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| A protein that catalyzes a specific chemical reaction. |
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| specialized region of an enzyme surface to which a substrate molecule binds before it undergoes a catalyzed reaction |
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| describes a protein that can exist in two or more conformations depending on the binding of a molecule (a ligand) at a site other than the catalytic site. allosteric proteins composed of multiple subunits often display a cooperative response to ligand binding, because the binding of a ligand to one subunit facilitates the binding of ligands to the other subunits |
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| Protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to a foreign molecule or invading organism. binds to the foreign molecule or cell extremely tightly, thereby inactivating it or marking it for destruction. |
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| the order of amino acid residues in a protein chain. sometimes called the primary structure of a protein |
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| molecule that provokes the production of specific neutralizing antibodies in an immune system |
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| Folding pattern found in many proteins in which neighboring regions of the polypeptide chain associate side by side with each other through hydrogen bonds to give a rigid, flattened structure |
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| region on the surface of a protein typically a cavity or groove, that is complementary in shape to, and forms multiple noncovalent bonds with, a second molecule (the ligand) |
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| general term for a type of technique used to separate molecules in a mixture on the basis of their size, charge, or their ability to bind to a particular chemical group. in a common form of the technique, the mixture is run through a column filled with a particulate matrix that is designed to bind(or let through) the desired molecule. |
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| especially stable rod like protein structure formed by two or more a helices coiled around each other |
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| spatial location of the atoms of a molecule relative to each other. the precise shape of a protein or other macromolecule in three dimensions |
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| covalent linkage formed between two sulfhydryl groups on cysteines. common way to join two proteins or to link together different parts of the same protein in the extracellular space |
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| technique for separating mixture of proteins of DNA fragments by size and electric charge, by placing them on a polymer gel and subjecting them to an electric field. the molecules migrate through the gel at different speeds depending on their size and net charge |
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| a form of metabolic control in which the end product of a chain of enzymatic reactions reduces the activity of an enzyme early in the pathway. |
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| a protein with an elongated shape. typically one such as collagen or intermediate filament protein that is able to associate into long filamentous structures |
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| Any protein with an approximately rounded shape. most enzymes are globular |
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| An allosteric protein whose conformation and activity are determined by its association with either GTP or GDP, includes many proteins involved in cell signaling such as Ras and G proteins |
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| An elongated structure in which a filament or thread twists in a regular fashion around a central axis |
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| general term for a molecule that binds to a specific site on a protein |
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| protein such as myosin or kinesin that uses energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to propel itself along a protein filament or polymeric molecule. |
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| nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy |
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| Technique used for determining the three dimensional structure of a protein; it is performed in solution without requiring a protein crystal |
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| polypeptide, polypeptide chain |
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| linear polymer composed of multiple amino acids. Proteins are composed of one or more long polypeptide chains. |
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| the chain of atoms containing repeating peptide bonds that runs through a protein molecule and to which the amino acid side chains are attached. |
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| the major macromolecular consitituent of cells. each protein is composed of one or more linear chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds in a specific sequence. the amino acid chain is folded into a three dimensional shape that is unique to the given protein and determines its function. |
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| small discrete region of a structure. a protein domain is a compact and stable folded region of polypeptide. a membrance domain ins a region of bilayer with a characteristic lipid and protein composition. |
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| A group of proteins in an organism with a similar amino acid sequence. The similarity is thought to reflect the evolution of the genes that encode the proteins from a common ancestor gene through a process of gene duplication followed by gene divergence. usually, the different members of a protein family will have related but distinct functions. for example, each member of the protein kinase family carries out a similar phosphorylation reaction, but the substrates and regulation differ for each enzyme. |
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| one of a very large number of enzymes that transfers the terminal phosphate group of ATP to a specific amino acid side chain on a target protein. |
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| a set of protein molecules that bind to each other in specific ways, so that concerted movements within the protein complex can carry out a sequence of reactions with unusual speed and effectiveness. a large number of the central reactions of the cell are catalyzed by such protein machines, with protein synthesis and DNA replication being particularly well understood examples. |
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| Enzyme that removes, by hydrolysis, a phosphate group from a protein, often with high specificity for the phosphorylated site |
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| the covalent addition of a phosphate group to a side chain of a protein catalyzed by a protein kinase. phosphorylation usually alters the activity or properties of the protein in some way. |
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| the large scale study of proteins, investigating many different proteins in a cell or tissue simultaneously |
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| the set of covalent modifications that a protein has at any given time, which controls the behavior of the protein inside the cell |
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| regular local folding pattern of a polymeric molecule. in proteins, it refeers to a helices and B sheets |
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| Portion of an amino acid not involved in making peptide bonds; the side chain gives each amino acid its unique properties |
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| A monomer that forms part of a larger molecule, such as an amino acid residue in a protein or a nucleotide residue in a nucleic acid. can also refer to a complete molecule that forms part of a larger molecule. many proteins, for example, are composed of multiple polypeptide chains, each of which is called a protein subunit |
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| Chemical structure that forms transiently in the course of a reaction and has the highest free energy of any reaction intermediate |
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| Technique used to determine three dimensional protein structures by analyzing the diffraction pattern of a beam of X-rays passed through a crystal of the protein. |
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| A representation of the relative distance of restriction enzyme cut sites on a plasmid |
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| An enzyme that targets and degrades RNA |
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| What does the term 'ligation' mean in molecular biology? |
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| Joining two pieces of DNA together by using the enzyme ligase |
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| What does the term 'DNA nick' mean in molecular biology? |
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| A single strand brake in a double stranded DNA molecule |
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