Term
| what is the large intestine covered by |
|
Definition
| thin connective tissue (glisson's capsule) that is thicker at the hilum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the liver |
|
Definition
| makes plasma proteins, storest and converts vitamins and iron, degrades toxins and drugs |
|
|
Term
| what plasma proteins does the liver make |
|
Definition
| labumin, lipoproteins, fibrinogen, clotting proteins, alpha and beta globuins |
|
|
Term
| what vitamins does the liver store and convert |
|
Definition
| vitamin A, vitamin d, vitamin K |
|
|
Term
| what does the liver do the drugs and toxins |
|
Definition
| converts them to more soluble forms |
|
|
Term
| what glucose metabolic pathways is the liver involved in |
|
Definition
| glycogen synthesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| what lipid metabolic pathways is the liver involved in |
|
Definition
| beta oxidation of FA, ketone body synthesis, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| what cholesterol compounds does the liver have a role in |
|
Definition
| bile salts, VLDL, organells |
|
|
Term
| what role does the liver have in amino acid metabolism |
|
Definition
| non-essential amino acid synthesis, urea synthesis |
|
|
Term
| what are the exocrine functions of the liver |
|
Definition
| phospholipids, cholesterol, bile salts |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of bile |
|
Definition
| aid in absorption of lipids from the intestine, dispose of conjugated and degraded waste products |
|
|
Term
| what are the endocrine functions of the liver |
|
Definition
| modify structure and function of many hormones |
|
|
Term
| what hormones does the liver modify |
|
Definition
| vitamin D, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, glucagon |
|
|
Term
| describe the dual blood supply of the liver |
|
Definition
| venous (portal) supply via hepatic portal vein and arterial supply via hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| how much of the blood supply to the liver is venous portal blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does venous portal blood come from |
|
Definition
| intestines, pancreas, spleen |
|
|
Term
| what does the venous portal blood carry to the liver |
|
Definition
| nutrients and toxic materials absorbed in the intestines, blood cells and breakdown products of blood cells from the spleen, endocrine secretions from the pancreas and enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| where does the venous and arterial blood of the liver mix |
|
Definition
| before perfusing the hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the liver in regard to structural organization |
|
Definition
| parenchyma, connective tissue stroma, sinusoidal capillaries, perisinusoidal spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organized plates of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is the connective tissue stroma continous with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is within the connective tissue stroma of the liver |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, bile ducts |
|
|
Term
| what are sinusoidal capillaries (hepatic sinudoids) |
|
Definition
| vascular channels between plates of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| where are perisinusoidal spaces (spaces of Disse) |
|
Definition
| between sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the thiree ways to describe the structure of the liver |
|
Definition
| classic lobule, portal lobule, liver acinus |
|
|
Term
| what is the classic lobule based on |
|
Definition
| distribution of branches of the portal vein and heptaic artery and the path of blood flowing through hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is the main component of hte classic lobule |
|
Definition
| stacks of anastomosing plates of hepatocytes seperated by sinusoidal capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what is in the center of the classic lobule |
|
Definition
| terminal hepatic venule (central vein) |
|
|
Term
| what are around the edges of the classic lobule |
|
Definition
| portal areas of canals containing portal triads |
|
|
Term
| what does the portal lobule emphasize |
|
Definition
| exocrine function of the liver, bile production and secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the portal lobule shaped like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the center of the portal lobule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are around the corners of the portal lobule |
|
Definition
| central vein / terminal hepatic venule |
|
|
Term
| how does bile flow in the portal lobule |
|
Definition
| within hepatic plates to the bild duct in the portal area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural unit that gives best correlation between blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape of the liver acinus |
|
Definition
| short axis extends between two adjacent portal areas, long axis extends between two terminal hepatic venules |
|
|
Term
| what is zonation, where does it occur |
|
Definition
| in the liver acinus zonation describes the interpertation of patterns of degeneration, regeneration, and specific toxic effects |
|
|
Term
| what is the benifits of being in zone 1 |
|
Definition
| first to recieve oxygen, nutrients, and toxins from the blood |
|
|
Term
| what are the risks of being in zone 1 |
|
Definition
| first to show effects of bile duct obstruction |
|
|
Term
| what are the benifits of being in zone 3 |
|
Definition
| last to respond dto toxins and bile stasis |
|
|
Term
| what are the risks of being in zone 3 |
|
Definition
| first to show effects of reduced perfusion |
|
|
Term
| other than avability to nutrients, what else is different between the zones |
|
Definition
| variation of enzyme activity and number and size of organelles and size of glycogen deposits across zones |
|
|
Term
| what type of capillaries are the hepatic sinusoids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes the heptaic sinusoids so leaky |
|
Definition
| large fenestrae without diaphragms within the endothelium, large gaps between neighbopring endothelial cells, discontinous lamina absent over large areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stellate sinusoidal macrophages that are a part of hepatic sinusoid lining |
|
|
Term
| where is the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| between basal surfaces of the hepatocytes and basal surfaces of the endothelial and kupuffer cells that line sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| exchange of materials between blood and liver cells |
|
|
Term
| describe the significant barrier between blood plasma and hepatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the fetal liver what is located in the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| islands of blood forming cells |
|
|
Term
| what cells are in the perisinusoidal space |
|
Definition
| blood forming in fetus, hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store hepatic vitamin A withing cytoplasmic lipid droplets |
|
|
Term
| what happens to Ito cells in pathologic conditions |
|
Definition
| they loose their lipid and vitamin A storage capability and differentiate into myofibroblasts, seem to play a role in hepatic fibrogenesis resulting in liver fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| where does plasma from perisinusoidal space drain into |
|
Definition
| periportal area into small area called space of Mall |
|
|
Term
| where does the fluid in the space of Mall go |
|
Definition
| lymphatic capillaries in the portal canals |
|
|
Term
| where does a major portion of thoracic duct lymph come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only thing that stays in the sinusoidal capillaries, what leaks into the perisinosal space |
|
Definition
| cells stay in plasma leaks out |
|
|
Term
| describe the normal turn over rate of hepatocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the turn over rate for hepatocytes when killed by toxins, disease, or surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the prodominate organells of hepatocytes |
|
Definition
| RER, golgi, SER, lysosomes, peroxisomes |
|
|
Term
| what does the SER of a hepatocyte do |
|
Definition
| oxidation, methlyation, and conjugation required for inactivation and detoxification of various substances before excretion |
|
|
Term
| what do peroxisomes of hepatocytes fo |
|
Definition
| oxidation of FA, breakdown of purines, synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids, some myelin lipids |
|
|
Term
| what is a bile caniculus, formed by, location |
|
Definition
| a small canal formed by apposed groves in the surface of adjavent hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| describe the flow of bile ina hepatocytes |
|
Definition
| flows from region of central vein to portal canal |
|
|
Term
| what do hepatocytes secrete bile into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a intrahepatic ductule |
|
Definition
| near portal canals bile canaliculi join to form interhepatic ductules (canals of Hering) |
|
|
Term
| what partially lines canals of Hering |
|
Definition
| hepatocytes and cholangiocytes |
|
|
Term
| where do interhepatic ductules drain into |
|
Definition
| interlobular bile ducts in portal canals |
|
|
Term
| what do interlobular bile ducts of portal canals lead to |
|
Definition
| extrahepatic bile ducts that deliver bile to the gall bladder and duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the gallbladder mucosa |
|
Definition
| somple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what does the gallbladder wall have a layer of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the mucosa texture of the gallbladder, what special feature does this have histologically |
|
Definition
| mucosa has folds and the epithelial cells have many mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| store bile, concentrate it, and release it when necessary to the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| what induces contraction of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enteroendocrine cells of small intestine |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates CCK release |
|
Definition
| presence of dietary fats in small intestine |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas produce in general |
|
Definition
| digestive enzymes, hormones |
|
|
Term
| where is the exocrine portion of the pancreas located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the endocrine portion of the pancreas located |
|
Definition
| in masses called islets of langerhans dispersed through out the organ |
|
|
Term
| hat kind of gland is the exocrine glands of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the serous cells of the exocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
| highly polarized with spherical nucleus, typical protein secreting cells |
|
|
Term
| what do acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas store and release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the number of zygomen granules in the exocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
| varies with digestive phase |
|
|
Term
| what do pancreas exocrine acini empty into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the initial portion of the intercalated ducts of exocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
| penetrate lumen of acini and are made of centroacinal cells which are the interacinal portion of hte intercalated duct |
|
|
Term
| what are intercalated ducts tributaries of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are interlobular ducts lined with, where |
|
Definition
| columnar epithelium within connective tissue septum |
|
|
Term
| what are the exocrine products of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| proteolytic enzymes, amylase, lipases, nucleases |
|
|
Term
| what proteolytc enzymes does th epancreas make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are proenzymes activated |
|
Definition
| in lumen of small intestines after secretion |
|
|
Term
| where are proenzymes stored |
|
Definition
| secretory granules of acinar cells |
|
|
Term
| what does enterokinase do |
|
Definition
| cleave trypsinogen to form trypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates proteolytic enzymes 9not enterokinase) in cascade |
|
|
Term
| what protects the pancreas from active enzymes |
|
Definition
| trypsin needs to be activated to activate other enzymes, protease inhibitors made by acinal cells |
|
|
Term
| what is pancreatic secretion controlled by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes secretin and CCK |
|
Definition
| enteroendocrine cells of intestinal mucosa in duodenum and jejunum |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates secretin release |
|
Definition
| gastric acid, low pH in intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes duct cells to secrete large volume of fluid that is rich in barcobinate but has little or noenzyme content that neutralizes acid which allows pancreatic enzymes to function at optiomal ph |
|
|
Term
| what triggers CCK release |
|
Definition
| long chain FA, gastric acid, some AA in intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes acinar cells to secrete proenzymes |
|
|
Term
| together, what do secretin and CCK do |
|
Definition
| cause secretion of large volume of protein rich alkaline pancreatic fluid |
|
|
Term
| what do the islets of langerhands consist of |
|
Definition
| cords of polygonal cells invested in a network of fenestrated capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what are the major islets of langerhans cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are B cells located |
|
Definition
| central endocrine pancreas |
|
|
Term
| which is the most abundent islet of langerhan cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are A cells located |
|
Definition
| peripherial endocrine pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are D cells located |
|
Definition
| peripherial endocrine pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the minor cells of endocrine pancrease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do D-1 cells secrete |
|
Definition
| vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretin, motilin, substance P |
|
|
Term
| what is the major function of the endocrine pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does somatostatin do |
|
Definition
| inhibits insulin and glucagon |
|
|
