what is the key to sexual dimorphism
Definition
Y chromosome
Term
what is the master gene that influences male development
Definition
SRY
Term
when do gonads become male or female
Definition
month 7
Term
how do gonads initially form
Definition
longitudinal ridges by epithelial proliferation and mesoderm condensation
Term
when do germ cells arrive at the gonads
Definition
6 week after migration from yolk sac
Term
define indifferent gonad
Definition
no distingushing male or female features
Term
what do the germ cells do when they arrive to the indifferent gonad
Definition
populate cords of epithelial cells that penetrated mesenchyme of gonad from the surface (primitive sex cords)
Term
what happens to the primitive sex cords if the embryo is male
Definition
continue to proliferate and penetrate deep into medulla forming testis or medullary cords
Term
once medullary cords form in a male, what happens to them
Definition
near the hilum they break up into thin strands and become rete testes
Term
what seperates the testis cords from surface epithelium
Definition
dense CT, tunica albuginea
Term
what happens to the testis cords in month 4
Definition
they become horse shoe shaped, they ends are continous with rete testis
Term
what happens to the cords in month 4
Definition
they are made of primitive germ cells and sertoli cells derived from surface epithelium
Term
when do leydig cells form
Definition
month 4
Term
what do leydig cells come from
Definition
mesenchyme of gonadal ridge
Term
where are the leydig cells
Definition
interstitium between cords
Term
when do leydig cells begin to make testosterone
Definition
week 8
Term
what does the testosterone from the leydig cells do for development
Definition
influences differentation of genital ducts and external genitalia
Term
what happens to the testis cords at puberty
Definition
they go from solid to developing lumens becomes seminiferous tubules that join with the rete testis tubules
Term
what do the rete testis connect to after puberty
Definition
connect to ducruli efferentes
Term
what are the ductuli efferentes derived from
Definition
remaining excretory tubules of the mesonephros
Term
what does the ductuli efferentes connect to
Definition
mesonephric or wollian duct
Term
what becomes the epiditymis, ductus deferens and semial vesicle
Definition
mesonephric or wollian duct
Term
where does the ducts terminate
Definition
prostatis urethra
Term
what happens to the primitive sex cords in females, where are they, what do they turn into
Definition
dissociate into seperate cell clusters that occupy medilla of ovary and later dissipear leaving vascular stroma of the medulla of mature ovaries
Term
what happens to the surface epithelium in female embryos, where is it, what does it do
Definition
continues to proliferate and form second generation of cords, cortical cords, that penetrate into ovary but remain near surface
Term
what happens to corticol cords in month 4
Definition
split into isolated cell clusters surrounding one or more germ cells
Term
what happens to germ cells of female
Definition
differentiate into oogonia
Term
what happens to epithelial cells of female embryo
Definition
form follicular cells
Term
what are follicular cells derived from
Definition
surface epithelium
Term
what do follicular cells form
Definition
follicles
Term
what does the peremesonephric or mullerian duct come from
Definition
longitudinal invagination of epithelium on urogenital ridge
Term
where does the mullerian duct open into cranially
Definition
abdominal cavity, and meets the duct from the opposite side
Term
how is the uterine canal formed
Definition
mullerian ducts from opposite sides meet and fuse and the caudal top projects into posterior wall of urogenital sinus
Term
what gives rise to the uterine tubules, uterus, superior vagina
Definition
paramesonepheric ducts
Term
how does the vagina form
Definition
after mullerian duct contacts urogenital sinus, 2 sinovaginal bulbs grow as sold vaginal plate at end of the duct, proliferation lifts the duct tissue from the wall or urogenital sinus and forms a column of tissue between structures that cannilizes forming lower vagina
Term
what is the origin of the vagina
Definition
upper from paramesonepheric ducts, lower from the urogenital sinus
Term
what seperates the lumen of the vagina from the urogenital sinus
Definition
hymen, thin plate of tissue
Term
when do the cloacl folds form
Definition
week 3
Term
what are the cloacl folds, what are they formed by
Definition
slightly elevated folds around the cloacl membrane formed by cells that migrated from primitive streak
Term
what forms the genital tubercle
Definition
the cranial to the cloacl membrane of the cloacl folds
Term
what do the cloacl folds subdivide into caudally
Definition
urethral folds anterior and anal posterior
Term
where do the genital swellings appear
Definition
lateral to urethral folds
Term
what do genital swellings turn into in males
Definition
scrotal swellings
Term
what do the genital swellings turn into in females
Definition
labia majora
Term
when is the indeifferent stage of genitalia
Definition
end of 6 weeks
Term
explain male external genitalia development
Definition
rapid elongation of genital tubercle (phallus) that pulls urethral folds forawrd forming walls of urethral groove
Term
where does the urethral groove extend along
Definition
caudal aspect of phallus
Term
what does the epithelial lining of the urethral groove form
Definition
urethral plate
Term
what forms the penile urethra, when
Definition
at the end of the third month the two urethral folds close over the urethral plate
Term
when is the most distal part of the urethra formed
Definition
4th month
Term
what forms the more distal part of the urethra, how
Definition
ectoderm cells from tip of glans penetrate inward and form a short epithelial cord that forms a lumen connecting with penile urethra lumen proximally and forms external urethral meatus
Term
where do the scrotal swellings arise
Definition
inguinal region
Term
explain how the scrotal swellings move
Definition
caudally forming half the scrotum
Term
what are defects in the male genitalia
Definition
hypospadis, episapadis
Term
what is epispadis
Definition
extrophy of the bladder
Term
explain the development of the external female genitalia
Definition
genital tubercle elongates slightly forming clitoris, urethral folds do not fuse and form labia minora, genital swellings enlarge forming labia majora, urogenital groove is open forming vestibule
Term
explain the descent of the testes time line
Definition
reach inguinal region by 12 weeks, migrate through inguinal canal at 28 weeks, reach scrotum 33 weeks, mostly in scrotum at birth
Term
what is cryptorchidism
Definition
failure of testicles to descent
Term
what is cryptorchidism associated with
Definition
renal abnormalities
Term
what are the symptoms of cryptorchidism
Definition
failure to make sperm, cancer risk
Term
explain the descent of the ovaries
Definition
go to just below rim of true pelvis posterior to broad ligament
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