Term
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Definition
| paralysis caused by the failure to relax muscles resulting in extreme rigidity |
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Term
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Definition
| paralysis caused by the inability to contract muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| the toxin that causes tetanus |
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Term
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Definition
| the toxin that causes botulism (namesake of Botox) |
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Term
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Definition
| the lethal dose to kill 50% of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that catalyze reactions in the body |
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Term
| Michaelis-Menten Equation |
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Definition
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Term
| Vmax (Michaelis-Menten Equation) |
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Definition
| rate at saturation for a given enzyme concentration in moles per unit time |
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Term
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Definition
| substrate concentration that gives 1/2 maximal velocity |
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Term
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Definition
| using light to measure something, the appearance of a product usually |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that bind at the active site of catalyzation to affect rate. can only change Km |
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Term
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| molecules that bind at another location on an enzyme that change conformation. can change Vmax |
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Term
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Definition
| the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site (that is, a site other than the protein's active site). |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of an enzyme that catalyzes reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of an enzyme that functions as the on/off switch and controls the speed of catalyzation |
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Term
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Definition
| structurally and functionally distinct regions of a single protein |
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Term
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Definition
| imply separate proteins that are stuck to one another and work together; one such protein is a subunit of the assembly. |
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Term
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Definition
| adding/removing groups by changing the nature of covalent bonds thereby affecting the enzymes catalyzation |
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Term
| association-dissociation of subunits |
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Definition
| One protein binds to another, thereby activating the enzymatic activity of one of them. |
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Term
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Definition
One substrate aids or impedes catalysis by another
Implies multiple catalytic subunits.
type of regulation described by modified Michaelis-Menten equation |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates the number of binding sites or subunits |
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Term
| modified Michaelis-Menten equation |
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Definition
| V=(Vmax*[S]^n)/(Km^n+[S]^n) |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane proteins that bind to one another and help pull vesicle and cell membranes together. |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from the vesicle membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| extends from the cell membrane (in this case) |
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Term
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Definition
| the vSNARE found in synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| the cells lining the inside of the intestines that are exposed to the outside world |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that transmit signals to the motor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the inverse of exocytosis whereby cells bring things into the cell in vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that inhibit functions (eg causes muscles to relax) |
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Term
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Definition
| the functional part of the toxin that causes the damage (zinc endopeptidase) |
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Term
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Definition
| the light chain that cleaves synaptobrevin. needs zinc to work |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of reactions per second per molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the amino acid from which nitric oxide is synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that catalyze the reactions resulting in the production of nitric oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| things that aren't enzymes but aid the catalyzation process in the form of storing or passing along electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that is always active |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that is activated when it is needed and shut off when it isn't |
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Term
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Definition
| The development of a disease. The origin of a disease and the chain of events leading to that disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| the expulsion of mucus from the throat and lungs through the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
| the skin turning blue due to lack of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| a region receiving insufficient oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| the acidifying of the blood and other fluids caused by hypoventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow breathing leading to insufficient air exchange |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the number of new cases per year |
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Term
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Definition
| money spent directly on the treatment of a disease. does not count lost wages and other indirect costs |
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Term
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Definition
| where something comes from |
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Term
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Definition
| the main component in the bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| Serves to keep membranes fluid at low temperatures, yet reduces fluidity at high temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| integral membrane protein |
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Definition
| protein embedded in the bilayer |
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Term
| peripheral membrane protein |
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Definition
| protein that hangs out alongside the bilayer but not attached |
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Term
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Definition
| subgroup of integral proteins that stick out of both sides of the bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| protein near the bilayer that is attached but not actually in the bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of double and triple bonds in a carbon chain |
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Term
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Definition
| the reagent that undergoes catalyzation by lipoxygenase to form leukotriene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of pushing through the blood vessel wall into the tissue |
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Term
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Definition
leave the tissue to become mast cells.
Release substances that increase vascular permeability and recruit other immune cells - inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally involved in attacks on parasites and multicellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the tissue that degranulate when stimulated and promote inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| to release the granules in the vesicles through exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
substance that promotes inflammation by:
Recruit more white cells = “homing”
Increase vascular permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| small proteins that pass signals between immune cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple compound produced by one cell that effects the activity of another |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into leukotriene A4 |
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Term
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Definition
product of catalyzation of arachidonic acid that results in: white cell homing - eosinophils in particular
Increased vascular permeability, giving rise to edema
Bronchiole constriction due to smooth muscle contraction
Mucus secretion by respiratory epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity of a blood vessel wall to allow for the flow of small molecules (ions, water, nutrients) or even whole cells (lymphocytes on their way to the site of inflammation) in and out of the vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body that produces swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| the small airways in the lungs that comprise the majority of the air passageways |
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Term
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Definition
| cells exposed to the exterior world |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they will regenerate their secretory granules |
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Term
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Definition
| containing different genes for the same trait |
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Term
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Definition
| the outlook for treatment and longevity |
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Term
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Definition
| relating to mucus and cilia in the chest |
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Term
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Definition
| mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent and long lasting condition |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shortness of breath (SOB), or air hunger, is the subjective symptom of breathlessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to properly digest food due to a lack of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| improper adjustments to the level of sugar in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation in the joints |
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Term
| typical membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the combination of chemical and electrical effects that predicts the movement of molecules across a cell membrane |
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Term
| DG for transport into a cell equation |
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Definition
| DGin = R*T*ln([x]in/[x]out) + z*F*Vm |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy from ATP hydrolysis is used directly by the transporter to move a substance |
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Term
| secondary active transport |
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Definition
| Energy from an electrochemical gradient is used to drive the transport of another substance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inside an organ such as the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that allows chloride ions to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement through cell membranes driven by the electrochemical gradient without the help of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| using proteins to move down the electrochemical gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| the attaching of a phosphate group to a protein to activate it |
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Term
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Definition
| not enought tension in the blood vessel walls |
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Term
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Definition
| emergency condition in which severe blood and fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working |
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Term
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Definition
| the toxin that causes cholera |
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Term
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Definition
| class of proteins that hydrolyze GTP and function as a second messenger system |
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Term
| post translational modification |
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Definition
| changes made to the structure of proteins after they have been synthesized |
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Term
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Definition
| the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group (e.g., a methyl or phosphate group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor) |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. reverses ribosylation |
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Term
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Definition
| type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the generation of cGMP |
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Term
| cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) |
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Definition
| molecule created by guanylyl cyclase that goes on to activate protein kinase G |
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Term
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Definition
| phosphorylates things, including proteins that control intracellular calcium concentrations, lowering them. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| semiessential amino acid containing a sulfur atom |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds or functional groups containing a nitroso group attached to the sulfur atom of a thiol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conditions that lower the oxidation number of the products |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation which may be visible under the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurring at irregular intervals or only in a few places; scattered or isolated. |
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Term
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Definition
| tending to occur in more members of a family than expected by chance alone |
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Term
| superoxide dismutase (SOD1) |
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Definition
| a class of enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of organelles and molecules down a nerve cell's axon to its terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| protein polymers in the cell composed of tubulin proteins and aiding in intracellular transport "railroad of the cell" |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that come together in dimers to form microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins formed of actin that help give the cell shape and mobility |
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Term
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Definition
relatively stable fibers that lend strength to the tissue
"intermediate" in size, between microtubules and microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| found in all cells, and form the tonofilaments of epithelia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| support the girth of the cell and structure |
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Term
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Definition
| (+) end of a tubulin dimer |
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Term
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Definition
| (-) end of a tubulin dimer |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds containing two distinct molecules that exist together |
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Term
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Definition
| the film formed by the aggregation of tubulin dimers that rolls up into microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that bind and hydrolyze GTP |
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Term
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Definition
| the beginning of chemical or physical changes at discrete points in a system |
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Term
| microtubule organizing centers |
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Definition
| a composition of γ, δ, and ε tubulins that aid in the nucleation process. form a stable (-) end that microtubules can grow out of. |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous protein that forms (together with actin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| small molecule that may bind with others to form chains |
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Term
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Definition
| the growth of a molecule by the addition of monomers |
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Term
| critical concentration (Kc) |
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Definition
| the monomer concentration [m] at which the rate of monomer addition equals the rate of monomer loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid disassembly of microtubules caused by the hydrolysis of the GTP cap |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of cancer using specific chemical agents or drugs that are selectively destructive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemotherapy drug that stabilizes microtubules so they don't catastrophically disassemble |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acid that causes the dissassembly of microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| containing too many chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive expression of a gene by producing too much of its effect or product |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer buffer that serves to lower the monomer concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| a shuttle that will move monomers and quicken the growth process |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the mobile edge of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary projections of eukaryotic cells |
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