Term
| Complex eurkaryotic genomes include... |
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Definition
| Large amounts of non-coding sequences |
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Definition
| Segment of DNA that is expressed to yield a functional product |
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Definition
| Long DNA sequences that lie between genes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Untranslated regions at 5' and 3' of mRNA |
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Term
| Average size of human gene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when exons of a gene are joined in different combinations |
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Definition
| Tandem arrays of up to 1000s of copies of short sequences |
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Term
| How much of the human genome is protein coding sequence (exons)? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Complexes between euk. DNA and protiens |
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Definition
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Term
| How many bp of DNA does a nucleosome contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleosome is made up of... |
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Definition
| Two molecules of each H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 |
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Term
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Definition
| 166 bp of DNA wrapped around the histone core and held in place by H1 |
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Term
| What facilitates histones binding to DNA |
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Definition
| The fact that they contain a large percentage of basic AAs (positively charged) to bind to negatively charged DNA |
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Definition
| Decondensed transcriptionally active interphase chromatin |
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Definition
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Definition
| Specialized region of chromosome that connects sister chromatids |
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Definition
| Specialezed DNA/protein structure to which spindle fibers attach |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Telomerase uses BLANK to replicate telomeric DNA sequences |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of genes in humans |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A single base change in a DNA sequence that occurs in a significant proportion of a large population |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows for more than one protein isoform from a single gene locus by removal of specific introns via spliceosomes |
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Definition
| at high frequency (1 in 1000) |
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Term
| What happens when a SNP is close to a particular gene |
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Definition
| It acts as a marker for that gene |
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Term
| Why are SNP profiles important? |
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Definition
| For identifying response to drug therapy and diagnosing diseases |
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Term
| All polymerases synthesize DNA in the BLANK direction |
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Definition
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Term
| How does DNA polymerase differ from RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase can initiate synthesis of a new strand in the absence of a primer |
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Term
| After proofreading there are how many mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Exonuclease activity occurs in what direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Deamination results in... |
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Definition
| Loss of a NH3 (cytosine -> uracil, adenine -> guanine lookalike) |
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Term
| Depurination results in... |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs during exposure to UV light? |
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Definition
| Pyrimidine dimer occurs, which blocks DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| A process where energy derived from visible light is utilized to break the pyrimidine dimer structure (DNA repair not present in mammals) |
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Term
| Translesion DNA synthesis |
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Definition
| Specialized DNA polymerases can replicate across a site of DNA damage (can occur after replication) |
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Term
| How does E. coli respond to UV irradiation? |
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Definition
| Polymerase V is induced to synthesize a new DNA strand across from a TT dimer |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of DNA damage that changes a guanine to O6-methylguanine with the addition of a CH3 (allows G to pair with T instead of C) |
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Term
| Role of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase |
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Definition
| Direct repair of O6-methylguanine that removes methyl group |
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Term
| What can happen to DNA exposed to auto exhaust or tobacco smoke? |
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Definition
| Guanine can react to form benzoapyrene via the addition of a bulky group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotide-excision repair |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcription-coupled repair |
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Definition
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Term
| A restriction enzyme is what kind of enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Found within poly-nucleotide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Found at the end of poly-nucleotide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein complex in nucleotide-excision repair used to repair UV damage |
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Term
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Definition
| A process where a single damaged base is recognized and removed from the DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that cleaves the bond linking a base to the deoxyribose backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA repair enzyme that cleaves adjacent apyrimidinic or apurinic sites in DNA |
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Term
| Enzymes needed for base excision repair |
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Definition
| DNA glycosylase and AP endonuclease |
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Term
| Nucleotide-Excision Repair |
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Definition
| Damaged bases are removed from a DNA molecule (such as thymine dimers) |
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Term
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Definition
| Xeroderma pigmentosum, which is a disease that causes extreme sensitivity to UV radiation resulting from a deficiency in NER |
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Term
| How are thymine dimers recognized? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| XPB and XPD act as helicase to unwind 25 bp around the site of damage and then XPG and XPF act as endonucleases that cleave the damaged region |
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Term
| Transcription-coupled repair |
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Definition
| NER specifically dedicated to repairing damge within actively transcribed genes using XP and CS family protein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Protein that recognizes stalled RNA polymerase and recruits repair proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifies and excises mismatched bases, conformationally dependent |
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Term
| What does regulation of gene expression allow? |
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Definition
| Adapting to environmental changes and is responsible for the distinct activities of differentiated cell types |
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Term
| What is the first step in gene expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA and DNA are made up of |
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Definition
| Multiple polypeptide chains |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA sequence to which RNA polymerase binds to to initiate transcription |
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Term
| When is transcription regulated? |
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Definition
| Mainly during initiation, but a little at elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulatory molecule that blocks transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulatory molecule that stimulates transcription |
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Term
| Cis-acting control elements |
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Definition
| Regulatory sequences that affect the expression of only linked genes on the same DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcriptional regulatory proteins affecting expression of genes located on different chromosomes |
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Term
| What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription in regards to RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| Prokaryotes only use a single core RNA polymerase and eukaryotic cells use three different RNA polymerases |
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Term
| RNA polymerase II synthesizes... |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA polymerase III synthesizes... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Allows microtubules to attach to the kinetochore |
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Term
| What happens if CENP-Q is non-functional? |
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Definition
| The entire group of proteins is non-functional so microtubules will not attach (NONDISJUNCTION) |
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Term
| RNA polymerase I synthesizes |
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Definition
| rRNA (5.8S, 18S, and 28S) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| How many subunits in euk. RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| 12-17 (9 are conserved, 5 are related to bacterial polymerase) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that are required to initiate transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulatory DNA sequence in promoters of euk. genes |
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Term
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Definition
| TATA-binding protein associated factors (TFIID) |
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Term
| Promoters of rRNA genes are located... |
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Definition
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Term
| Canonical promoter consists of |
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Definition
| CAAT box (-75), GC-rich box (-50) and TATA box (-25) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates transcription even if located several kb from promoter |
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Term
| Are enhancers dependent on distance from start site? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do distant enhancers interact with RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple functional sequence elements, which bind response elements |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are DNA-binding domains associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contains repeats of cysteine and histidine that bind sinc ions and fold into looped structures that bind DNA |
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Term
| Steroid hormone receptors |
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Definition
| TFs that regulate gene transcription in response to hormones that binds to the zinc-finger domain |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-4 helical regions that contact DNA formed by the dimerization of 2 polypeptide chains |
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Term
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Definition
| Play critical role in embryonic development |
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Term
| How do coactivators stimulate transcription? |
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Definition
| Modifying chromatin structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Histone acetylytransferases, acts to acylate lysines which are rich in histones, activates chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| Histone deacetylases, deactivates chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitors of deacetylases, inhibit the deactivation of chromatin |
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Term
| Which AA in histones are/is methylated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which AA in histones is/are phosphorylated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which AA in histones are small residues added to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Post-transcriptional modifications? |
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Definition
| Spicing, addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap to 5' end and addition of poly-A tail to 3' end (polyadentylation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cleave at 5' and form a loop with intron, then cleavage at 3' and excision of loop |
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Term
| What are spliceosomes composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, complex of snRNAs with proteins that play a role in splicing process |
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Term
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Definition
| Small nuclear RNAs that are 50-200 bases |
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Term
| First step in splicesome assembly |
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Definition
| Binding of U1 snRNP to the 5' splice (formation of lariat) |
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Term
| How is RNA degradation initiated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases |
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Definition
| Group of enzymes that recognize a single amino acid to the correct tRNA |
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Term
| How many ribosomes in mammals? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ribsomes in E. coli? |
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Definition
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