Term
| what is the shape of the adrenal glands |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the adrenal glands embedded in |
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Definition
| parirenal fascia of the kidney |
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Term
| where are the adrenal glands located |
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Definition
| superior pole of the kidneys |
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Term
| what is another name for the adrenal glands |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the adrenal glands covered with |
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Definition
| thick connective tissue capsule |
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Term
| what extends from the adrenal gland capsule into the parenchyma |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the trabeculae of the adrenal gland |
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Definition
| carry blood vessels and nerves in |
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Term
| how is the secretory parenchyma of the adrenal gland organized |
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Definition
| into corticol and medullary regions |
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Term
| what is 90% of the cortex of the adrenal gland made of, what does it secrete |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete |
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Definition
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Term
| what do cortical cells originate from |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the adrenal medulla originate from |
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Definition
| neural crest cells that migrate into the developing gland |
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Term
| what arteries supply the adrenal gland |
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Definition
| superior, middle, and inferior suprarenal arteries |
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Term
| what do the arteries of the adrenal glands do before they enter it |
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Definition
| branch into many small arteries |
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Term
| what do the vessels do when they get inside the adrenal gland |
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Definition
| branch and make three patterns: capsular capillaries, fenestrated corticol capillaries, medullary capillaries |
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Term
| what do caspular capillaries supply |
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Definition
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Term
| what do fenestrated corticol capillaries supply |
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Definition
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Term
| where do fenestrated corticol capillaries drain |
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Definition
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Term
| where are medullary arterioles located |
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Definition
| transverse the cortex and bring arterial blood to the medullary capillaries |
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Term
| what supplies blood to the medulla of the adrenal gland |
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Definition
| medullary arterioles, venous blood from corticol sinusoids that have already supplied the cortex |
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Term
| where does blood from the adrenal gland medulla go |
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Definition
| small adrenomedullary collecing veins that joint to form central adrenomedullary vein |
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Term
| what is unusual about the central adrenomedullary vein and its tributaries |
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Definition
| have a tunica medial containing longitudinally oriented bundle of smooth muscle |
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Term
| what does contraction of the smooth muscle of the central adrenomedullary vein and its tributaries cause |
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Definition
| volume of the adrenal gland to decrease |
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Term
| what happens when the volume of the adrenal gland decreases |
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Definition
| ehances efflux of hormones from the adrenal medulla into the circulation |
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Term
| what are the zones of the adrenal cortex divided based on |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the zones of the adrenal cortex (also, what percent are the zones of the cortex) |
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Definition
| zona glomerulosa (15%), zona gasciculata (80%), zona reticularis (5-7%) |
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Term
| where is the zona glomerulosa |
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Definition
| narrow outerzone of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
| where is the zona fasciculata |
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Definition
| thick middle zone of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
| where is the zona reticularis |
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Definition
| inner zone of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
| how are the cells in the zona glomerulosa arranged |
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Definition
| close packed clusters and curved columns continous with cellular cords in zona fasciculata |
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Term
| what surround cell clusters in the zona glomerulosa |
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Definition
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Term
| what do cells of the zona glomerulosa have lots of in them |
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Definition
| SET, golgi complexes, big mitochondria, free ribosomes, some RER |
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Term
| what do cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete |
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Definition
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Term
| what do mineralocorticoids do |
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Definition
| regulate sodium and potassium homeostasis and water balance (aldosterone) |
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Term
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Definition
| acts on distal tubules of the nepheron, gastric mucosa, and sweat glands to cause resorption of sodium and excretion of K+ at the kidney |
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Term
| what system is located in the zona glomerulosa |
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Definition
| renin-angeotensin-aldosterone system |
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Term
| what is the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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Definition
| provide feedback control of zona glomerulosa |
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Term
| what releases renin, where |
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Definition
| juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney |
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Term
| what stimulates renin release |
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Definition
| decreased blood pressure or low sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| angiotensin converting enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2 |
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Term
| where does ACE do its job |
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Definition
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Term
| what does angiotensin 2 do |
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Definition
| stimulates cells of the zona glomerulosa to make aldosterone |
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Term
| what causes release of renin ro be inhibited |
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Definition
| blood pressure, Na, or blood volume increase, (in response to aldosterone) |
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Term
| how do you treat chronic hypertension |
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Definition
| use druges that inhibit ACE in the lungs |
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Term
| describe the shape of the cells of the zona fasciculata |
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Definition
| large, polyhedral, commonly bineculate |
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Term
| how are the cells of the zona fasciculata arranged |
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Definition
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Term
| what organell is indicative of steroid secretion |
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Definition
| HIGHLY developed SER, well developed golgi and RER |
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Term
| describe the unique organell features of the cells of the zona fasciculata |
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Definition
| HIGHLY developed SER, well developed golgi and RER, numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| what does the zona fasciculata secrete |
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Definition
| glucocortoids, gonadocorticoids (androgens) |
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Term
| what do glucocorticoids do |
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Definition
| regulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis |
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Term
| what is cortisol classified as |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| increase metabolic activity of glucose and fatty acids (immediate energy release) |
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Term
| what is the function of glucacorticoids, in general |
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Definition
| depress immune and inflammatory response (inhibiting healing), stimulate destruction of lymphocytes in nodes |
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Term
| what regulates secretion of the zona fasciculata |
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Definition
| ACTH, CRH-ACTH feedback control system |
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Term
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Definition
| cell growth and maintience, stimulating steroid synthesis, increases blood flow through adrenal gland |
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Term
| how are the cells of the zona reticularis arranged |
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Definition
| anastomosing cords seperated by fenestrated capillaries |
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Term
| describe the organell features of the cells of the zona reticularis |
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Definition
| well developed SER, many mitochondria, little RER |
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Term
| what does the zona reticularis secrete |
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Definition
| weak androgens (supplimentary sex hormones), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sometimes glucacorticoids, cortisol |
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Term
| what is the zona reticularis under control of |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the adrenal medulla composed of |
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Definition
| chromaffin cells, connective tissue, sinusoids, nerves, genglions |
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Term
| what are chromaffin cells, what are the like |
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Definition
| secretory epitheloid cells, modified neurons, equlivanent to postganglionic neruons without axons |
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Term
| what passes through the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
| many myelinated presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibers |
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Term
| what happens when chromaffiin cells are stimulated by the nerve fibers that pass through them |
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Definition
| release epinepherine and norepinepherine |
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Term
| why dont chormaffin cells have axons |
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Definition
| because the hormones of the adrenal cortex exert control over them and prevent neuronal process formation |
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Term
| how are chromaffin cells aranged |
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Definition
| ovoid clusters and short interconnecting cords |
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Term
| where are capillaries in the adrenal medulla |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the organell features of the chormaffin cells |
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Definition
| many secretory granules, RER, well developed golgi, distinguishable membrane-vesicles |
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Term
| why are the two distinguishable membrane-vesicles of the chromaffin cells different |
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Definition
| one secretes epinepherine and one nor eipnepherine |
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Term
| what type of vessicles do chromaffin cells that secrete norepinepherine have |
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Definition
| large dense core vesicles |
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Term
| what type of vessicles do chromaffin cells that secrete epinepherine have |
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Definition
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Term
| where do the axons of the ganglions of the adrenal medulla extend to |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the axons of the ganglions of the adrenal medulla do |
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Definition
| modulate secretory activity of parenchyme, innervate blood vessels in cortex, extend outside gland to splanchnic nerves innervating abdominal organs |
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Term
| what do glucacorticoids secreted in the cortex do, how |
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Definition
| induce conversion of norepinephering to epinepherine in chromaffin cells by inducing the enzyme that causes methylation |
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Term
| what type of response in the body are catecholamines involved in |
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Definition
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Term
| waht is a pheochromocytoma |
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Definition
| tumor of the adrenal medulla |
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Term
| what does a pheochromocytoma cause |
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Definition
| sustained or eisodic hypertension |
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Term
| where does the medulla of the adrenal gland come from KNOW ME |
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Definition
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Term
| what is strange about the veins in the adrenal medulla KNOW ME |
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Definition
| they have longitudinally orientated smooth muscle instead of circular in the tunica media |
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Term
| what is the function of the different orientation of smooth muscle in the tunica media of the adrenal medulla KNOW ME |
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Definition
| milk the gland and decrease volume of the gland enhancing the efflux of hormones leaving the gland, like squeezing a sponge |
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Term
| what is lots of smooth ER indicitive of in a cell KNOW ME |
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Definition
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Term
| what cells have lots of smooth ER that indicates steroid production KNOW ME |
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Definition
| cells of zona glomerulosa and zona faciculata |
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Term
| what type of substance is aldosterone KNOW ME |
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Definition
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Term
| what does aldosterone act on KNOW ME |
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Definition
| distal tubules of the kidney nepheron, gastric mucosa, salivary, and sweat glands |
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Term
| what does aldosterone do KNOW ME |
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Definition
| stimulate resorption of Na and loss of K |
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Term
| what do ace inhibitors do KNOW ME |
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Definition
| treat chronic hypertension |
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Term
| explain the process and effects of the juxtaglomerular complex KNOW ME |
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Definition
| release renin in response to decrease in BP or low Na due to JG cell monitoring. Renin finds angiotensinogenin and converts it to angiotensin I which is converted by ACE to angiotensin 2 which stimulates cells of zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone which increases BP, Na , and volume. This inhibits the release of renin, things return to normal |
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