Term
|
Definition
| adipocytes, small groups of cells in loose connective tissue, avascular |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do adipocytes differentate from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transcription factor causes adipocytes differtate |
|
Definition
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activates mesenchymal stem cells |
|
|
Term
| what transcription factor plays a part in initiation of lipid metabolism |
|
Definition
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
|
|
Term
| what type of adipose tissue is prodominate in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of adipose tissue is prodominate in fetuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of adipose tissue is unilocular, what does that mean |
|
Definition
| white adipose is in the form of one fat droplet |
|
|
Term
| what type of adipose tissue is multiocular, what does that mean |
|
Definition
| brown adipose is in the form of numerous fat droplets |
|
|
Term
| what does the white adipose tissue form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a connective tissue layer under the skin that varies in thickness in the body made of white adipose |
|
|
Term
| where is white adipose tissue found in the body |
|
Definition
| around the organs, the omentum, mesenteries, bone marrow, feet, axilla, orbits, loose connective tissue and superficial fascia |
|
|
Term
| what shapes can adipocytes be |
|
Definition
| round, oval, or polygedral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic solvent that dissolves the lipid droplet in adipose during tissue preperation |
|
|
Term
| what is the characteristic appearance of white adipose tissue |
|
Definition
| honeycomb, nucleus and cytoplasm are displaced by a large non membrane bound lipid droplet |
|
|
Term
| when does brown adipose begin to decline |
|
Definition
| the first decade after birth |
|
|
Term
| where is brown fat found in adults |
|
Definition
| deep areas like the kidney, adrenal glands, aorta, regions of the neck, medistinum |
|
|
Term
| what type of animals have brown fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| into lobules by connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the characteristic apperance of brown adipose tissue |
|
Definition
| lots of mitochondria, large fat droplets, nucleus is not displaced by fat droplets |
|
|
Term
| how much of a newborn is adipose tissue and what types |
|
Definition
| 2-5% of multiocular and unocular |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of brown fat |
|
Definition
| generates heat through non-shivering thermogenesis, it helps prevent heat loss in newborns |
|
|
Term
| how does non-shivering thermogenesis work |
|
Definition
| when brown fat is oxidized it makes heat which warms blood flowing through the tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is non-shivering thermogenesis regulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does thermogenesis come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does thermogenin work |
|
Definition
| uncouples oxidation of fatty acids from the production of ATP, it facilitates the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, the movement of proteons across the inner compartment dissipates the mitochondrial proton gradient, uncoupling respiration from ATP synthesis producing energy for heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most common benign adipose tissue tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rare, milignant tumor of adipose tissue containing cells that are less differentiated and more agressive and tend to metastasize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rare benign, slow growing tumor of brown fat, ofren found in the periscapular region usually contain a mix of white and brown fat, pure ones are very rare |
|
|
Term
| what is cartilage made of |
|
Definition
| avascular tissue with lots of extracellular matrix and chondrocyte cells |
|
|
Term
| where are chondrocytes located |
|
Definition
| matrix cavities called lacunae |
|
|
Term
| what are the kinds of cartilage |
|
Definition
| hayline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dense connetive tissue convering on most cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what types of cartilage dont have a perichondrium |
|
Definition
| articular cartilage, epiphyseal plates, and fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of perichondrium |
|
Definition
| inner cell layer, outer fibrous layer |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the inner cell layer of the perichondrium |
|
Definition
| gives rise to new cartilage cells |
|
|
Term
| what does hayline cartilage look like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of hayline cartilage |
|
Definition
| provide a low friction student |
|
|
Term
| how does hayline cartilage fix itself |
|
Definition
| its repair is limited but it does not show evidence of abrision of a lifetime |
|
|
Term
| what is an isogenous group |
|
Definition
| cells that have recently divided |
|
|
Term
| what does the ahyline cartilage matrix have in it |
|
Definition
| collagen, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what does the high hydration of the hayline cartilage do |
|
Definition
| permit diffusion of small metabolites to promote resilience |
|
|
Term
| what does aggrecan-hyaluronan aggregates do |
|
Definition
| binds the water in the cartilage matrix |
|
|
Term
| what type of collagen is the majority of collagen in the matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cartilage-specific collagen molecules |
|
Definition
| type II, iX, X, XI collagen, all collagen found in the matrix |
|
|
Term
| what does type IX do in the hayline matrix |
|
Definition
| facillitates fibril interaction with the matrix proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| what does type X do in the hayline matrix |
|
Definition
| organizes collagen fibrils into a hexagonal lattice |
|
|
Term
| what does type VI do in the hayline matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the type vi collagen in the hayline matrix located |
|
Definition
| periphery of chondrocytes, attaches them to the matrix |
|
|
Term
| what can mesenchymal stem cells make |
|
Definition
| brown adipose, white adipose, fibroblasts (which can make adipose) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of white adipose ot hyodermis |
|
Definition
| anchor skin, keep form, different in the different sexes |
|
|
Term
| what is the overall type of chemical reaction that makes heat in non-shivering thermogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hibernoma made only of brown fat, very rare |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundent type of cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the hayline matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the hayline matrix contain |
|
Definition
| collagen, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what are all the GAGs in haline cartilage matrix |
|
Definition
| hyaluronan, chondrotin sulfate, keratin sulfate, decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of chondroitin and keratan sulfates |
|
Definition
| join to form proteoglycan monomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a proteoglycan monomere with lots of water affinity made by chondroitin and keratan sulfate in cartilage matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of hyalurunan |
|
Definition
| aggrecans link to it forming proteoglycan aggregates |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of proteoglycan aggregates |
|
Definition
| bind collagen fibrils by electrostatic interactions and multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of decorin, biglycan, and fibromodulin |
|
Definition
| bind to other molecules to stabilize matrix in cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
Definition
| influence interactions between chondrocytes and matrix molecules. mark cartilage turn over and degeneration |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
Definition
| anchorin CII, tenascin, fibronectin |
|
|
Term
| what is and what is the function of anchorin CII |
|
Definition
| a collagen receptor in chondrocytes, a multiadhesive glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| what is and what is the function of fibronectin |
|
Definition
| anchors chondrocytes to matrix, a multiadhesive glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of a young chondrocyte |
|
Definition
| lots of RER, golgi, and mitochondria to make matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the episypheal plate, where is it |
|
Definition
| made of hayline cartilge to elongate bones before puberty and is a model for the fetus skeleton |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of articular cartilage |
|
Definition
| protects long bones and lubricates synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| what is elastic cartilage made of |
|
Definition
| hayline cartilage and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| where is elastic cartilage located |
|
Definition
| the external auditory meatus, epiglottis of the larynx, eustachian tube |
|
|
Term
| what happens to hayline cartilage over time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does not happen to elastic cartilage over time |
|
Definition
| it does not ossify with age |
|
|
Term
| does elastic cartilage have a perichondrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fibrocartilage made of |
|
Definition
| hayline cartilage cross linked with dense regulat connective tissue, has fibroblasts, rows (trains) of chondrocytes in singally |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
| tough, shock absorption, resistance of compression, shearing |
|
|
Term
| where is fibrocartilage found |
|
Definition
| intervertebral discs, pubic symphsis, menisca of the knee, articular discs of joints |
|
|
Term
| does fibrocartilage have perichondrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does gomori trichome do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are multiadhesive glycoproteins proteoglycan linked |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical value of multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
Definition
| markers of cartilage turn over and degeneration |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of bone |
|
Definition
| support fleshy structures, protect organs, permit movement, harbor bone marrow, store calcium and phosphate, metabolically active |
|
|
Term
| does bone bleed when it breaks, why |
|
Definition
| yes, because it is highly vacular |
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does bone tissue contain |
|
Definition
| matrix and cellylar elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineralized intracellular material |
|
|
Term
| what types of cells are in bone |
|
Definition
| osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| where are osteocytes found |
|
Definition
| in spaces (lacunae) in the matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make organic compounds (mostly collagen I) in bone matrix on top of old matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cylindrical spaces that penetrate bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of canliculi |
|
Definition
| allow exchange of materials between osteocytes and blood capillaries because things cannot diffuse across bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the tissue lining the external and internal surfaces of bone called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells are in the endosteum and periostrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compounds to osteoblasts make |
|
Definition
| type I collagen, peoteoglycans, glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| where are osteoblasts found |
|
Definition
| surface of bone tissue side by side |
|
|
Term
| what does an active osteoblast look like |
|
Definition
| cuboidal to columnar with a basophilic cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what does an inactive osteoblast look like |
|
Definition
| flattened with less basophilia |
|
|
Term
| where are osteocytes located |
|
Definition
| one in each lacunae with their cytoplasmic process in the canaliculi |
|
|
Term
| how do single osteocytes in lacunae communicate |
|
Definition
| with gap junctions through canliculi, they exchange things between cells and across the ECM |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape and contents of osteocytes |
|
Definition
| flat almond shape, reduced RER and golgi, more condensed chromatin |
|
|
Term
| what happens when an osteocyte dies |
|
Definition
| it is reabsorbed, but they are usually long living |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape and contents of an osteoclast |
|
Definition
| large, multinucleated (5-50), motile, when active the portion facing the matrix is folded into irregular projections called the ruffled border |
|
|
Term
| where do osteoclasts come from |
|
Definition
| fusion of bone marrow derived from mononuclear cells |
|
|
Term
| where are osteoclasts found, why |
|
Definition
| in depressions in the matrix called howship's lacunae because they ate away some of the bone and are sinking into it (depressed pirate, arg :( ) |
|
|
Term
| what is the ruffled border, what does it do, what surrounds it |
|
Definition
| irregular projections on an active osteoclast on the portion facing the bone matrix, the site of adhesion between cell and bone matrix with villi entering matrix, creates a sealed microenivorment for bone reabsorption to occur, surrounded by clear zone |
|
|
Term
| what do osteoclasts do to break down bone |
|
Definition
| secrete collagenase and other enzymes. pump protons (acid) into the subcellular pocket dissolving the calcium salt crystals and digest the collagen of the matrix with collagenases |
|
|
Term
| why is parathyroid hormone released, what happens when it is |
|
Definition
| it is released because more calcium is needed in the blood. parathyroid binds to receptors on osteroblasts turning them off and making them release osteoclast activating factor so osteoclast activity will increase and bone will be broken down and Ca will enter the blood |
|
|
Term
| why is calcitonin released, what happens when it is |
|
Definition
| because there is too much Ca in the blood. calcitonin binds to osteoclast receptors turning them off so only osteoblasts are working and blood calcium is used to make bone |
|
|
Term
| what are the inorganic parts of the bone matrix |
|
Definition
| calcium, phosphate, hydroxyapatite, amorphous calcium phosphate, kydroxyapatite crystals, hydratoin shell, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium |
|
|
Term
| what portion of bone matrix is inorganic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the organic compounds of the bone matrix |
|
Definition
| type 1 collagen, ground substance |
|
|
Term
| what is in the ground substance of the bone matrix |
|
Definition
| proteoglycan aggregates, structural glycoproteins (bone specific) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the bone specific glycoproteins in the bone matrix |
|
Definition
| promote mineralization of bone |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the molecules in the organic portion of the bone matrix |
|
Definition
| create hardness and resistance |
|
|
Term
| what is the periosteum made of |
|
Definition
| collagen fibers and fibroblasts, sharpey's fibers, osteoprogenitor cells |
|
|
Term
| what are sharpey's fibers, what is their function |
|
Definition
| periostral collagen fibers that penetrate the bone matrix binding periostem to bone |
|
|
Term
| what are osteoprogenitor cells, where are they found |
|
Definition
| fibroblast like cells with the potention to divide and differentiate into osteoblasts in the periosteum |
|
|
Term
| what is the endosteum made of |
|
Definition
| osteoprogenitor cells and some connective tissue, few fibroblasts, collagen |
|
|
Term
| which layer of bone is thinner, periosteum and endosteum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the periosteum and endosteum |
|
Definition
| provide continous supply of new osteoblasts for reapir and growth of bone |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of bone |
|
Definition
| compact, cancellous, primary, secondary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense areas without cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas with interconnecting trabeculated cavities filled with marrow |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for cancellous bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of bone is histologically the same as cancellous bone |
|
Definition
| microscopically compact, they have the same basic histological structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immature or woven, the first formed bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is primary bone seen |
|
Definition
| first to appear in development, fracture repair, other repair, usually temporary |
|
|
Term
| what does primary bone have in it |
|
Definition
| random collagen organization, low minerals, high ostecytes |
|
|
Term
| where is primary bone perminate |
|
Definition
| tooth sockets, sutures of skull, some tendenous intersections |
|
|
Term
| what is the temporary primary bone replaced by |
|
Definition
| secondary bone over time or due to remodeling |
|
|
Term
| where is secondary bone found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is secondary bone made of |
|
Definition
| collagen aranged in lamellae |
|
|
Term
| how are the secondary lamellae organized |
|
Definition
| paralled or concentric around a vascular canal |
|
|
Term
| what is the organization of lamellae in compact bone |
|
Definition
| typical organization, inner marrow cavity, outer layer is beneath the periosteum, has haverian and interstitial areas |
|
|
Term
| what is the haverian system |
|
Definition
| concentric lamellae between the inner and outer circumferential lamellae that surround a central canal of vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is a interstitial lamellae |
|
Definition
| irregular shaped areas between haverian systems |
|
|
Term
| how many lamellae surround a haverian central canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lines the haversian canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the haversian canal contain |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does the haversian canal communicate with |
|
Definition
| marrow cavity, periosteum, and other canals |
|
|
Term
| how does the haversian canal communicate with other canals |
|
Definition
| by the transvers or oblique Volkmann's canals |
|
|
Term
| how are volkmann's canals different than lamellae |
|
Definition
| they perforate lamellae rather than having concentric canals at 90%, connect to lamellae |
|
|
Term
| describe the collagen fibers around a haversian canal |
|
Definition
| collagen fibers are paralled to eachother in ahelical course with the lamella, they change direction in each successive lamella, fibers in adjacent lamella intersect at right angles |
|
|
Term
| how does intramembranous ossification occur |
|
Definition
| in primary ossification centers mesenchyme condenses making spongy structure, bone cells differentate making osteoblasts, osteoblasts make bone, reapsorption and remodeling gives bone shape and texture but ossification happens more than remodeling |
|
|
Term
| what is endochronial ossification |
|
Definition
| desposition of bone matrix on a preexisting cartilage matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reconstruction of bone that occurs during bone growth and through adult life |
|
|
Term
| what is the source of flat bones |
|
Definition
| frontal and parietal bones, part of the occipital and temporal bones, mandilble, contribute to the growht of short bones and thickening long bones |
|
|
Term
| where does intramembranous ossification occur |
|
Definition
| in the condensations of mesenchymal tissue, primary ossification center |
|
|
Term
| where is the starting point for bone fomation |
|
Definition
| primary ossification center |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary ossification center |
|
Definition
| groups of cells differentating into osteoblasts which make matrix then calcify it |
|
|
Term
| what are in the delineate cavities of intramembranous ossifying bone |
|
Definition
| capillaries, bone marrow cells, undifferentiated cells |
|
|
Term
| where does endochondral ossification occur |
|
Definition
| in a piece of hayline cartilage resembling a small version of the bone to be formed |
|
|
Term
| what boes does endochondral ossification make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the process of endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
1. hayline cartilage model with perichondrium and cartilage forming cells
2. perichondria differentiates into bone forming cells making the bone collar, osteoblasts made
3. surrounding cartilage is killed as bone chokes it off, chondrocytes enlarge and are reabsorbed by the matrix as it calcifies
4. osteoclasts remodel it to the right shape and get rid of all non bone tissue except special spots
5. ossification centers from in the epiphesis (special spots we want growing bone)
6. as an adult a growth plates are replaced |
|
|
Term
| where does cartilage remain in secondary ossification centers during endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| articular cartilage, epiphyseal cartilage that connects diaphysis |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of epiphyseal cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do the epiphyseal plates close |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the zones of epiphyseal plate in order from epiphysis to diaphysis |
|
Definition
| resting zone, proliferative zone, hypertrophic cartilage zone, calcified cartilage zone, ossification zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of eipihyseal cartilage with hayline cartilage without cellular changes |
|
|
Term
| what is the proliferative zone |
|
Definition
| area of eipihyseal cartilage where chondrocytes divide rapidly forming columns of stacked cells paralled to the long axis of the bone making cartilage matrix and lenghtening the bone |
|
|
Term
| what is the hypertrophic cartilage zone |
|
Definition
| area of eipihyseal cartilage where large chondrocytes with cytoplasmic glycogen reabsorb matrix and reduce it into a thin septa |
|
|
Term
| what is the calcified cartilage zone |
|
Definition
| area of eipihyseal cartilage where chondrocytes die and a thin septa of matrix becomes calcified |
|
|
Term
| what is the ossification zone |
|
Definition
| area of eipihyseal cartilage where bone tissue appears, boood capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells invate, osteoblasts form and deposit bone matrix over the calsified cartilage matrix |
|
|
Term
| how does calsification begin |
|
Definition
| by deposition of calcium salts on collagen fibrils |
|
|
Term
| how is calsification induced |
|
Definition
| by proteoglycans and high affinity calcium binding glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what do you need to calcify bone |
|
Definition
| by osteoblasts which release matrix vesicles, calcium binding proteins to increase calcium concentration, matrix vessicles to release osteoblasts, alkaline phosphate to increase phosphate |
|
|
Term
| when is bone remodeling very active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does bone do in response to stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main metabolic role of bone |
|
Definition
| contains 99% of the body's calcium, resevoir of calcium and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| how does the bone get calcium to the rest of the body |
|
Definition
| continous interchange with the blood |
|
|
Term
| what are the mechanisms of calcium mobilization from bone |
|
Definition
| simple ion transfer, horomne action |
|
|
Term
| how does simple ion transfer of calcium work in the bone |
|
Definition
| transfer from hydroxyapatite crystals to the insterstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
| where does simple ion transfer of calcium work in the bone occur, why |
|
Definition
| mostly spongy bone, younger lamellae lose and recieve calcium more easily |
|
|
Term
| what hormones regulate calcium mobilization in bone |
|
Definition
| parathyroid and calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| what does parathyroid hormone do |
|
Definition
| promotes osteoclast absorption by using calcium by activating older osteoclast receptors, causes osteoblasts to stop making bone and secrete osteoclast activing factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit bone matrix reabsorption stoping osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the synovial joint |
|
Definition
| generall, unite long bones and have great mobility |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of a synovial joint |
|
Definition
| ligament and a capsule of connective tissue with an articular cavity that has synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of connective tissue in a synovial joint and their location |
|
Definition
| external fibrous dense and internal synovial with fibroblast like cells and macrophage like cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transparent, viscous, colorless, plasma dialysate with hyaluronic acid |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of synovial fluid |
|
Definition
| lubricare articular cartilage, supply nutrients and oxygen to the avascular articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
| where is the hyaluronic acid in the synovial fluid made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of cartilage is articular cartilage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of articular cartilage and why |
|
Definition
| resists pressure by the art due to collagen arangement, sock absorption due to proteoglycans and water |
|
|
Term
| how does the articular cartilage accomplish shock absprption |
|
Definition
| water is forced out of the matrix then electrostatic forces between GAGs force it to speing back allowing the water to return |
|
|
Term
| where is the marrow cavity of a long bone |
|
Definition
| in the center of the shaft, the diaphysis |
|
|
Term
| where is the metaphysis of a long bone |
|
Definition
| between the epiphysis and diaphysis |
|
|
Term
| were is the ephypisis of a long bone |
|
Definition
| on the ends marked by the epiphyseal plate |
|
|
Term
| what is the epiphyseal plate made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is on the very ends of a long bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is articular cartilage made of |
|
Definition
| hayline cartilage, no pericardium |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of an osteocyte |
|
Definition
| maintain bone health, transport, physically non active |
|
|
Term
| where are osteoclasts made from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bone cells are macrophage like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do osteoblasts regulate |
|
Definition
| calcification and mineralization, they are required for it to work |
|
|
Term
| what do osteoblasts look like under EM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are osteocytes formed |
|
Definition
| when osteoblasts are laying down new matrix, some get burried in it and live in a lacunae with non-calcified matrix and become inactive and become osteocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the appositional growth |
|
Definition
| layer of new bone on top of existing bone |
|
|
Term
| how long can the chain of caniculi get |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the caniculi make up for |
|
Definition
| capillaries in bone being far away and the matrix not allowing diffusion |
|
|
Term
| what happens if osteocytes die |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inorganic bone matrix made of |
|
Definition
| calcium, phosphate, hydroxyapetate crystals, calcium phosphate, |
|
|
Term
| what is hydroxyapetite crystals |
|
Definition
| plates along collagen in the ground substance that have a hydration shell allowing for calcium exchange (and other ion) exchange with the body fluids |
|
|
Term
| what are the gross kinds of bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the microscophic types of bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for compact bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are lacunae and lamellae arranged in compact bone |
|
Definition
| lacunae are aranged between layers of lamellae |
|
|
Term
| where is the outer circumfrential lamellae located in difference to the inner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structural situation makes the osteon strong |
|
Definition
| alternating collagen directions in each ring |
|
|
Term
| other than the central canal, where are there vessels in the osteon |
|
Definition
| tiney ones between the lamellae |
|
|
Term
| describe the bone remodeling process |
|
Definition
| osteoclast cut shaft into the bone at the cutting zone as big as an osteon,osteoprogeneraror cells line the edge of the zone just cut and form new bone, outer osteon rings are older than inner due to this process, the hold is closed in until the central canal remains |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of fracture repair |
|
Definition
1. connective tissue proliferates stabilising with hayline cartilage
2. cartilage cells make cartilage
3. bone cells make primary bone
4. remodeling heals bone |
|
|
Term
| where is the primary ossification center located in long bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area in the middle of the cartilage of the model for endochrondal ossification that has the first bone forming cells |
|
|
Term
| where does the skeletal system develop from |
|
Definition
| the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest |
|
|
Term
| how does the paraxial mesoderm form the skeletal system |
|
Definition
| it forms a series of somitomeres and somites on each side of the neural tube |
|
|
Term
| where do somatomeres come from, where are they located, what do they make |
|
Definition
| they come from the paraxial mesoderm and are located in the head, they make the skeleton |
|
|
Term
| where do somites come from, where are they located, what do they make |
|
Definition
| they come from the paraxial mesoderm and are located in the occipital region caudally, they make the skeleton |
|
|
Term
| what does the ventromedial part of the somite differentiate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the sclerotome come from, what does it make and do |
|
Definition
| it comes from somite differentation, becomes mesenchyme which differentiates into cartilage and bone forming cells and vertebra |
|
|
Term
| what skeletal structures does the lateral plate mesoderm form |
|
Definition
| pelvic and sholder girdles, bones of the limbs |
|
|
Term
| what skeletal structures does the neural crest cells form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what skeletal structures does the occipital somites and somitomeres form |
|
Definition
| cranial vault and base of scull |
|
|
Term
| what skeletal structures does the mesenchyme differentiate into |
|
Definition
| flat bones of the scull, hayline cartilage modles for later bones |
|
|
Term
| what is different about mesenchyme from the other bone forming components of embryology |
|
Definition
| it can differentiate directly into bone or make cartilage models of bone |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the scull |
|
Definition
| neurocranium and viscerocranium |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the neurocranium |
|
Definition
| form protective part around the brain |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the viscerocranium |
|
Definition
| forms skeleton of the face |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the neurocranium |
|
Definition
| membranous and cartilagnious (chondocranium) |
|
|
Term
| what is the membranous part of the neurocranium |
|
Definition
| flat bones that surround the brain as the cranial vault |
|
|
Term
| what is the chondrocranium |
|
Definition
| forms bones of the base of the scull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seams of fibrous tissue that seperates flat bones |
|
|
Term
| where is the saggital suture derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the coronal suture derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide sutures where more than two bones meet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5-7 yrs old, but some stay until adulthood |
|
|
Term
| where are the cartilages in the front of the rostal limit of the notochord in the neurocranium derived from |
|
Definition
| neural crest prechordal chondrocranium |
|
|
Term
| what is the rostral limit of the notochord, what does it mark |
|
Definition
| the middle of the sella turcia or where the notochoed travels around where the pituitary is, marks where the mesenchyme derived the structures behind this point and the neural crest the structures in front |
|
|
Term
| how is the base of the scull formed |
|
Definition
| ehn the cartilages of the neurocranium fuse and ossify with endocrinal ossification |
|
|
Term
| where are the cells posterior to the limit of the notochord in the neurocranium derived from |
|
Definition
| sclerotomes chordal chondrocranium |
|
|
Term
| iin the viscerocranium, what are the bones of the face formed by |
|
Definition
| the first two pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
| what does the first pharyngeal arch dorsal portion form |
|
Definition
| maxillary process, zygomatic and temporal bones |
|
|
Term
| what does the first pharyngeal arch ventral position |
|
Definition
| mandibular process from the mesenchyme next to the meckel cartilage |
|
|
Term
| what does the maxillary process form |
|
Definition
| maxilla, zygomatic bone, part of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| what does the dorsal tip of the mandibular process along with the second pharyngeal arch form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the mandibular process, what does the meckel cartilage mesenchyme form, how |
|
Definition
| mandible with membranous ossification |
|
|
Term
| where are the nasal and lacrimal bones derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when are limb buds visible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do limb buds look like when they can first be seen |
|
Definition
| outpocketings of the ventrolateral body wall with a mesoderm core and ectoderm shell |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the limb buds at 6 weeks |
|
Definition
| terminal portions flatten forming handplates and footplates |
|
|
Term
| how do fingers and toes form |
|
Definition
| constrictions develop proximal to the hand and foot plates dividing the limb into two segments, cell death at the AER seperates the five parts along with continued outgrowth |
|
|
Term
| what is different in the timing of the development of the upper vs lower limbs |
|
Definition
| lower limbs are about 1-2 days behind |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the limbs at 7 weeks |
|
Definition
| they rotate in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| how do the upper limbs rotate |
|
Definition
| laterally 90 deg, making the thumb lateral |
|
|
Term
| how do the lower limbs rotate |
|
Definition
| medial 90 deg, making the big toe medial |
|
|
Term
| when are the hayline cartilage models of bones formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesenchyme condenses and cells differentate |
|
|
Term
| at what point can joints form, from what |
|
Definition
| after chondrogenesis is complete, forms from constrictions and the joint interzones that form |
|
|
Term
| when are the primary ossification centers established |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does embryo ossification begin and what way does it extend |
|
Definition
| diaphysis, towards the ends of the model |
|
|
Term
| what what point in time is the diaphysis completely ossified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the HOX gene control in bone development |
|
Definition
| positioning of limbs along the craniocaudal axis, regulates types ahd shapes of limb bones |
|
|
Term
| what controls growth along the proximodistal, anteriorposterior, and dorsoventral axes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does FGF-10 control in bone development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does BMPs control in bone development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what maintains the progress zone in bone development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anteroposterior patterning regulated by |
|
Definition
| zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does retinoic acid do in bone development |
|
Definition
| initiates expression of sonic hedgehog |
|
|
Term
| what does sonic hedgehod control in limb development |
|
Definition
| digits appearing in the proper order |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of dorsalventral patterning |
|
Definition
| BMPs in verntal mesoderm repress WNT7a which induces LMX1 which specifies cells to be dorsal |
|
|
Term
| what part of the somite to vertebra form from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what week does vertebre development begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the process of vertebra development |
|
Definition
1. sclerotome cells migrate around spinal cord and notochord on each side and merge
2. each somit block divides into caudal and rostral position that divide and hook up with a different one putting the vertebra a 1/2 step out of sequence giving proper line up for the nerves and vessels
3. the area where sclera divided will not proliferate and will form intervetebral discs |
|
|
Term
| due to the organization of the scletotome durine vertebra development, what does each vertebra contain |
|
Definition
| two different parts of the sclerotome |
|
|
Term
| how are intervetebral discs formed |
|
Definition
| when cells of the sclerotome migrate to make the certebra, some do not proliferate, the notochord in the disc area does not regress but enlarges making the nucleus pulposus |
|
|
Term
| due to resegmentation in vertebral development what happens to myotomes |
|
Definition
| they bridge the intervetebral discs giving them the capacity to move |
|
|
Term
| due to resegmentation in vertebral development what happens to the intersegmental arteries |
|
Definition
| they pass midway over the vertebral bodies |
|
|
Term
| due to resegmentation in vertebral development what happens to the spinal nerves |
|
Definition
| lie next to intervetebral discs and leave vertebra column through intervetebral foramen |
|
|
Term
| where do the ribs form from |
|
Definition
| the costal process of the thorasic vertebra, sclerotome of paraxial mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| what does the sternum develop from |
|
Definition
| somatic mesoderm of the ventral body wall |
|
|
Term
| describe sternum development |
|
Definition
| two sternal bands form on each side of the midline, they later fuse to corm cartilagnious models of the manubrium, sternbrae, and zyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| what tissues form the structures of the neurocranium |
|
Definition
| neural crest and paraxial |
|
|
Term
| what is the frontal fontanell |
|
Definition
| soft spot on the front of the head where more than two flat bones meet that closes at ~2yrs old |
|
|
Term
| what does the 2nd pharyngeal arch form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once the limb buds form, what happens next in limb development |
|
Definition
| ectoderm thickens on one spot onto apical ectodermal ridge to direct growth and releases growth factors. most proximal tissue will then differentate |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of proximal conditioning |
|
Definition
| FGF-10 begins limb bud outgrowth, BMPs induce AERidge, radical fringe keeps it from twisting, FGF-4 and FGF-8 keep limb tissue undifferentated out the outside and it moves outward so the inner layers can differentiate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows for vertebra to move during development, involved in the splitting of the pre vetebral discs and the fusion of the top part of one with the bottom part of the one above |
|
|
Term
| what does blood transport |
|
Definition
| nuteirnts, oxygen, waste, CO2, hormones, humoral agents |
|
|
Term
| how does blood act in homeostasis |
|
Definition
| acts as a buffer and particupates in colagulation and thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of blood cells |
|
Definition
| erythrocytes RBC, leukocytes WBC, thrombocytes (platlets) |
|
|
Term
| what property does plasma give to blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of material is plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is percentage of blood vs plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a hemocrit show |
|
Definition
| volume of erythrocytes, laukocytes, and platlets in blood |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of blood is RBC in females vs males |
|
Definition
| females 40-50%, males 35-45% |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of blood is leukocytes and platlets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leukocytes and platlets in a hemocrit |
|
|
Term
| in a hemocrit what is the order of the layers in the tube, top to bottom |
|
Definition
| plasma, leukocytes and platlets, RBC |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of plasma, what percentage of plasma are they |
|
Definition
| 91-92% water, 7-8% protein, 1-2% other solutes |
|
|
Term
| what are the other solutes that could be in plasma |
|
Definition
| electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances, nutrients, gasses, regulatory substances |
|
|
Term
| what are the plasma proteins |
|
Definition
| albumin, globulins, fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundent plasma protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of albumin |
|
Definition
| maintain osmotic pressure, carrier protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of globulins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest plasma protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of fibrinogen |
|
Definition
| convert to fibein and form blood cells |
|
|
Term
| what is fibrinogen made by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid part of blood left after blood clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrinogen and clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common stain for examining blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the wright stain made of |
|
Definition
| acidic and basic dyes including azures |
|
|
Term
| describe the process examining blood microscopically |
|
Definition
| cells spread in a thin layer on a slide, air dry, then stain |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of erythrocytes |
|
Definition
| bind oxygen to deliver it to tissues and bind CO2 to remove it from tissues |
|
|
Term
| how do erythrocytes bind oxygen and CO2 |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin and iron containing protein |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the biconcave disc of a RBC |
|
Definition
| larger surface to volume ratio to enhance gas exchange, flexability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane protein in hte RBC that gives flexability |
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of a RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the organelles of a mature RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is inside a mature RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do RBC get energy without organells |
|
Definition
| glucose dependent, anaerobic |
|
|
Term
| what is the lifespan of a RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a RBC dies |
|
Definition
| it is remove from circulation by macrophages of the spleen, bone marrow, and liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immature RBC released into circulation from the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| what is inside a reticulocyte, why does it have any organells? |
|
Definition
| some mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi, just to make cytoskeleton and hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a RBC to mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of staining is used for reticulocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of RBC that are reticulocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do leukocytes carry out their function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of leuyocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the categories of leukocytes |
|
Definition
| granulocytes and agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
| why are there two categories of leukocytes |
|
Definition
| because agranulocytes are mononuclear cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the graunlocytes, why are they named this |
|
Definition
| neutrophils, esiniphils, and basophils, because they have specific granules |
|
|
Term
| what are the agranulocytes, why are they named this |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes and monocytes, because they have non-specific granules |
|
|
Term
| what precent of laukocytes are neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cytoplasm granules in a neutrophil |
|
Definition
| specific, azurophilic, tertiary |
|
|
Term
| how are neutrophil granules released |
|
Definition
| exocytosis or fusion to phagosomes in the cell |
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous neutrophil granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the largest neutrophil granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do specific granules contain |
|
Definition
| enzymes: type IV collagenase, phospholipase, complement activators, antibacterial agents |
|
|
Term
| what are azurophilic granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do asurophilic granules contain |
|
Definition
| myeloproxidase, acid hydrolases, defensins |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of tertiary granules |
|
Definition
| phosphasomes and metalloproteinases |
|
|
Term
| what do phosphasomes contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do metalloproteinases contain |
|
Definition
| gelatinases and collagenases |
|
|
Term
| where do neutriphils carry out their functions |
|
Definition
| in soft tissue, they are very mobile |
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous of the first wave of cells to respond to tissue damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how neutrophils respond to tissue damage |
|
Definition
| ingest and kill microbes and probablly die in the process |
|
|
Term
| what happens when neutrophils die after fighting microbes |
|
Definition
| accumulation of dead microbes and dead neutrophils makes yellow exudate (puss) |
|
|
Term
| what does iL-1 cause, where does it come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells does inflamation and wound healing involve |
|
Definition
| macrophages, lymphocytes, esinophils, basophils, and fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of neutrophils leaving venules by passing between endothelial cells and penetrating connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| how is diapedesis triggered |
|
Definition
| chemicles released in the area of inflamation |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of leukocytes is esinophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cell contents of esinophils |
|
Definition
| bi-lobed nucleus, large azurophilic granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what proteins are in eosinophil granules |
|
Definition
| major basic, eosinophil catitonic, esinophil preroxidase, esinophil derived neurotoxin, and hydrolytic enzymes specific to the granule |
|
|
Term
| what hydrolytic enzymes could be in the esinophil granules |
|
Definition
| histaminase, arylsulfatase, collagenase, carhepsins |
|
|
Term
| what is major basic protein made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what oes arylsulfatase do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does eosinophil derived neurotoxin do |
|
Definition
| causes nervous system dysfunction in parasites |
|
|
Term
| what do major basic protein, esinophil catagonic protein, and esinophil peroxidase do |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic effect on protozoans and helminthic parasites |
|
|
Term
| what to esinophils react to |
|
Definition
| allergic reaction, parasitic infection, chorionic inflammation, disease, helminthic parasitesm mucosal inflammation |
|
|
Term
| where are esinophils normally found, why |
|
Definition
| spleen, lymph nodes, and gi, sites of chronic inflamation |
|
|
Term
| what percent of laukocytes is basophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what granules do basophils contain |
|
Definition
| specific metachromiatic granules |
|
|
Term
| what do basophil granules contain |
|
Definition
| histamine, heparin, heparan sulfate, leukotrienes |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of basophils |
|
Definition
| similar to mast cells, get inflammation started |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response of cells to inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what percent of leukocytes are lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| immune defence mechanisms, mostly specific immune response |
|
|
Term
| where do lymphocytes circulate |
|
Definition
| lymph, blood, and body tissues |
|
|
Term
| describe the cellular contents of lymphocytes: nucleus,chromatin, cytoplasm, granules |
|
Definition
| small round nucleus, condensed chromatin, slightly basophilic, a few azurophilic granules |
|
|
Term
| what percent of leukocytes are monocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of monocytes |
|
Definition
| the precursoe of macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of a monocyte |
|
Definition
| deep indentation, less intesnly stained, horse shoe shaped |
|
|
Term
| what do platlets come from, where is this process located |
|
Definition
| fragmentation of megakaryocytes cytoplasm in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of platlets |
|
Definition
| surveillance of blood vessels, platlet plug, surface coagulation protein complexes, secrete factors that moedulate coagulation and vascular repair |
|
|
Term
| how long do platlets live |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of granules do platlets have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do alpha granules include |
|
Definition
| adhesion molecules, platlet derived growth factor, and fibrinogen |
|
|
Term
| what do dense granules include |
|
Definition
| calcium, ADP, ATP, serotonin |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the platlet cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
| microtubules, actin, myosin, dense tubular system with intracellular store of calcium, canalicular system |
|
|
Term
| what is that function of microtubules in platlets, where are they located |
|
Definition
| maintain disc shape in a band around the outside |
|
|
Term
| where are the actin and myosin in the platlets located, what is their function |
|
Definition
| the haylomere, aggregation |
|
|
Term
| what is the open canicular system |
|
Definition
| system of interconnected membrane channels in continuity with the surface that alpha granules fuse to in platlets, move granular material out of the platlet |
|
|
Term
| what is the second most rare leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when looking under a microscope, what makes esinophils unique, what causes this |
|
Definition
| large shiny red shaded granules caused by major basic protein (crystaline core) of the granules |
|
|
Term
| in general, what do they hydrolytic enzymes of the esinophil do |
|
Definition
| modulate inflammation by down regulating it, calm down inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what does esinophil neurotoxin cause |
|
Definition
| neuro dysfunction in parasites |
|
|
Term
| which granual is the most numerous in esinophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most rare leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of a basophil |
|
Definition
| multi loved, hidden by basophilic granules |
|
|
Term
| what leukocyte has metachromic granules, what does that mean |
|
Definition
| basophils, anionic granules with lots of heprain making it red/purple when dyed |
|
|
Term
| what type of receptors do basophils have, what do these play a role in |
|
Definition
| IgE receptors and helper T cells that play a role in immediate hypersensitivity (analyphalyxis) |
|
|
Term
| what is the second most numerous leukocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a lymphocyte is in the blood, what activity state is it normally in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a leukocyte goes into a tissue and finish their job |
|
Definition
| they can go back into the blood, this makes them unique, through the lymph to the venous system |
|
|
Term
| how long are monocytes in the blood for, after that where do they go, what major event happens |
|
Definition
| a very short time, then they go to the tissue and turn into a macrophage |
|
|
Term
| describe the cytoplasm of a monocyte |
|
Definition
| has granules and some vacules |
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of platlets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of platlets |
|
Definition
| central granular zone and peripherial clear zone |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the central granular zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the peripherial clear zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the granulomere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when a platlet is activated |
|
Definition
| granulomere is activated and is let out of the cell via the canicular canal, the platlet changes shape becoming prickly and shiny making a platlet plug, it then can recruit other platlets and promote adhesion making a premature clot |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary site of hematopoiesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to hematopoiesis, what do growth factors do |
|
Definition
| stimulate proliferation, support differentation of maturing cells, enhance function of mature cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of bone marrow |
|
Definition
| red (hematogenous) and yellow |
|
|
Term
| what is red bone marrow red |
|
Definition
| becuase of the blood and blood forming cells |
|
|
Term
| what is yellow bone marrow yellow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can yellow marrow be converted to, why |
|
Definition
| red bone marrrow, in emergencies (not enough red working) or sickness |
|
|
Term
| what is red bone marrow composed of |
|
Definition
| stroma, hematopoietic cords, and sinusoidal capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of reticular cells and reticular fibers containing collagen 3, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
| how are hematopoietic cords formed |
|
Definition
| when hematopoietic cells and macrophages interact with the stroma through fibronectin, laminin, hemonectin, and cell receptors |
|
|
Term
| how are sinusoidal capillaries supported and reinforced |
|
Definition
| by reticular cells and reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are the main functions of red bone marrow |
|
Definition
| production of blood cells, destruction of senscent RBC, storage of ion in macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what is the stem cell all blood cells come from, where is it located |
|
Definition
| pluripotential stem cell in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| once activated, what do pluripotential stem cells form |
|
Definition
| multiple colony forming units |
|
|
Term
| what are the multiple colony forming units |
|
Definition
| multipotential lymphoid stem cells, multipotential myeloid stem cell |
|
|
Term
| what is the abreviation for a multipotential lymphoid stem cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the abreviation for a multipotential myeloid stem cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do multiple myeloid stem cells differentate into |
|
Definition
| lineage specific progenitors |
|
|
Term
| list the multipotential myeloid stem cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does CFU-E differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does CFU-GM differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does CFU-G differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does CFU-M differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does CFU-Eo differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does CFU-Ba differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does CFU-Meg differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do lineage specific progenerators, in general, give rise to |
|
Definition
| precursor cells: the the first cells morphologically distinguishable as to which cell types they will become |
|
|
Term
| what turns CFU-GEMM into CFU-E |
|
Definition
| erythropoieten, granulocute macrophage colony stimulating factor, IL3, IL4 |
|
|
Term
| what does erythropoieten do |
|
Definition
| regulate RBC rate of production and release from the marrow |
|
|
Term
| in the path of development, what comes after CFU-E |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cell volume as a RBC matures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the nucleus as a RBC matures |
|
Definition
| diameter decreases, chromatin condense, nucleus extrudes |
|
|
Term
| what happes to the cytoplasm as a RBC matures |
|
Definition
| decreased number of polyribosomes, increased hemoglobin, mitochondria and other organells dissipear |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take to go from a proerythroblast to a erythrocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the cell names of the stages from CFU-E to erythrocyte |
|
Definition
| CFU-GEMM, CFU-E, proerythroblast, basophillic arythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatoblast erythroblast, reticulocute, erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| what is the lifespan of a RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regulates the transition of CFU-GM to CFU-G |
|
Definition
| GM-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, interleukin 3 |
|
|
Term
| what regulates the transition of CFU-GEMM to CFU-Eo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in bsophil, neutrophil, and esinophil maturation list the name of the cell stages in order coming after CFu-Ba, G, or Eo |
|
Definition
| myeloblast, promyocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte |
|
|
Term
| what regulates the transition of CFU-GEMM to CFU-Ba |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens between the myrloblast and promyelocyte stages |
|
Definition
| nuclei condense and become more lobulated, granual synthesis |
|
|
Term
| in bsophil, neutrophil, and esinophil maturation explain the process of granual formation, what is the cell called during these 2 steps |
|
Definition
1. azurophilic granual synthesis (promyelocyte)
2. secondary granual synthesis (specific and tertiary in neutrophils) |
|
|
Term
| list the precursor cells that make a neutrophil in order |
|
Definition
| myeloblast, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, mature neutrophil |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for a myeloblast to turn to a myelocyte, what occurs during this phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in bsophil, neutrophil, and esinophil maturation what cell stages can do mitosis. for how long is the cell in these phases total |
|
Definition
| myeloblast, promyrlocyte, myelocyte. 1 week |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take a neturophil to go from a metamyelocyte to a mature neutrophil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the half life of neutrophil circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long can a neutriphil live in connective tissue, then where does it go |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are most of the number of neutrophils lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major compartments that neutrophil development takes place |
|
Definition
| bone marrow and vascular compartments |
|
|
Term
| what are the areas in the bone marrow that neutrophil maturation takes place |
|
Definition
| medullary formation compartment, medullary storage compartment |
|
|
Term
| in the medullary formation compartment, what subcompartments do neutrophils use for development |
|
Definition
| mitotic compartment, maturation compartment |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the medullary storage compartment |
|
Definition
| to release large numbers of neutrophils on demand |
|
|
Term
| what are the subcompartments of the vascular compartment that neutrophils develop in |
|
Definition
| circulating compartment, and migrating compartment |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the circulating compartment |
|
Definition
| activley circulating neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the marginating compartment |
|
Definition
| non-circulating neutrophils present in the vascular space, sequested by vasoconstriction or endothelial adhesion |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between the circulating and marginating compartments |
|
Definition
| they are the same size and are connected |
|
|
Term
| what compartments are larger, the combined medullary or vascular in regards to neutrophil development and life |
|
Definition
| medullary is 5-10 x larger |
|
|
Term
| what is the size of the connective tissue compartment of neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regulates the development of CFU-GM to CFU-M |
|
Definition
| GM-CSF, interleukin 3, monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) |
|
|
Term
| list the monocyte precursor cells in order begining with CFU-M |
|
Definition
| CFU-M, monoblasts, promonocytes, primary lysosome, monocyte, marcophage (later) |
|
|
Term
| what is a monoblast have identical morphology to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large cell with basophillic cytoplasm, large indented nucleus, lacy chromatin and nucleoli |
|
|
Term
| what do promonocytes develop into |
|
Definition
| primary lysosomes that become azurophillic granules of monocytes |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take a monocyte precursor to mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long do monocytes circulate before entering tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens once a monocyte enters the tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are platmets made by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is platlet production regulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of a megakaryoblast |
|
Definition
| kidney shaped woth many nucleoli, polyploid due to endomoitoses as cell develops into a megakaryocyte |
|
|
Term
| describe the cytoplasm of a megakaryoblast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how far can the polyploid nucleus of a megakaryoblast go before it stops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desribe the nucleus of a megakaryocyte |
|
Definition
| irregularly lobulated, coarse chromatin, no visivle nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what is the demarcation membrane, where is it located |
|
Definition
| invaginations of the plasma membrane that ramify in the cytoplasm on megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
| what does the demacation membrane produce |
|
Definition
| platlets are shrd as cytoplasmic fragments from it |
|
|
Term
| what are the precursor cells to lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| lymphoblast and prolymphocyte |
|
|
Term
| where do lymphocytes proliferate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do lymphocytes usually go when circulating |
|
Definition
| thymus and peripherial lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
| why is almost all blood made in the bone marrow, what things present favor this |
|
Definition
| reticular tissue, growth factors, stem cells |
|
|
Term
| in what months of development does the yolk sac make blood, it is the primary maker until when |
|
Definition
| from 0-3 mo, primary untill month 3/4 |
|
|
Term
| in what months does the liver make blood during development, when is it the primary maker |
|
Definition
| 1-9 months, it is primary most of the time |
|
|
Term
| in what months does the spleen make blood during development, when is it the primary maker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what months does the bone marrow make blood during development, when is it the primary maker |
|
Definition
| 4-9 mo, primary around 8 mo - 9 mo |
|
|
Term
| what bone marrow is active |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bone marrow is inactive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when a capillary is sinusoidal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do cells get out of the bone marrow |
|
Definition
| they cross hematopoietic cords and go through the sinusodial capillaries, sort of pushed out but can also attach to the wall and get out themselves |
|
|
Term
| how do platlets get out of the bone marrow |
|
Definition
| megakaryocytes are placed inside the marrow with cytoplasmic process that lay in the sinusoid capillaries and shed the platlets so they are never in it |
|
|
Term
| what are the progenerator cells |
|
Definition
| CFU-L, GEMM, Ba, E, GM, G, M, Eo, Meg |
|
|
Term
| when taking about multipotential myeloid and lymphoid stem cells, what does it really mean by stem cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell the difference between all the progenerator cells |
|
Definition
| you can't they all look alike |
|
|
Term
| what do the multipotential myeloid stem cells turn into in the end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| between what stages of development does a RBC extrude its nucleus |
|
Definition
| orthochromatoblast erythroblast and reticulocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stages of RBC development do mitosis occur |
|
Definition
| CFU-E, proerythroblast, basophillic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast |
|
|
Term
| at what stage in development is a RBC distinguishable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in bsophil, neutrophil, and esinophil maturation at what point can you distinguish between the three (what is the cell called) |
|
Definition
| as a myelocyte when the secondary granules (specific or tertiary) granules form |
|
|
Term
| what developmental difference is there in the nucleus of a metamyelocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are monoblasts located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the precursor cells of platlets in order starting with CFU-Meg |
|
Definition
| CFU-Meg, megakaryoblast, megakaryocyte, platlet |
|
|
Term
| what regulates the development of a CFU-GEMM into CFU-Meg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is contraction of muscle due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| body movements, posture, heat production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| idenical to striated muscle but restricted to the tounge pharynx, upper esophagus, and lumbar of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| where is cardiac muscle found |
|
Definition
| wall of heart and base of great vessels exiting the heart |
|
|
Term
| where is smooth muscle located |
|
Definition
| viscera and vascular system, arrector pili of skin, intrinsic muscles of eye |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for a muscle cell, why |
|
Definition
| fiber due to thread like or fibrous apperance |
|
|
Term
| what is a multinucelate syncytium |
|
Definition
| cells working together to form a functional unit, a muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| how long are muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclei of skeletal muscle fibers in the cytoplasm immediatly beneath the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is skeletal muscle formed in development |
|
Definition
| fusion of individugial myoblasts making it multinucleate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue at the end of a muscle |
|
|
Term
| what covers muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do muscle fibers need a connective tissue covering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on muscles, where do blood vessels and nerves travel |
|
Definition
| in the connective tissue covering |
|
|
Term
| what are the connective tissue coverings of muscle |
|
Definition
| endomysium, perimysium, epimysium |
|
|
Term
| what is endomysium made of |
|
Definition
| reticular fibers surrounding indivigual muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what travels in the endomysium |
|
Definition
| small blood vesels and nerves |
|
|
Term
| what does the perimysium contain |
|
Definition
| groups of fibers to make a bundle or fasicle, large blood vessels and nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functional units of muscle that rend to work together to perform specific functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are types of skeletal muscle fibers classified |
|
Definition
| speed of contraction and metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
| how can you view skeletal muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| histochemical techniques with NADH TR reaction |
|
|
Term
| what is contractile speed |
|
Definition
| how fast the fiber can contract and relax |
|
|
Term
| what determines how fast ATP can be used in muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| velocity of myosin ATPase reaction because it breaks it down |
|
|
Term
| what does the metabolic profile of skeletal muscle indicate |
|
Definition
| capacit for ATP production by oxydative phosphorlyation or glycolosis |
|
|
Term
| what fibers are associated with oxidative metabolism |
|
Definition
| myoglobin with lots of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygen binding protein that resembles Hb in varying amounts in muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| type 1 (slow oxidative), type 2a (fast oxidative), type 2b (fast glucolytic) |
|
|
Term
| why is smooth muscle smooth |
|
Definition
| due to myofilament arangement, a different contractile machine |
|
|
Term
| within the skeletal muscle cells, where is the nuclei located |
|
Definition
| immediatly beneath the cytoplasm membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the rate limiting step in contraction / relaxation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do fibers that use oxidative metabolism need |
|
Definition
| myoglobin and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for type 1 fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the levels of mitochondria, glycogen, and myoglobin in type 1 fibers |
|
Definition
| lots of mito and myoglobin, no glycogen |
|
|
Term
| what color are type 1 fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of movent is type 1 fibers good at |
|
Definition
| slow twitch, single brief contraction, fatuge resistance, low tension |
|
|
Term
| which type of muscle has the slowest ATPase reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of athletes have lots of type 1 fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of muscle fibers are intermediate in size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the levels of mitochondria, glycogen, and myoglobin in type 2a fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for type 2a fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is glycogen used for in muscle |
|
Definition
| make glucose for muscle only |
|
|
Term
| what types of movements are type 2a fibers good at |
|
Definition
| fast twitch, fatuge resistant, high tension |
|
|
Term
| what makes type 2a fibers fature resistant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of athletes have type 2a muscle fibers |
|
Definition
| middle distance runners, swimmers, hockey |
|
|
Term
| whats another name for type 2b fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the levels of mitochondria and myoglobin in type 2b fibers |
|
Definition
| few mitochondria and myoglobin (few oxidation enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| if type 2b fibers dont have mitochondria and myoglobin what do they have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do anaerobic enzymes produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does lactic acid cause in muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscle movements is type 2b fibers good at |
|
Definition
| fast twitch, fatuge prone, increased tension, percice movement like occular and fngers |
|
|
Term
| which type of muscle fibers has the fastest ATPase activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do type 2b fibers get their percision from |
|
Definition
| increased neuro muscular junctions |
|
|
Term
| what type of athletes have type 2b fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the job of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| store and sequester calcium in skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the transverse tubules |
|
Definition
| inward projections or invaginations of the sarcolemma in skeletal muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a myofibril |
|
Definition
| structural functional subunit of the muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of the msarcomere |
|
Definition
| functional subunit of a myofibril |
|
|
Term
| list the subunits down to muscle begining with the sarcomere |
|
Definition
| sarcomere> myofibril> fiber> fasicle> muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collection of skeletal muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire length of the muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is a myfibril made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the contractile element of a muscle fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are myofilaments made of |
|
Definition
| myosin 2, actin and its associated proteins (f actin, traponin, tropomyson) |
|
|
Term
| what is the skeletal muscle thick filament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the skeletal muscle thin filament |
|
Definition
| actin and its associated proteins |
|
|
Term
| what occupies a bulk of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasm |
|
Definition
| actin, it associated proteins, and myosin 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filamentous actin, polymere formed from G actin (globular) |
|
|
Term
| what are the regulatory proteins of skeletal muscle contractile unit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unit of the myofibril |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sarcomere run between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is needed to fuel contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of movements to skeletal muscle filaments make when contracting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two transverse tubules with a terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side |
|
|
Term
| what is a neuromuscular junction |
|
Definition
| a neuron and its associated muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what happens to muscle if nerve function is dyrupted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how acetylcholine causes contraction, tell the story |
|
Definition
| ach is released from the axon terminal presynaptic vesicle, it then reaches receptors on the synaptic cleft on the sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| what does acetylcholinesterase do |
|
Definition
| decrease acetylcholine's ability to bind to receptors, stopping continued muscle stimulation |
|
|
Term
| what is acetylcholinesterase located |
|
Definition
| inside the basal lamina that seperates the motor end plate and sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| what are junctional folds |
|
Definition
| folds on the sarcolemma that increase the surface area |
|
|
Term
| what causes myasthemia graves |
|
Definition
| ach receptors are blocked by antibodies decreasing functional receptors causing a decrease in neuromuscular junctions and widening the sympathetic cleft and smoothing junctional folds |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of myasthemia graves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of disease is myasthemia graves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the nucleus of cardiac muscle. numbers, location |
|
Definition
| 1 nucleus, central location |
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers does cardiac muscle have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the juxtanuclear area |
|
Definition
| made by myofibrils passing around the nucleus of cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| what cell components congregate near myofibrils in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| mitochondria and glycogen |
|
|
Term
| what is the organization of the cardiac muscle SER |
|
Definition
| small, terminal cisternae of SER are close to T tubules making the diad |
|
|
Term
| who has more t tubules: cardiac or skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an itercalated disc and its function |
|
Definition
| junction between cells for structural and communication |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of an intercalated disc |
|
Definition
| fasciae adherins, desmosome, gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of fasciae adherins |
|
Definition
| anchoring acting of terminal sarcomere |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of desmosomes in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| prevent pulling apart of cardiac muscle in contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
| ionic continuity, aloows synctum behavior, passes contraction signals |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are in atrial cells |
|
Definition
| atrial naturietic factor, brain naturitic factor |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the atrial hormones |
|
Definition
| decrease blood pressure via urinary excretion, inhibits renin from the kidney and aldosterone from the adrenal gland, decrease smooth muscle contraction, |
|
|
Term
| what does increased brain naturistic factor indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when we say the heart is autorythmic |
|
Definition
| initiated, regulated and coordinated by LOCAL SPECIALIZED MODIFIED CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS. |
|
|
Term
| what are conducting cells |
|
Definition
| LOCAL SPECIALIZED MODIFIED CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS organized into nodes and specilized fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are the specilized conducting cell nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the specilized conducting cell fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the purkinje fibers located |
|
Definition
| in ventricles, beneath endocardium or epicardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased oxygen causing cell death |
|
|
Term
| what happens when cardiac cell die |
|
Definition
| they are replaced with fibrous connective tissue and loose function |
|
|
Term
| what is anon-fatal myocardial infarction |
|
Definition
| where cardiac cells die and they are replaced with fibrous connective tissue and loose function |
|
|
Term
| can cardiac cells replace themselves when they get hurt, explain |
|
Definition
| kind of, it is shown they have the potential to replicate but in very very small amounts |
|
|
Term
| what neurons control smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| they have their own set of neurons |
|
|
Term
| what are smooth muscle cells shaped like, and their nucleus |
|
Definition
| spindle or falsiform, sausage |
|
|
Term
| how are smooth muscle cells organized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does smooth muscle cells communicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the organells located in smooth muscle cells, what is it called |
|
Definition
| near the ends of the sausage nucleus in clumps called dense bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is a dense body like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cytoskeleton of smooth muscle made of |
|
Definition
| desmin and vimentin (intermediate filaments) |
|
|
Term
| what is the smooth muscle thin filament made of |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle isoform of actin and tryptomyosin, smooth muscle specific proteins |
|
|
Term
| what does the smooth muscle actin attach to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the smooth muscle specific proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the thick filament made of in smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle specific myosin 2 |
|
|
Term
| what type of stimulus can activate smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| mechanical, chemical, electrical |
|
|
Term
| what type of contraction does smooth muscle do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can smooth muscle make |
|
Definition
| type IV collagen, type III collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what can smooth muscle store |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of when smooth muscle would do mitosis |
|
Definition
| in menstrual cycle and pregnacy via the hormones, replace damaged vessels and mucusularis externa of GI which may increase over life |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between fibroblasts and smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| they turn into smooth muscle like becoming myofibroblasts and contract to pull edges of a wound closer |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between epithelial cells and smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| contracts like smooth muscle in sweat, mammary, and salavary glands and in iris of eye |
|
|
Term
| does smooth muscle have traponin or t tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what does the paraxial mesoderm form |
|
Definition
| somites and 7 somatomeres |
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development where are the somatomeres located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what are the somatomeres made of, what do the look like |
|
Definition
| whorls of mesenchyme partially segmented |
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what do somatomeres make |
|
Definition
| voluntary muscles of the head: tounge, extraoccular, muscles associated with pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
| what is the formation of the musches the somatomeres make regulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development where are the somites located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what do the somites make |
|
Definition
| axial skeleton, body wall, limbs, occipital to tail bud, some voluntary head muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the formation of voluntary head muscles by the somites regulated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first thing that happens to somites when it is making muscle |
|
Definition
| epithelization: makes epithelial ball with a cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the two regions of the somites that make muscle |
|
Definition
| ventral, upper, dorsalmedial lip, ventromedial lip |
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what does the ventral region of the somite make |
|
Definition
| scleratome (mesenchyme) that turns into vertebral and rib muscles |
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what does the dorsal region of the somite make |
|
Definition
| dermatome then progenertor muscles then dermytome |
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what do the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lips make |
|
Definition
| 2 progenrator muscles, then dermytome |
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what does the ectoderm make |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle (sweat glands, papillary, mammary galnds) |
|
|
Term
| in regards to muscle development what do the splanchnic mesoderm make |
|
Definition
| some smooth muscle, cardiac muscle |
|
|
Term
| where are the splanchnic mesoderm that make heart muscle located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the splanchnic mesoderm cells located |
|
Definition
| around gut and derivatives of the gut |
|
|
Term
| begining with a precursor cell, describe the process of the creation of skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
| precursor cell > myoblasts > myoblasts fuse into multinucleate muscle fibers > myofilaments appear in cytoplasm > striations visible |
|
|
Term
| what month do striations become visible in skeletal muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somitomere that isnt well organized |
|
|
Term
| where is the somitomere that makes tendons located |
|
Definition
| adjacent to myotome and anterior and postioer border of somite |
|
|
Term
| what transcription factor regulates the development of tendons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three main things that influence muscle production |
|
Definition
| ectoderm, neural tube, notochord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone morphogenic protein 4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibroblast growth factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myogenic regulatory factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what singals ventrolateral lip cells of the dermomytome to expres muscle specific genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what msucles specific genes does the ventrolateral lip cells express |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what induces production of WNT proteins by the dorsal nerve tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at the same time WNT is made by the dorsal nerve tube what is happening at the neural tube |
|
Definition
| SHH proteins secreted in low concentrations |
|
|
Term
| in what part of the neural tube is SHH made |
|
Definition
| notochord and floor plate |
|
|
Term
| what do WNT and SHH affect |
|
Definition
| the dorsomedial lip cells of the dermomytome to release MYF5 and MYO-D |
|
|
Term
| what does the SHH do in ventrolaeral lip cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are MYO-D and MYF5, what family |
|
Definition
| transcription factors of the MRF family |
|
|
Term
| what does the MRF family do |
|
Definition
| activate pathways for muscle development |
|
|
Term
| what week can limb muscles be seen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the process of the formation of limb muscles |
|
Definition
1. mesenchyme from dorsal lateral cells of somite condense near limb bud
2. cells migrate to limb bud
3. somatic mesoderm makes connective tissue
4. connective tissue determines the pattern of muscle formation
5. limb elongates making felxor and extensor components
6. the initially segmental muscle fuses and is now made of tissue from many segments |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationshio between the tissue that form limb muscles and bones |
|
Definition
| it is the same one! somatic mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| what determines the pattern of limb bud formation |
|
Definition
| connective tissue derived from somatic mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| what do the upper limb buds lie opposite to |
|
Definition
| lower 5 cervical and upper two thoracic segments |
|
|
Term
| what do the lower limb buds lie opposite to |
|
Definition
| lower 4 lumbar and upper two sacral segments |
|
|
Term
| how and when do nerves penetrate the limb buds, which ones |
|
Definition
| as buds form, ventral primary rami from the appropirate spinal nerves penetrate into the mesenchyme. at first each eami enters with isolated dorsal and ventral branches but the soon unite! forming a large dorsal and ventral nerve |
|
|
Term
| tell the tale of the formation of cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
once upon a time
1. splanchnic mesoderm around the endothelial tube decided to grow
2. myoflblasts adhered via intercelated discs WITHOUT FUSING
3. myofibrils developed
4. some very special bundles of heart cells with irregular myofibrils were visible
5. they were promoted to perkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| what forms aortic and large artery smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| lateral plate mesoderm and neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| what forms gut and gut derivative smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| splanchnic mesoderm of lateral plate |
|
|
Term
| what forms coronary arteries smooth muscle |
|
Definition
proepicardia and neural crest cells
YOU SHOULD PROBABLLY KNOW THIS |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE THING YOU SHOULD PROBABLLY KNOW EVERY WORD OF FROM THE MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT LECTURE |
|
Definition
| PROEPICARDIA AND NEURAL CREST CELLS MAKE CORONARY ARTERY SMOOTH MUSCLE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT DOES THE PROEPICARDIA AND NEURAL CREST CELLS MAKE WHEN THEY JOIN FORCES |
|
Definition
| CORONARY ARTERY SMOOTH MUSCLE |
|
|
Term
| YOU BETTER NOT MARK THIS CARD RIGHT AND KEEP DOING IT A MILLION TIMES BECAUSE YOU NEED TO KNOW VERY VERY VERY WELL WHAT MAKES THE SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE CORONARY ARTERY |
|
Definition
| PROEPICARDIA AND NEURAL CREST |
|
|
Term
| what makes the smooth muscle of the dilator of the pupil, sphinctors, and muscle in mammary and sweat glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in poland anomaly |
|
Definition
| complete absence of pectoralis major (and sometimes minor too) |
|
|
Term
| what happens in prune belly syndrome |
|
Definition
| complete or partial absence of abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| what symptoms does prune belly have |
|
Definition
| internal organs visible or palpable, bladder, urethre, or urinary malformation or obstruction, incresed fluid leads to distension of abdomen and atrophy of muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the inhericance of muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does muscular dystrophy cause |
|
Definition
| atrophy of muscles leading to weakines |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common muscular dystrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gene is broken in muscular dystrophy, what does it do |
|
Definition
| dystrophin is in a complex linking ECM and cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| which is there more of: neurons or glial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the anatomic divisions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functional divisions of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the principal cells of the nervous system |
|
Definition
| neurons and supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the functional unit of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of supporting cells of the nervous system |
|
Definition
| physical support, protection, electrical insulation,, metabolic exchange between vasculature and nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the supporting cells of the nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of neurons |
|
Definition
| multipolar, bioplar, unipolar |
|
|
Term
| what is the defining feature of multipolar neurons, what do they include |
|
Definition
| multiple processes, motor and interneurons |
|
|
Term
| what is the defining feature of bipolar neurons, what do they include |
|
Definition
| have one axon and one dendrite, retina and galglia of CN VIII |
|
|
Term
| what is the defining feature of unipolar neurons, what do they include |
|
Definition
| have one axon that divides into two long processes, sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for unipolar neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the neuron |
|
Definition
| cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the neuron cell body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the cell body of a neuron also called the perikaryon |
|
Definition
| refers to nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what does the cytoplasm of a neuron contain |
|
Definition
| micothondria, golgi, lysosome, microtubules, and neurofilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abundent RER in neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area devoid of organells, division between cell body and axon |
|
|
Term
| what is different about neuron golgi |
|
Definition
| it is large and perinuclear |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| chemical messenger used by neurons to comminicate with eachother and target tissues, muscles, and glands |
|
|
Term
| where are neurotransmitters made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are neurtransmitters stored, how |
|
Definition
| they are packaged into vessicles and stored at the axon terminal |
|
|
Term
| what is a synaptic vesicle |
|
Definition
| vesicle with neurotransmitter in it |
|
|
Term
| how does the synaptic vesicle get to the axon terminal when it is time for action |
|
Definition
| on a system of intemediate filaments and microtubules |
|
|
Term
| where are neurotransmitters released from the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| by what process are neurotransmitters released from the neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neuron that a neurotransmitters is released from called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the area between a presynaptic and a post synaptic neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you see a postsynaptic neuron density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the postsynaptic neuron recieve the neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
| it binds to receptors on the membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of glial cells |
|
Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependyma |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest glial cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you view and astrocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does immunocytochemistry for astrocytes work |
|
Definition
| antibodies against GFAP are used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glial fibrillary acidic protein, composed of intermediate filaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of astrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cytoplasm of the protoplasmic astrocyte |
|
Definition
| numerous short branching cytoplasmic processes |
|
|
Term
| where is the protoplasmic astrocyte located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the cytoplasm of the fibrous astrocyte |
|
Definition
| fewer short straight cytoplasmic processes |
|
|
Term
| where is a fibrous astrocyte found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microglia derived from |
|
Definition
| monocytes, bone marrow precursor cell CFU-GM |
|
|
Term
| what is the smallest neuroglial cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are microglia cells active |
|
Definition
| sites of injury or disease |
|
|
Term
| what type of function do microglia cells have |
|
Definition
| phagocyte, mediate neuroimmune reactions like those in chronic pain |
|
|
Term
| what do oligodendrocytes make, how |
|
Definition
| myelin in the CNS, they wrap around many axons |
|
|
Term
| where are the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
| lining the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| what type of epithelium are the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
| cuboidal to columnar, modified epithelium |
|
|
Term
| in the brain what are around the ependyma cells |
|
Definition
| capillaries of the choroid plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the choroid plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cellular modification do the ependymal cells have, why |
|
Definition
| cilia and microville to deal with the CSF |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the oligodendrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of hte astrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the astrocytes in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the oligodendrocytes in general |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the astrocyte |
|
Definition
| structural, metabolic support, repair, blood brain barrier |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the general location of the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the ependymal cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the schwann cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the schwann cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the schwann cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the satellite cells |
|
Definition
| provide controlled microenivornment around the neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion, provide a path for metablic exchange as well as electrical insulation |
|
|
Term
| what type of stain do we use on a ganglion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are ganglion nuclei located |
|
Definition
| in the center of the round cell body |
|
|
Term
| what is the sheath of the nerve in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sheath of the nerve in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are groups of fibers in the PNS called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are groups of fibers in the CNS called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many axons does a schwanna cell have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the schmitt-lantermall clefts |
|
Definition
| small areas of a schwann cell cytoplmasm in the myelin areas |
|
|
Term
| what are the domains of schwann cell axon wrap |
|
Definition
| abaxonal, abonaxal, mesaxon |
|
|
Term
| where is the avaxonal located |
|
Definition
| it is the wraping around a schwann cell away from the neurolemma |
|
|
Term
| where is the adaxonal located |
|
Definition
| the wraping on the schwann cell next to the neurolemma |
|
|
Term
| when does the mesaxon form |
|
Definition
| when myelination is complete |
|
|
Term
| where is the mesaxon located |
|
Definition
| connects abaxonal and adaxonal membrane |
|
|
Term
| what does the mesaxon enclose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the process of myelination in CNS |
|
Definition
| unmyelinated axon presses into the schwann cell cytoplasm, a single axon can be enclosed in a single invagination of a schwann cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| what types of axons are usually not myelinated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effects of not being myelinated |
|
Definition
| slow conduction of action potential |
|
|
Term
| what type of axon is pain transmitted on |
|
Definition
| unmyelinated or very lightly myelinated |
|
|
Term
| what types of axons are myelinated |
|
Definition
| ones with large diameters |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of myelination |
|
Definition
| rapid conduction of action potential |
|
|
Term
| what is transmitted on myelinated axons |
|
Definition
| motor impulses, sensory information |
|
|
Term
| what is a node of ranvier |
|
Definition
| junction between two schwann cells devoid of myelin |
|
|
Term
| what is an internodal segment |
|
Definition
| myelin between nodes of ranvier |
|
|
Term
| what is saltatody conduction |
|
Definition
| action potential skipping from node to node due to myelination producing rapid transmission |
|
|
Term
| what does a mixed nerve contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the connective tissue coverings of a nerve |
|
Definition
| endonerium, perinerium, epinerium |
|
|
Term
| what does the endonerium wrap |
|
Definition
| a single axon and its myelin |
|
|
Term
| what does the parineurium wrap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the perineurium form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the epineurium wrap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the CNS what myelinates axons, how |
|
Definition
| oligodendrocytes, wrap several axons and make myelin |
|
|
Term
| what are the myelin specific proteins in the CNS |
|
Definition
| proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (Omgp) |
|
|
Term
| why might myelin specific proteinis be deficient |
|
Definition
| it is the pathogenesis of several autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a demyelinating disease of the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does gray matter refer to |
|
Definition
| neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and neurogila |
|
|
Term
| what are neuronal cell bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does white matter consist of |
|
Definition
| myelinated axons and unmyelinated axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are corticol neurons located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers do corticol neurons have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the corticol neurons |
|
Definition
| mononuclear, external granular, external pyrimidal, internal granular, ganglionic, multiform |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the cerebellar cortex neurons (indicate location) |
|
Definition
| molecular (outer), purkinje (middle), granule (inner) |
|
|
Term
| what is the most distinct layer of the cerebellar cortical neurons, why |
|
Definition
| purkinje layer, they have a tear drop shaped cell body with elaborate dendeitic trees |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the blood brain barier |
|
Definition
| restrict passage of certian substances from the blood into the CNS |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells, tight junctions, basement membranes, astrocyte end feet |
|
|
Term
| what makes it tough for substances to get into the CNS |
|
Definition
| they must get through the endothelial cell, basement membrane, and astrocyte end foot |
|
|
Term
| YOU SHOULD PROBABLLY KNOW WHAT THE COMPONENTS OF THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER ARE. YOU KNOW WHAT, DONT EVEN MARK THIS CARD RIGHT. KEEP DOING IT. OVER AND OVER. |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells, tight junctions, basement membranes, astrocyte end feet |
|
|
Term
| what can easily pass through the blood brain barier, how |
|
Definition
| O2, CO2, -OH, diffusion through the endothelial wall |
|
|
Term
| how do substances that cannot diffuse into the blood brain barrier get in |
|
Definition
| active transport by specific receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the exclusive energy source for neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give examples of things activly transported across the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
| glucose, amino acids, nucleosides, vitamins |
|
|
Term
| how is the brain protected against drugs and forigen proteins |
|
Definition
| the blood brain barrier and proteins on the membrane of endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the nerve fiber distal to the site of injury |
|
Definition
| degenerates due to dysruption of axonal transport |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterograde degeneration |
|
Definition
| degenerates due to dysruption of axonal transport in a nerve distal to the site of injury |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for anterograde degeneration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for an axon distal to the site of injury to fragment in the PNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long does it take for an axon distal to the site of injury to fragment in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during injury to neurons, the myelin sheath fragments. then what happens to it |
|
Definition
| phagocytic cells derived from schwann cells in the PNS and microglia in the CNS migrate to the site of injury and remove them |
|
|
Term
| what happens in internodal segments during injury |
|
Definition
| retrograde degeneration but only for afew segments |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the schwann cells distal to an injury |
|
Definition
| their external laminae ramain as tubular structures |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the nissl bodies in injury |
|
Definition
| neuron swells and moves peripherial and nissl bodies are lost |
|
|
Term
| what is the chromatolysis |
|
Definition
| loss of nissl substance from the cell body |
|
|
Term
| what is the change in the cell body proportional to in a neuron during injury |
|
Definition
| the amount of axoplasm lost by the injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if lots of axoplasm is lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to a muscle when the motor fiber is cut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain PNS scar formation |
|
Definition
| connective tissue and schwann cells form scar tissue in gap between severed axon |
|
|
Term
| what determines if a PNS neuron can regenerate |
|
Definition
| if the scar tissue isnt too much or it can be surgically removed |
|
|
Term
| explaiin CNS scar formation |
|
Definition
| forms from proliferating glial cells and it prevents regeneration |
|
|
Term
| what are the main changes that take place in a nerve fiber that is injured, 6 things |
|
Definition
1. neuronal nucleus moves to cell periphery and nissil bodies are reduced
2. nerve fibers distal to the injury are degenerated along with myelin
3. debris is phagocytosed by macrophages
4. muscle fiber atrophies
5. schwann cells proliferate forming compact cord growing axon |
|
|
Term
| what is included in the cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which has higher pressure; arteries or veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is blood pushed through veins |
|
Definition
| negative air pressure through inspiration, muscular contractions |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a capillary |
|
Definition
| nutrient, waste, and gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid is pushed out on the artery end of the capillary and due to the proteins in the blood, it is sucked back in on the vein side, but some does not go back in and becomes lymph |
|
|
Term
| what vessels carry blood away from the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction do veins carry blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do white blood cells leave the circulation at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the capillary composed of |
|
Definition
| endothelium and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the heart is systemic circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the heart is pulmonary circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of |
|
Definition
| dense regular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is te function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the fibrous skeleton of the heart constructed |
|
Definition
| 4 fibrous ringsfor each valve, 2 trigones connecting the rings and membranous part of the interventricular septa and intercalated discs |
|
|
Term
| what is the molecule of the conducting system of the heart |
|
Definition
| specilized heart muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the epicardium made of |
|
Definition
| simple squamous mesothelium, visceral layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the endocardium, what is it made of |
|
Definition
| inner lining of the heart. endothelial and subendothelial connective tissue, some smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the subendocardial layer |
|
Definition
| the layer of the heart that is deepest with puekinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of conduction in the heart |
|
Definition
1. SA node
2. AV node
3. down the bundle of HIS
4. right and left bundle branches
5. sybendothelial branches (purkinje) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the SA node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the SA node made of |
|
Definition
| special cardiac muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what are purkinje fibers made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer of the heart are purkinje fibers in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what lies next to purkinje fibers, what are they NOT used for |
|
Definition
| autonomic nerve fibers, DO NOT BEGIN HEART BEAT |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean when said the heart is autorythmic |
|
Definition
| inherently rythmic, genetrated intrinsically via synchronized special heart muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what does autonomic regulation to to the heart |
|
Definition
| ALTER heart beat, does NOT initiate, REGULATES |
|
|
Term
| what is the chronotrophic effect |
|
Definition
| regulation of heart rate via autonomic nerves |
|
|
Term
| where does parasympathetic stimulation for the heart come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do presynaptic parasympathetic neurons that regulate the heart synapse |
|
Definition
| in the heart wall, at the SA or AV node, some to coronary artery |
|
|
Term
| what are the ganglia in the SA or AV node called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter for parasympathetic heart nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does acetylcholine do to the heart |
|
Definition
| slows heart rate and constricts coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constriction of coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| where does sympathetic innervation of the heart come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do sympathetic fibers innervating the heart synapse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do postganglionic fibers sympathetic innervation of the heart land |
|
Definition
| SA or AV node, or coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| what neurotransmitter do sympathetic fibers innervating the heart use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does norepinepherine do to the heart |
|
Definition
| regulates SA node impulses, causes trachecardia, increases contraction and heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased contraction force and rate of the heart, dilates coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of arteries and veins |
|
Definition
| tuinca intamia, tunica media, tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| what is the tunica intamia made of |
|
Definition
| endothelial, basal lamina, subendothelium, connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the tunica media made of |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle, circumfruntally |
|
|
Term
| what is the tunica adventitia made of |
|
Definition
| collagenous and elastic tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small vessels, nourish the tunica media in large vessels |
|
|
Term
| what is the nervi vascularis |
|
Definition
| control smooth muscle autonomically in arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
| where is the nervi vascularis located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the vasa virosum located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the lagest elastic arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the elastic arteries |
|
Definition
| aorta, pulmonary, bracheocephalic, common caroted, subclavian, common iliac |
|
|
Term
| where are the rod cytoplasmic inclusions located |
|
Definition
| in the cytoplasm of elastic arteries tunica intamia |
|
|
Term
| what do the rod cytoplasmic inclusions do |
|
Definition
| release coagulation factor VIII (8) |
|
|
Term
| what is coagulation factor VIII (8) made by |
|
Definition
| endothelial cells in elastic arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for coagulation factor VIII (8) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for rod cytoplasm inclusions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of elastic arteries |
|
Definition
| maintain selectivly permiable layer, maintain nonthrombogenic barrier, release prothrombogenic agents, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, regulate immune response, hormone synthesis, growth factor for metabolism, modify lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the nonthrombegenic barrier between |
|
Definition
| platlets and subendothelial tissue |
|
|
Term
| how do elastic arteries maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier |
|
Definition
| release anticolagulents (thrombomodulin) and antithrombogenic substances (prostacyclin, tissue plasminogen activator) |
|
|
Term
| what antithrombogenic substance do the elastic arteries release that is REALLY REALLY REALLY important for the block exam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is prostacyclin YOU BETTER KNOW!! |
|
Definition
| antithrombogenic substance released by endothelial cells to maintain the nonthrombogenic barrier |
|
|
Term
| what do damaged elastic artery endothelial cells release |
|
Definition
| protrombogenic agents (coagulation factor VIII (8), plasminogen activator) |
|
|
Term
| what do prothrombogenic agents do |
|
Definition
| cause platlets to aggregate and release factors that cause formation of clots or thrombi |
|
|
Term
| how do the elastic arteries cause vasoconstriction |
|
Definition
| endothelin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
|
|
Term
| how do elastic arteries cause vasodilation |
|
Definition
| endothelial derived relaxation factor, prostacyclin |
|
|
Term
| how do elastic arteries modify lipoproteins |
|
Definition
| VLDL and LDL are oxidized by free radicals made by endothelial cells, modified LDL are endocytosed by macrophages making foam cells |
|
|
Term
| what is a characteristic feature of athlerosclerotic plaques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of atherosclerotic plaque formation |
|
Definition
1. endothelial cells express cell adhesion molecules
2. monocytes migrate through endothelium
3. platlet derived growth factor is release from smooth m
4. PDGF migrates from tunica media to intima
5. intima gets more ECM and thickens
6. foam cells and smooth m accumulate LDLs that cross endothelial barrier
7. endothelial oxidizes LDL via free radicles |
|
|
Term
| what expresses adhesion molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what initiates for monocytes to go through vessel endothelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes smooth muscle to migrate from tunica media to intima |
|
Definition
| platlet derived growth factor |
|
|
Term
| where do foam cells come from |
|
Definition
| macrophages and smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the medium sized artery of them all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare elastin, smooth muscle, and tunica media of muscular arteries to the rest |
|
Definition
| less elastin, more smooth muscle, tunica media almost completely smooth |
|
|
Term
| what is the internal elastic membrane |
|
Definition
| prodominate layer in muscular arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is the neurovascular bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare an arteriole to a venule in shape |
|
Definition
| arterioles are more round |
|
|
Term
| how do RBC get through capillaries if their so small |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are continous capillaries located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects cells in continous capillaries |
|
Definition
| occulding or tight junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unspecilized cell derived from same precursor as endothelial. waiting to participate in tissue repair and connective tissue after injury |
|
|
Term
| where are fenestrated capillaries loated |
|
Definition
| endocrine glands, GI, gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| what are the physical characteristics of fenestrated capillaries |
|
Definition
| have gaps or ion channels with nonmembranous diaphragm in the fenestrations |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for discontinous capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are sinusoidal capillaries located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of sunosoidal capillaries, how does this correlate with their function |
|
Definition
| large, irregular shape causes blood to flow slow letting macrophages near every cell to survey it |
|
|
Term
| desribe the basal lamina of sunosidal capillaries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sphinctor on an arteriole that regulates blood flow into capillaries. tends to push fluid out of vessels and into space between capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what makes a medium sized vein different in size than medium arteries |
|
Definition
| thicker tunica dventitia than arteries |
|
|
Term
| what makes a large vein large |
|
Definition
| thick tunica adventitia, thin tunica media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are atypical veins located |
|
Definition
| in folds of dura mater that are endothelial lined |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for atypical veins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of atypical veins |
|
Definition
| superior saggital, inferior saggital, transverse, sigmoid, cavernous sinus |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of lymph vessels |
|
Definition
| carry protein rick fluid back to circulation |
|
|
Term
| how do lymph vessels begin |
|
Definition
| with blind ended tubes in the tissues converging into vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the largest lymph vessels |
|
Definition
| thoracic and right lymphatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| when does the vascular system appear in development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells begin vascular development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are cardial progeneitor cells initially located |
|
Definition
| epiblast, lateral to the primitive streak |
|
|
Term
| where do cardiac progenitor cells migrate to first when they begin development of vascular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what order do cells designated to the vascular system migrate through the streak in |
|
Definition
| cranial segments of heart and outflow tract, caudal heart, right and left ventricles, sinus venosis |
|
|
Term
| where do cardiac progenitor cells settle after streak migration |
|
Definition
| buccopharyngeal membrane and neural folds, splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| after the cardiac progenitor cells settle at the buccopharyngeal membrane and neural folds, what happens |
|
Definition
| cells are induced by underlying pharyngeal enoderm to form cardiac myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| once cardiac myoblasts form, what forms next, what do these then form |
|
Definition
| blood islands that form blood cells and vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood islands forming blood cells and vessels |
|
|
Term
| what shape and what surrounds blood islands after they initiate formation |
|
Definition
| horseshoe shape surrounded by myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| what is the cardiogenic field |
|
Definition
| horseshoe shaped blood islands surrounded by myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| what makes the pericardial cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the dorsal arotae |
|
Definition
| blood islands that are bilateral, parallel, and close to the midline |
|
|
Term
| during development, how is the heart first positioned |
|
Definition
| central part is anterior to the bubbopharyngeal membrane and neural plate |
|
|
Term
| once the neural tube closes what is the position (location within) of the heart. what does this step to to the CNS location too |
|
Definition
| CNS grows rapidly and extends over the central cardiogenic area and future paracardial cavity, pulls the brain and cephalic folding forward |
|
|
Term
| after the heart moves away from the buccopharyngeal memrane, were are its next two locations in order |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| now that the heart is in the thorax, the embryo begins to fold cephalocaudally and laterally. what does this do to the shape and position of the heart? what does this cause to develop? |
|
Definition
| caudal regions of cardic primordia merge except at caudal ends. crescent part of blood island horseshow expands forming the future outflow tract and ventricular regions |
|
|
Term
| after the heart is located in the thorax and after cephalocaudal folding of the embryo changes its shape, what is the new shape, what is it now made of |
|
Definition
| it is a continous expanded tube that has an inner endothelial layer and outer myocardial layer |
|
|
Term
| where does the heart first recieve venous drainage at, when |
|
Definition
| caudal pole, after it moves to thoracic and reshapes and gets two layers |
|
|
Term
| where does the heart first recieve arteries at, when |
|
Definition
| first aortic arch into the dorsal aorta at cranial pole, after it moves to thoracic and reshapes and gets two layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick ECM that is between the myocardium and endothelium during heart tube development |
|
|
Term
| when does the cardiac jelly form |
|
Definition
| just after the aortic arch and first vein |
|
|
Term
| what is cardiac jelly made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms a majority of the epicardium in heart development, how |
|
Definition
| mesothelial cells on the surface of the septum transversum form proepicardium near sinus venosus and migrate over the heart forming the epicadrium |
|
|
Term
| what is the non majority of epicardium formed by in heart development, where do these cells come from |
|
Definition
| mesothelial cells from the outflow tract region |
|
|
Term
| overall, what is the heart tube made of |
|
Definition
| endocardium, myocardium, muscular wall, epicardium or visceral pericardium |
|
|
Term
| what forms the coronary arteries, their endothelial and smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one day 23, what bends and shifts and folds and stuff happen in heart development, what does this all form |
|
Definition
| cephalic portion bends ventrally caudally and to the right, atrial and caudal portion shifts dorsocranially and to the left making the cardial loop |
|
|
Term
| what happes on day 28 during heart development |
|
Definition
| local expensions become visible through out the length of the heart tube |
|
|
Term
| what is the atrioventricular junction |
|
Definition
| narrow opening that forms the atrioventricular canal |
|
|
Term
| what does the atrioventricular canal connect |
|
Definition
| embryonic ventricle and common atrium |
|
|
Term
| how does the common atrium form |
|
Definition
| atrial portion, initially a paired structure outside the pericardial cavity forms it and is incorporated into the pericardial cavity |
|
|
Term
| what forms the trabeculated part of the right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the midpart of the bulbus cordis that forms the outflow tracts in both ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what is the turncus arteriosis |
|
Definition
| distal part of the bulbus cordis that forms the roots and proximal portion of the aorta and pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary interventricular foramen |
|
Definition
| junction between ventricle and bulbus cordis that remains narrow |
|
|
Term
| what forms the primitive traveculae in two sharp defined areas just proximal and distal to the primary interventricular foramen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once the primitive ventricle is travuclated what is it called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primitive right ventricle made of |
|
Definition
| trabeculated proximal third of the bulbus cordis |
|
|
Term
| where is the conotruncal portion of the heart tube initially located, where does it gradually move to |
|
Definition
| right side of pericardial cavity, to the middle |
|
|
Term
| why does the heart tube shift from right to middle pericardial cavity |
|
Definition
| formation of two transverse dilations of the atrium that bulge on each side of the bulbus cordis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the heart lies on the right side of the torax instead of the left because the heart loops to the left instead of the right |
|
|
Term
| what disease may dextrocardia conincide with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some organs are reversed and others are not |
|
|
Term
| for laterality, cardiac looping is dependnt on what genes |
|
Definition
| nodal, lefty2 and transription factor PITX2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the lateral plate mesoderm on the left side of the heart |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of PITX2 |
|
Definition
| deposition and function of extracellular matrix molecules in looping |
|
|
Term
| what does NKX2.5 upregulate |
|
Definition
| expression of HAND1 and HAND2 |
|
|
Term
| where does HAND1 become restricted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does HAND2 become restricted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of HAND1 and 2 |
|
Definition
| expansion and differentation of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what markes up the largest category of human birth defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are most heart birth defects due to |
|
Definition
| genetic and enivornmental (multifactorial)causes |
|
|
Term
| what are the clastic examples of cardiovascular teratogens |
|
Definition
| rubella, retionic acid (accutane), alcohol |
|
|
Term
| what maternal diseases can cause heart defects |
|
Definition
| insulin dependent diabetes, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| what chromosome abnormality has a 100% rate of heart defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what other genetic syndromes are cardiac malformations associated with |
|
Definition
| crainofacial abnormalities like DiGeorge, Goldenhar, Down Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| what does a mutation in TBX5 cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of hold oram syndrome |
|
Definition
| radial limb abnormailities, atrial septal defects, polydactyly, syndactyly, absent radius, hypoplasic, conduction abnromalities |
|
|
Term
| what is hold oram syndrom considered to be in the heart-hand syndrome category, what does this mean |
|
Definition
| the same genes participate in mulriple developmental processes, TBX5 regulates forelimb development and plays a part in septation of the heart |
|
|
Term
| when does the sinus benosus recieve venous blood from the right and left sinus horns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does each sinus horn recieve blood from |
|
Definition
| vitelline or pmpholmesenteric vein, umbilical vein, common cardinal vein |
|
|
Term
| what happens once the right umbilical vein and left vitelline vein obliterate, when does this happen |
|
Definition
| week 5, then the left sinus horn rapidly looses its importance |
|
|
Term
| when is the common cardinal vein obliterated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after the common cardinal vein is obliterated in week 10, what is left of the left sinus horn |
|
Definition
| oblique vein of left atrium and coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| once only the oblique vein of left atrium and coronary sinus are left of the left sinus horn, what happens to the right horn |
|
Definition
| the veins enlarge and it forms the only communication between the origional sinus venosus and the atrium which is incorporated into the right atrium to form the smooth walled part of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| what is on each side of the sinoatrial oriface |
|
Definition
| valvuar fold, the left and right venous valves |
|
|
Term
| on the dorsocranial side of the sinoatrial oriface what happens to the valves, what do they form |
|
Definition
| the fust forming the septum spurium |
|
|
Term
| what do the left venous valve and septum spirum valve fuse with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the superior portion of the right venous valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior portion of the venous valve develop into |
|
Definition
| valve of IVC and valve of coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| what forms the division between the original trabeculated right atrium and the smooth part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sinus venarum |
|
Definition
| the smooth part of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| where does the sinus venarum form from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on which days is the major septa of the heart formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the endocardial cushions |
|
Definition
| growing masses of tissue that approach eachother and fuse dividing the lumen of the cardiac septa into separate canals, this could also be done with a single tissue growing until it reaches the opposite side of the lumen |
|
|
Term
| what regions do the endocardinal cushions develop |
|
Definition
| atrioventricular and conotruncal |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the endocardinal cushions in the regions they creaed |
|
Definition
| help form atrial and ventricular membranous septa and the aortic and pulmonary channels |
|
|
Term
| when the cardiac septa only forms from one ridge, the growth of the expanding portions continues on the other side of the ridge and the ridge approaces the opposite wall forming a septum, what complication does this bring |
|
Definition
| the septum never completely divides the lumen but leaves a narrow communicating canal between the two expanded sections and is ususlly closed secondarily by tissue contribubted by neighboring proliferating tissues, it partially divides atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
| describe the first portion of the septum primum |
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Definition
| siclke cell shaped crest that grows from the roof of the common atrium into the lumen with two limbs that extend to the endocardial cushions in the antrioventricular vanal |
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Term
| what is the ostium primum |
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Definition
| opening between the lower rim of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions |
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Term
| what do extensions of the inferior and superior endocardial cushions grow along |
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Definition
| the edge of the septum primum |
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Term
| what closes the ostium primum |
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Definition
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Term
| just before the ostium primum closes, what happens to the septu, primum |
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Definition
| cell death in the upper part of the septum primum produces perforations that coalesce to form the ostium secundum |
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Term
| what is the function of the ostium secundum |
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Definition
| ensures free blood flow from the right to left primitive atrium |
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Term
| how does the septum secundum form |
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Definition
| when the lumen of the right atrium expands due to the incorporation of the sinus horn this new crescent shaped hole appears |
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Term
| what is the opening left by the septum secundum called, how does it form |
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Definition
| foramen ovale, the ipper part of the septum dissipears and the remain part becomes the valve of the foramen ovale |
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Term
| where does the first pulmonary vein come from, where does it go |
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Definition
| outgrowth of the left primitive atrium, it connects with the veins of the developing lung buds |
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Term
| how are the large smooth walled parts of the left atrium formed |
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Definition
| pulmonary vein and its branches incorporate into the left atrium making it |
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Term
| in the fully developed heart what represents the original embryonic left atrium |
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Definition
| small trabeculated atrial appendage (auricle) |
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|
Term
| what does the smooth walled part of the left atrium develop from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the original embryoic right atria become |
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Definition
| trabeculated right atrial appendage (auricle) containing the pectinate muscles |
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Term
| where does the sinus venarum form from |
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Definition
| right horn of the sinus venosus |
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Term
| in what week does the truncus appear, what exacelt can be seen at this point |
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Definition
| week 5, opposing ridges appear called right superior truncus swelling and left inferior truncus swelling |
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Term
| in which diretion does the right superior truncus swelling grow |
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Definition
| distally and to the left towards the aortic sac |
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Term
| in which direction does the left inferior truncus swelling grow |
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Definition
| distally and to the right towards the aortic sac |
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Term
| once the inferior and superior truncus swellings grow,they reach the aortic sac, then what do they do, why, what does this form |
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Definition
| twist around eachother, setting the stage for the sprinal course of the future septum, after complete fision they form the aorticopulmonary septum |
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Term
| what does the aorticopulmonary septum divide |
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Definition
| truncus into aortic and pulmonary channels |
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Term
| where are the conus swellings located |
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Definition
| on the right dorsal and left ventrical walls of hte conus cordis |
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|
Term
| in what direction fo the conus swellings grow |
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Definition
| towards eachother, and distally to unite with the truncus septum |
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Term
| what is the anterolateral portion of the conus |
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Definition
| outflow tract of the right ventricle |
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Term
| what is the posteromedial portion of the conus |
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Definition
| outflow tract for the left ventricle |
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Term
| what forms the muscular part of the interventricular septum |
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Definition
| medial walls of the expanding ventricles become apposed and gradually merge |
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Term
| what happens to the interventricular foramen when the conus septum forms |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the interventricular formation in relation to the interventricular septum |
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Definition
| above the muscular portion |
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Term
| how is the interventricular foramen closed, what does this form |
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Definition
| outrgowths of tissue forming the inferior endocardial cushions along the top of the muscular septum forming the membranous part of the interventricular septum |
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Term
| what cells contribute to endocardial cushion formation in both the conus cordis and truncus arteriosus regions |
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Definition
| neural crest cells from the neural folds in the hind brain region |
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Term
| what happes in the neural crest cells from the neural folds in the hind brain region are abnormally migrated, proliferated, or differentated |
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Definition
| congenital malformations like: tetraology of Fallor, persistent truncus arteriosus, transportation of the great vessels, facial and cardiac abnormalities |
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Term
| why if when the neural crest cells from the neural folds in the hind brain region are abnormally migrated, proliferated, or differentated do we usually see cardiac and facial abnormalities in the same person |
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Definition
| neural crest cells contribute to both processes |
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|
Term
| where do most ventricular septal defects occur |
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Definition
| muscular region of the septum |
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Term
| what is the result of most ventricular septal defects |
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Definition
| usually resolve as the child grows |
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Term
| what type of ventricular septal defects are more serious, what are they associated with |
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Definition
| membranous, abnormailities in partitioning of the conotruncal region |
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Term
| where is there an abonrmality in the tetraology of fallot |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes tetraology of fallot |
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Definition
| unequal division of the conus resulting in anterior displacement of hte conotruncal septum |
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|
Term
| what cardiovascular alterations does tetraology of fallot cause |
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Definition
| narrow right ventricular outflow region (pulmonary stenosis), ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Term
| tcauses transposition of the great vessels |
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Definition
| conotruncal septum fails to follow its normal spiral course and runs straight down causing the orta to iriginate from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left |
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Term
| what condition is transposition of the great vessels usually associated with |
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Definition
| defect in the membranous part of the interventricular septum, or opening or patent ductus arteriosus |
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