Term
Energy metabolism
Glycolysis -
Citric Acid Cycle -> ______ -> CO2 |
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Definition
- glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 acetyl CoA
-acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| NADH and FADH2 - proton gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| - makes ATP using proton gradient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| First step (_____) occurs in cytosol |
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Definition
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Term
Glycolysis glucose converted to _____
2 _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Pyruvate is converted to ____ in mitochondria ----> ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty acids also converted to ___ in ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Mitochondria
Responsible for the majority of ____ produced in cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| couples the formation of ATP with osmotic gradient across the membrane of the organelle |
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Term
Mitochondria Structure
Double membrane - inner and outer
Outer membrane is ... |
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Definition
| highly permeable to small molecules |
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Term
| Two internal compartments of the Mitochondria |
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Definition
Matrix
Intermembrane space |
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Term
Outer membrane
Transport proteins called _____
<5000 daltons molecules enter space
Basically equivalent to _____ |
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Definition
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Term
Inner mitochondrial membrane is _______ ______ to ions
Special phospholipid called ____ (four fatty acids chains)
Lots of ______ ______ in membrane
Enzymes of _____ or _________
Infoldings known as _____increase surface area |
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Definition
highly impermeable
cardiolipin
transport proteins
electron transport chain, respiratory chain.
Cristae |
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Term
Mitrochondrial genome
Own DNA encoding...
22...
Ribosomes made of... |
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Definition
...13 proteins
...tRNAs
... 2 rRNAs |
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Term
Mitochondrial Genome
Product of endosymbiosis - |
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Definition
| free-living oxygen-metabolizing eubacteria that were engulfed |
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Term
| Glycolysis energy metabolism Fats. |
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Definition
Fats--> Fatty acids --->fatty acid-->acetyl CoA
PM->Cytosol->mito->mito |
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Term
| Glycolysis energy metabolism Sugars and polysacchrides |
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Definition
S and P->sugar->glucose->pyruvate-> pyruvate->acetyl CoA
out->cytosol(3)->Mito |
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Term
| Glycolysis takes a ___ _____ compound and results in _ __ ____ compounds |
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Definition
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Term
what occurs in Cytosol?
Glycolysis -
Net product |
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Definition
glucose to pyruvate
2 ATP |
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Term
What occurs in the matrix of mitochondria?
Pyruvate
Which cycle?
What transport?
Product |
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Definition
... - ActetylCoA
Citric Acid Cycle,
Electron Transport (Respiratory Transport)
30 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| 2ATP+4ATP = +2ATP via substrate phosphorylation |
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Term
| Pyruvate transported into mitochondria |
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Definition
| (1) 6-Carbon sugar ----> (2) 3-Carbon molecules |
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Term
Pyruvate -> acetyl
CoA Enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
(2) 3-carbon compounds ->
Loss of the carbon from each pyruvate results in ___
Where does this occur? |
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Definition
-(2) 2-carbon compounds
CO2
Matrix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
For each acteyl-CoA
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP (≈ATP)
2 CO2 (waste) |
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Term
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Definition
2C + 4 C --------> 4C
Release CO2
Make a little GTP (≈ ATP)
NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
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Definition
Carrier molecules
Carry electrons (potential energy) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Conservation of energy - _________(often expressed as the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy) in an isolated system _______ |
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Definition
-total amount of energy
-remains constant |
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Term
| In other words, energy can be converted from one form to another... |
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Definition
| but energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
H+ pumped out
Matrix is negative |
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Term
Respiratory Transport Chain
Series of ____that pass ______ across the membrane
Electrons lose some energy and that energy is used to ______ out of the ____
At the end, the _____ are used to reduce _______ |
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Definition
enzymes, electrons
pump H+, Matrix
lower energy e-
O2 to make water |
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Term
Transport H+ stores the potential energy in two ways: ultimately, these are used to drive the___________
These two ways are...
These both occur from the ____space and the _______ space |
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Definition
Formation of ATP
Membrane potential and H+ concentration
inner membrane, matrix |
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Term
| Two ways energy is stored one is Separation of charge - |
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Definition
called the membrane potential (electro-)
Matrix is negative compared to intermembrane space (∆V)
Main driving force |
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Term
Two ways energy is stored the second one is H+ ion concentration gradient (chemical)
Electrons given up by... |
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Definition
Matrix is low in [H+] compared to intermembrane space
High [H+] = acidic environment (low pH)
...NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Energy of electrochemical gradient drives H+ back into matrix through ATP synthase |
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Term
ATP synthase
Made of membrane “stalk” -
Part in matrix -
The transport of H+ through the _____ causes the rotation of the F0, which allows the formation of ___from ___ and ___ |
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Definition
-called F0
-called F1
-ATPsynthase
ATP ADP Pi |
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Term
Mitochondrial Genetics
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were |
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Definition
| bacteria engulfed and retained by eukaryotic cells |
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Term
Passed down to the next generation
- but not like chromosomes |
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Definition
Non-Mendelian inheritance
Mitotic segregation |
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Term
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Definition
Different than nuclear DNA in which each daughter cell gets each chromosome from parent
Don’t have equal distribution of genome of the mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
In higher animals, egg always has more cytoplasm than sperm
Therefore, more of mitochondria likely to be from Mom
Fertilized human egg carries 2000 copies of mitochondrial genome - all but one or two from Mom |
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