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Cell Bio 1
chapter 1
29
Biology
Undergraduate 2
08/23/2010

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Term
procaryote
Definition
Major category of living cells distinguished by the absence of a nucleus. Bacteria
Term
eucaryote
Definition

Living organism composed of one or more cells with a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.  Includes all forms of life except viruses and bacteria

 

Term
archaea
Definition
One of the two divisions of procaryotes, typically found in hostile environments such as hot springs or concentrated brine
Term
Eubacteria
Definition
The proper term for the bacteria of common occurrence, used to distinguish them from archaea
Term
Cell
Definition
The basic unit from which living organisms are made, consisting of an aqueous solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrane.  All cells arise from existing cells usually by a process of division
Term
cell membrane
Definition
Term
cell wall
Definition
Mechanically strong fibrous layer deposited by a cell outside its plasma membrane. Prominent in most plants bacteria, algae, and fungi but not present in most animal cells
Term

DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid)

Definition
Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units; serves as the carrier of genetic information
Term
organelle
Definition
a discrete structure or subcompartment of a eucaryotic cell (especially one that is  visible in the light microscope) that is specialized to carry out a particular function.
Term
mitochondria
Definition
Membrane-bound organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phosphorylation and produces most of the ATP in eucaryotic cells
Term
Nucleus
Definition
the major organelle of a eucaryotic cell, which contains DNA organized into chromosomes.  Also, when referring to an atom, the central mass built from neutrons and protons
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Labyrinthine, membrane-bound compartment in the cytoplasm of eucaryotic cells, where lipids and secreted and membrane-bound proteins are made
Term

RNA

(ribonucleic acid)

Definition
 a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell
Term
ribosome
Definition
particle composed of ribosomal RNAs and ribosomal proteins that associates with messenger RNA and catalyzes the synthesis of protein
Term
chloroplast
Definition
specialized organelle in algae and plants that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
contents of a cell that are contained within its plasma membrane but in the case of eucaryotic cells, outside the nucleus
Term
characteristics of all living organisms
Definition

 

  • have complexity and organization
  • metabolism
  • respond to stimuli
  • growth
  • reproduces
  • adapt to environment

 

Term
protein
Definition
The major macromolecular constituent of cells. Linear polymer of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Membrane-bound organelle in eucaryotic cells where the proteins and lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum are modified and sorted
Term
endosymbiont theory
Definition

 

  • The mitochondria of eukaryotes evolved from aerobic bacteria (probably related to the rickettsias) living within their host cell.
  • The chloroplasts of eukaryotes evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria

 

Term
endocytosis
Definition
uptake of material into a cell by an invagination of the plasma membrane and its internalization in a membrane-bound vesicle
Term
genome
Definition
the total genetic information carried by a cell or an organism (or the DNA molecules that carry this information)
Term
gene
Definition
region of DNA that controls a discrete hereditary characteristic of an organism, usually corresponding to a single protein or RNA
Term
nucleotide
Definition
Nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups joined in ester linkages to the sugar moiety.  DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
Term
guanine
Definition
a purine base, that is an essential constituent of both RNA and DNA.
Term
cytosine
Definition
A pyrimidine base, that is the constituent of DNA and RNA involved in base pairing with guanine.
Term
enzyme
Definition
a protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction
Term
genus
Definition
low level taxonomic rank
Term
species
Definition
taxonomic classification lower than genus
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