Went from Univ. Glasgow instrument shop/newcomen engine improvement/ seperate condensor patent 

Seperate Condensor, Rotary motion

dynamic invention, mass produced, private industry 

Sun and Planetary gears to conver translational to rotary motion

Watt Linkage allowed connection between this linear and circular motion.  

Watt's partner in crime. 

Noted for 1775 patent extension for 25 yrs which made a huge difference.

Boulton was the investor and entrepreneur - idea about how they made money by loaning machines and charging based on the number of horces replaced.  

Fulton's competition.when fulton dies Shreeve takes over steamboat business. the 'enterprise' made it from New Orleans to Louisville. politics of steamboats (eventually lead to governmental regulation)

competition involved: invention/patents, innovation/profits, wealth/regulation 

Began as a stonemason/architect/surveyor of roads and canals/ engineer of bridges and aqueducts

1795 - first bridge (Bildwas) 

He was an entrepreneur and an artist and an architect. he worked for the government and his bridges employed efficiency (his first bridghe used 1/3 iron in iron bridge) economy, and elegance.  

Telford: static structures, custom made, public works 

Fulton studied previous work. made numerical calculations. performed full scale tests.

associated with three ppl: Mark Beaufoy - the researcher( English guy did lots of experiments. fulton stole em). Robert Livingston - the entrepreneur. Benjamin West - the Artist.  

1810 - US patent for steamboat 

he originally wanted to  be a painter. went to britain. not a great painter. learns about canal prob. designs first sub.and makes a steamboat tries to market it in france, doesn't go fast enough. no one really cares. gets a watt engine and makes a steamboat in the US. our long rivers make it really practical. 

Fulton's entrepreneur. He had political influence and money to back Fulton. He was ambassador to France in the Louisiana Purchase. 1803 Louisiana pruchase, 1810 US. Patent for steamboat

also got exclusive rights for 20yrs to NY waters if they could operate 20ton boat at 4mph 

America's first major industry. went to england and learned about factory towns. his unique brain enabled him to memorize the way factories were set up in Britain etc. he was an entrepreneur and had a mathematical mind, business capability, and ideas for industry (and the only portrait thing of he and wifey is a lithograph)

used his wealth. use for arts and education etc.  

Remember year 1820

Engineer. was taken on as apprentice to Whistler who was a RR engineer and then went to Lowell to work for the Locks and Canals copany.  Weir (he had hydraulic experiments, the weir, created the canal walk and lock gate)

Hp = TV/(33000) 

Abraham Darby I first succeded in smelting iron with coal. then moved to coalbrookdale on the river Severn

coke instead of charcoal.  

Built in Coalbrookdale

1780- Abraham Darby III

Prichard architect

Advertisement for the skill of Coalbrookdale Iron masons.

there was a great flood of 1795 in the River Severn and all of the wood and stone bridges were washed away but Iron Bridge stayed up! 

1825

580 ft suspension 

Telford origionally wanted an arch bridge but couldn't because navy wanted to take a boat under the bridge so that was easier as a suspension bridge.

(Robert Stephenson's bridge The Brittania in 1850 is the RR one that runs next to it) 

1770 Seperate Condensor Patent

then sun and planetary gears

watt linkage 

1850

increased efficiency by a lot got up to around 90% efficiency. Boyden designed it but then Lowell bought the rights. Francis adapted it and made it better and then ran extensive tests. extensively studied it.and made rules. etc.  

Scientific: lowell hydraulic experiments. great r+d

Social: Water policeman the weir, how to share

Symbolic: canal walk and lock gate park

kindof clamps onto the turbine to measure the efficiency of the turbine.

by friction.

1850ish too

called Prony Dynamometer 

used to measure Qout 

George - engineer. studied works/made calculations/fullscaletests

important rail lines - liverpool - manchester, london - birmingham - manchester, chester - holyhead

idea of traction was a biigg dealio

first engine line by George Stephenson was in 1825

(competition - which was won by the rocket) 

stephenson locomotive of 1835 looks like a legitimate engine.  

quaker. started as Georgia RR engineer/ Pennsylvania RR engineer

1852 Pennsylvania RR president.  

he was great because he kept pennsylvania rr on the top of it's game by being a technological trendsetter, returning profits to the company, created world's largest transportation network.

contrast to vanderbilts because he didn't wanted to run the company at a profit for the company. not to make him millions.

governer of california  - met at promentory point coming from the west. met Durant vp of union pacific with General dodge. Stanford swung the hammer to pound in the last (golden) spike. but missed. but that's ok.

1830 - Henry's electromagnet and telegraph

Startedc work as jewlers apprentice/ teacher/ assistant/private tutor/ surveyor/ teacher and scholar of science

Silliman. because of 1830 discovery became professor at Princeton. also taught princetn's first course in architecture. became head of the Smithsonian.  

started off as a painter/first professor of art/ telegraph patent

1840 telegraph patent 

"intelligence at a distance" 

was really instrumental in actually putting up telegraph lines as I recall. he got the whole 'above ground' idea.

becomes the major stockholder in Western Union

WESTERN UNION = TELEGRAPH CO.  

associated year?? 

poor immigrant. arrives by steamboat in pittsburgh/ textile worker (note father was a hand weaver)/ telegraph operator/ Pennsylvania RR superintednet/ Bridge Co. director( learned about industry and investments while working on RR)/ Bond salesman

First one billion dollar industry

 philanthropist

Carnegie's partner. kindof a hardass. but he gave money to princeton so alright.

after jones dies he is the one who takes control of the plant. has the whole issue with calling in the pinkertons after the strike etc.  

He originally had a company that made and sold coke, so he teamed up with carnegie to have the whole system down.  

American went to observe Bessemer process. in 1863 negotiated rights to the Bessemer Process in the US.  in US he designed the first US Bessemer steel plant.

Holley started with an interest in trains. he didn't want to go to Yale, went to brown to study science and applications.

illustrated and wrote. when he came back in 1863 he promoted steel making in the US. he came together with Carnegie in 1872 and the rest is history. He was a good plant designer.

date to remember: 1863 or just 1865 

Meeting of Union Pacific and Central Pacific.

MAY 10 1869 (just remember 1870)

leland stanford missed

bummers for him

that's why stanford is not as good as princeton 

built line between DC and baltimore in 1843 "what hath god wrought" in 1844.

western union telegraph company by 1865 over 200000 miles of telegraph 

1855 

Bessemer Process

huge capacity. designed by J. Edgar Thompson. Carnegie's mill. built 1875

Thomas Cole

shows transition in American view of wilderness due to steamboat and RR 

1840 ish

"transformation of vision" 

Scientific: formulas as relationships

social: contexts for construction

Symbolic: changes in vision 

Fe2O3 + 3C + (3/2)O2 --> 2Fe + 3CO2

Fe2O3 is iron ore - hematite -  

1776-1855

basically revolution to civil war 

1830-1876

'Visible Speech' - family in speech and hearing/ deaf ppl. visible speech is notation of how to move your mouth basically.

Scotland to canada/teaches deaf in Boston/ Professor at BU

 first idea was to send multiple messages perwire

harmonic telegraph - oscillating reeds  

New material: Iron. industrialization and structural art lead to the creation of Iron bridge.

note: they also had decentralized society, island isolation and a strong navy, natural resources and wealth. and they needed bridges.

Iron: stronger than wood and stone. lighter than stone, more permanent than wood.  

Iron bridge was: semicircular arch, 'mutilated' arch, circles for decor

Craigellachie was: parabolic arch, unbroken arch, triangles for support. 

stress = force over area

expressed for some god-awful reason in this class by f=(T/A)

safety factor = stress at break/stress allowable 

Othmar Ammann - Thomas Telford

Andrew Carnegie - James Watt

Henry Ford - Thomas Edison  

Scientific: heat to work

social: animal to machine

Symbolic: reciprocating to rotary 

Became partners and in

1775 - Patent Extension

which allowed them to control the market. then in 1782 watt developed a double acting rotary engine by Boulton's suggestions.  

Boulton: was an investor and entrepreneur/ got the patent extension/ gave watt the R&D lab 

applied science

social process

individual genius 

1824 gibbons v. ogden - NO MONOPOLIES

1824-1852 boiler explosions CONGRESSIONAL DEBATES

1852 alfred guthrie's report REGULATORY AGENCY 

Franklin Institute - Stresses

Alfred Guthrie - Statistics

Mark Twain - Stories 

Stephen Vail - Morse Investor

Alfred Vail - Morse Partner

Theodore Vail - Bell and AT&T CEO 

morse v. henry

very sad. what a bummers. i think morse stole the whole lot of henry's reaserch.

also i'll mention here that this telegraph business created a whole lotta $$ that went into things like education etc.  

Stephenson - narrow gauge

Brunel - Wide gauge (argued could carry more. better)

Guage act 1846

went with narrow gauge. there was more of it.  

East-west v. North-south in civil war  

RRs v. Steamboats

Civil war favors..... CHICAGO 

building los bridges. the eads bridge one 1875 (beat the boomer bridge) eads was from the st. louis side. steamboads were then kindof permo demoted because they had to change to get under the bridge and teh RR showed up. eads bridge is the one with the 2 tiers and RR on the second tier. but it's open. EADS BRIDGE MADE OF STEEL 

Scientific: Bessemer process

Social: Building Cities

Symbolic: wealth - libraries and education 

Really strong (like 10 times that of wrought Iron)

1-2% carbon

steel was really an issue in the broken iron rails in the RRs.  

Bessemer process 

Henry Clay Frick - Partner

J. Edgar Thompson - Mill

Alexander Holley - Designer 

Lighting a City

telegraph operator/inventor and innovator/entrepreneur and manufacturer 

first successful invention - stock ticker sold to western union. i think.  Inventive Genius.

' wizard of menlo park' 

 Thomas Edison 1875

Reserach Lab

Lighting system idea

Incandescent lamp 

here in 1877 he developed the phonograph

1880 demo for politicians with electric light 

1880

Scientific: High Resistance Filament

Social: Competition with gas light

Symbolic: First Lights to Wall street (economic and news center) 

provided power to one square mile of lower manhattan

Edison GE/Thompson-Houston = GE

Scientific:Edison investor

Social: GE founder

Symbolic: America's Banker 

Edison - DC

Westinghouse - AC (using transformers to step up/step down current)

Watt - low pressure steam

Edison - DC power

Ford - car design 

Files Bell's Patent in 1875 Beats Gray!

most profitable patent in history

First time around:(hired by Bell) Buys western electric/ forms AT&T  - resigns 1885

 Second time around: 1905 JP morgan takes over AT&T and rehires Vail, AT&T becomes regulated by ICC in 1913

TELEGRAPH: 1860 western union

RAILROAD: 1870 Union Pacific/Central Pacific

TELEPHONE: 1915 bell/watson 

Alexander Graham Bell 1875 

Scientific: series circuit

Social: regulated monopoly

Symbolic: speaking at a distance 

Lowell mills engineer

1850

basically a big level that controls the flow coming over a lock. basically. It was important because it allowed Francis to study flow.  

from farm to Factory

from Country to City

from Craft to Engineering 

engineering works:

structures: the river dam

machine: the water turbine

networks: interconnected power canals

processes: cloth making 

1830 Henry Experiment

1830 Morse's shipboard idea

1835 Gale helps Morse

1840 Morse shows Van Buren 

1820 e + m linked

1825 Horshoe magnet

1830 Henry's electromagnet and telegraph

Gale: helped morse

Vail: student. father was financial backer.  

Morse - telegraph

Carnegie - Steel industry

Bell - Telephone

Edison - Electric Power

Marconi- Wireless 

basically created cities because the trains had to stop and turn around somewhere.

ripped up the landscape in a +/- way whatever you think. created infrastructure. really used the steel that came from Carnegie.  

after frick screws up the labor strikes there is a PR disaster. so now carnegie wants to sell. sells to JP Morgan. then carnegie is rich. really really rich. so he makes donations! he creates a pension fund for teachers, gives public libraries, carnegie hall, a lake.

biggest donor to princeton was Frick and frick's whole family kindof goes/went here.  

Edison helper. Princeton grad.

physicist and mathematician. helped explain mathematically some of edison's ideas. did analysis 

Arc lamp 1810

Incandescent light with carbonized cardboard filament 1880

(edison also built dynamo. a great one. spinning wire in field of permanent magnet) 

westinghouse

Use of the transformer I1/I2 =N2/N1 = V2/V1

Bell's financial backer

bell also married and taught his deaf daughter

go figure

also partner with thomas sanders 

Got all the patents!

and the final version of the telephone actually used the bell reciever but an edison carbon dealio transmitter. because bell sued for patents (sued western union wh had gray and edison's patents on telephone)

Bell

1875