Term
|
Definition
Act of sharing and exchanging information between people
EX: talking, writing, gesture |
|
|
Term
| 4 Processes of Communication |
|
Definition
1. Formulation
2. Transmission
3. Reception
4. Comprehension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coordinating internal thoughts and ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conveying your ideas
EX: speech, facial expression, etc. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Receiving information and others ideas
EX: reading, hearing, etc. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Making sense of a received message |
|
|
Term
| General Categories of Communication |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| How a sentence is made up. Governed by by syntax, morphology, and phonology. |
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Term
|
Definition
The rules of the formation of sentences
EX: bad syntax
Yells Loudly (no subject) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of any minimal grammar units in a specific language |
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Term
|
Definition
| ways sounds are put together. Putting smallest units of sound together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What a sentence is saying. Governed by semantics |
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Term
|
Definition
The meaning/ interpretation of a word or sentence
EX: Bad semantics
I swallowed the building. |
|
|
Term
| Use (communication category) |
|
Definition
| How one uses their language. Governed by pragmatics. |
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Term
|
Definition
How we use the rules of language socially
-organizing your language for different social contexts |
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Term
|
Definition
Significant difficulty in the ability to formulate, transmit, receive, or comprehend information
(when compared to others sharing the same language and culture) |
|
|
Term
| Communication Disorder Prevalence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most Common Communication Disorder |
|
Definition
| Hearing Loss and Deafness, 31.5 million or 10% of the US pop. has some type of HL |
|
|
Term
| Types of Communication Disorders |
|
Definition
| Language, Speech, and Hearing loss/Deafness |
|
|
Term
| Language Communication Disorder |
|
Definition
-Developmental disorders in children
-Aphasia in adults
-cognitive-communicative disorders |
|
|
Term
| Speech Communication Disorder |
|
Definition
Problems with:
-Fluency
-Voice
-articulation
-phonology
-motor speech |
|
|
Term
| Hearing Loss/ Deafness Communication Disorder |
|
Definition
-Sensorineural HL
-Conductive HL
-Auditory processing disorder |
|
|
Term
| Communication Disorder VS Difference |
|
Definition
| Communication difference is a dialect, a communication disorder is issues with providing the actual information |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When culture causes differences between the same language, the differences are dialects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When culture causes pronunciation/ word differences between different languages
EX: English speaker will have an English accent when speaking spanish |
|
|
Term
| What do SLP's and Audiologists require in order to be able to practice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Speech-Language Pathologist |
|
Definition
| Professional involved in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of speech, language, and swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Professional involved in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hearing and balance disorders. |
|
|
Term
| Objective of SLP and Audioloist |
|
Definition
| To optimize individuals' ability to communication and thereby improve their quality of life |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The disorder associated with swallowing. -The same anatomy for a swallowing disorder goes with communication disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the body structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The functions of the bodies structures |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Anatomy and physiology of nervous system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Made up by the lobes in the brain, cranial nerves, spinal nerves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Trachea, lungs, diaphragm, abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Head/neck, velo pheryngeal port |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Left frontal lobe
-deals with fine coordination and speech output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Left Temporal Lobe
-Deals with language comprehension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Left temporal lobe
-Deals with fine grained analysis of sound
-pieces apart different sounds
-left does speech, right does music |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
-12 cranial nerves
carries both sensory and motor information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| info coming from the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects the left and right hemisphere of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deals with personality and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more complex the behavior, the higher up on the cortex it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each part of the brain has a job to do. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacity to organize and recognize based on experience. It is how the brain "learns" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taking in experiences and learning from them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning from instruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
period of time during which growthin a particular function/ structure in the brain is most rapid
(language's CP is toddler-puberty) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateralization of the brain. The right does the left stuff and the left does the right stuff. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls and regulates almost all motor, sensory, and cognitive processes |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
-carries messages to and from the CNS
-includes both involuntary and voluntary |
|
|
Term
| primary purpose of respiration |
|
Definition
| to support live (AKA to live) |
|
|
Term
| secondary purpose of respiration |
|
Definition
| to support speech (AKA to talk) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Involuntary breathing
-Inhale-to-exhale ratio: 40:60 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Breathing with voluntary control
-Inhale-to-exhale ratio: 10:90 |
|
|
Term
| purpose of phonatory system |
|
Definition
-convert air flow/ energy into sound
-voice production by vocal fold vibriatio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 thin sheets of tissue connected to cartilage in the phonatory system in order to produce sound |
|
|
Term
| purpose of articulatory system |
|
Definition
| to manipulate/shape airflow from the phonatory system into precise speech sound |
|
|
Term
| Fixed Speech Articulators |
|
Definition
Speech makers you can't move
-palate
-upper incisors
-alveolar ridge |
|
|
Term
| Mobile Speech Articulators |
|
Definition
Speech makers you can move
-tongue
-velum (soft palate)
-mandible (lower jaw)
-lips |
|
|
Term
| purpose of resonatory system |
|
Definition
| modification of airflow from pharyx into oval and/or nasal cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Industrial
-Educational
-Geriatric
-Medical
-Dispensing/ Rehabilitative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Pinna (or Auricle)
2. External Auditory Canal (EAC)/ External Auditory Meatus (EAM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Protects and channels information to the external auditory canal
-aids in sound localization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Knowing where a sound is coming from |
|
|
Term
| External Auditory Canal (EAC) |
|
Definition
-directs sound to and protects the tympanic membrane
-provides increase in sound intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Ear drum"
3 layers:
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
|
|
Term
| The amount of tympanic membrane vibration... |
|
Definition
| is proportional to a sounds intensity |
|
|
Term
| The speed of the vibration of the tympanic membrane... |
|
Definition
| is proportional to the sounds frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical production of sounds of shared code |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA audition
-perception of sound/ speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to formulate and plan goals and carry them out successfully |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Air Filled Space
-Ossicular Chain (3 bones)
-Windows
-Eustachian tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regulates air pressure in the middle ear, because bones will vibrate differently at different pressures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid in the middle ear pushes the tympanic membrane out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acoustic energy to Mechanical energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resistance to the flow of energy (sound) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Vestibule
-Semicircular canals
-Coclea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vestibular System and Auditory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid filled snail shaped organ that is made up by its basilar membrane and hair cells. The hair cells "fire" and sends electrical energy to the auditory nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanical energy to hydrological by moving the fluid in the cochlea. This movement in fluid causes certain hair cells to react. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basilar Membrane is organized by frequency. Lower frequency on bottom (apex) higher frequency on the top (base) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The large bottom of the cochlea that deals with low frequencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The small top of the cochlea that deals with high frequencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA Auditory nerve
-transmits electrical energy from cochlea to the brainstem |
|
|
Term
| Central Auditory Nervous system (CANS) |
|
Definition
| Part of the brain. processing of speech information occurs throughout CANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vibratory transmitted by pressure waves in the air or any other medium (ex water, through a wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound is the physical vibration. hearing is the perception of that sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-simple harmonic motion
-comes in sine waves
-deals with frequency, amplitude, and time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of cycles per second or Hertx (Hz) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time it takes to make the wave go all the way "up and down" once |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The magnitude/ strength of a sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The perception of frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reference level of sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sounds that repeat exactly the same over and over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sounds that do not repeat themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sound created by one singular sound wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound created from multiple sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple sounds are extremely rare in nature. most are made up by multiple waves and are complex sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| machine used for evaluating hearing loss (raise left or right hand if you hear a noise machine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| device used for looking into ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of looking into someones ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testing hearing sensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum level of sound average person can detect across different frequencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lowest level of a sound at which it can be heard by an individual 50% of the time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A visual representation of a person's threshold at a given frequency and intensity |
|
|
Term
| Frequency range of humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All consonant production is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an assessment of the functional integrity of the outer, middle and inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflects the function of the cochlea, regardless of the status of the outer or middle ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells us how an auditory disorder might impact the communicative problems of daily living |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-measure threshold for speech
-cross check pure tone sensitivity
-quantify suprathreshold speech recognition ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sounds above the threshold
-used to test if there is a hearing issue beyond the cochlea |
|
|
Term
| speech recognition threshold |
|
Definition
| the threshold needed to recognize what is being said by someone |
|
|
Term
| speech awareness threshold |
|
Definition
| the threshold needed to know that someone is speaking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one's ability to read a word and know the definition of that word effortlessly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an examination used to test condition of middle ear and mobility of ear drum, by creating pressures in the ear canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mammals in response to a high intensity sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sound generated from the inner ear (cochlea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tests auditory brainstem response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| problems with the outer or middle ear |
|
|
Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
|
Definition
| problems with the inner ear or auditory processing center of brain |
|
|
Term
| retrocochlear hearing loss |
|
Definition
problems with parts beyond the cochlea/ inner ear, including the auditory nerve and central auditory nervous system (CANS)
-usually resulting from tumor or stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of phonemes in English language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-continuants
-nasals
-glides
-fricatives
-stops
-plosives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An articulation method where most sound energy is directed through nose
(saying an "m") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
saying things where the mobile articulators gradually change shape
(saying a "w") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
something you can say and have it never be stopped cuz of the constant airflow
(saying "sh") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
making a sound by blocking the air flow
(saying a "b") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a combination of a fricative and a stop.
flowing something and then stopping it
(saying "ch") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when one letter sound can change based off the other letters its next to. AKA saying the same thing differently
(saying "do" vs "did") |
|
|
Term
| stages of speech and language development |
|
Definition
-birth:cry
-crying (2-3 months)
-cooing (3-6 months)
-babbling (6-9 months)
-first words (9-15 months) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to produce sounds correctly/ fluently or voice problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
problems making certain sounds, but otherwise is ok
EX: having a cleft palate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impairment of the phonological system.
leads to problem in producing certain sounds OR speaking in a different way from the age and culture expectation
EX: kid cannot make the "s" sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules for combining and using sounds in order for the sounds to convey meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
children must:
1. acquire all phonemes
2. distinguish the phonemes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hard time producing a lot of sounds |
|
|
Term
| subtypes of phonological disorders |
|
Definition
-unknown origin (developmental delay)
-otitis media w/ effusion (OME)
-structural/organic abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| unknown origin phonological disorder |
|
Definition
| When one has persistent error in phonemes but does not suffer from excessive ear infections or structural abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree speech is not understood by an unfamiliar listener |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
using one phoneme a ton of times
-"i taw a puddy tat" |
|
|
Term
| What age should children have all sounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Otitis Media w/ Effusion (OME) |
|
Definition
when one has a lack of hearing input because they have fluid in their ears
-bad input leads to delayed output |
|
|
Term
| How many ear infections is considered OME? |
|
Definition
| 6 within the first 3 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in 9-12 per 10,000 live births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -problems with mulitple things, but include HL, small oral cavity, phonological development delay, etc |
|
|
Term
| structural defect phonological disorder |
|
Definition
| when ones teeth, tongue, lips, or palate are misformed and make it hard to produce certain sounds |
|
|
Term
| Assessing for Phonological Disorder |
|
Definition
-presence of disorder
-etiology (where it comes from)
-affected sounds
-treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making sure all phonological structures are working and in tact |
|
|
Term
| spontaneous speech sample |
|
Definition
| Getting a patient to "just talk" to test for a phonological disorder |
|
|
Term
| Formal Test of Articulation |
|
Definition
| When one evaluates all sounds in the patients native language to test for a phonological disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How well can a child with a phonological disorder produce a sound with help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Encoding things
-talking
-writing
-hand gestures
*putting thoughts into language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decoding
-reading
-listening
*taking in peoples language |
|
|
Term
| Nature theory of language development |
|
Definition
LAD (language acquisition device)
humans have the capacity of language from birth |
|
|
Term
| Nurture theory of language development |
|
Definition
| humans develop their language from their environment, start from clean slate |
|
|
Term
| Birth-12 month expressive language |
|
Definition
babbles
1-2 real words
cries for attention |
|
|
Term
| Birth-12 months receptive language |
|
Definition
recognizes words for common things
responds to simple requests |
|
|
Term
| 12-24 month expressive language |
|
Definition
says more words every month
starts saying 2 works (wheres kitty?) |
|
|
Term
| 12-24 month receptive language |
|
Definition
-points to pictures and body parts when named
-follows simple commands
-answers simple questions |
|
|
Term
| 4-5 year expressive language |
|
Definition
telling on topic stories
easily communicating with people
uses adult like grammar |
|
|
Term
| 4-5 year receptive language |
|
Definition
pays attention to short stories
answers questions |
|
|
Term
| When language development ends |
|
Definition
Through adolescence
-being a teenager |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impairment in the comprehension and/or expression of a symbol system |
|
|
Term
| Significant language impairments (SLI) |
|
Definition
-normal in other aspects of life (intelligence, nervous system, motor system)
-just havent acquired language yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when someone is "retarded"
-has an IQ below 70
-impaired ability to act as independently as peers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
severe development disability
-lack of true social interaction, poor communication skills, sterotyped behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
higher functioning, ok language skills
-have trouble with pragmatics |
|
|
Term
| Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) |
|
Definition
someone is able to be be social and conversational
-after 2 years of learning language you can be social with native speakers |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency |
|
Definition
-using a langauge "academically" not just for talking. (EX writing a story in that language)
-5-7 years after constantly being exposed
-7-10 years trying to learn language in classroom |
|
|
Term
| Iceberg 2nd language theory |
|
Definition
| The more time you put into it the better and better you become at learning that 2nd language. (BICS is top of iceberg, CALP is bottom) |
|
|
Term
| Birth-3 month hearing milestone |
|
Definition
-startles and jumps at sudden loud sound
-wakes up to loud noises
-recognize voices and quiets when you speak |
|
|
Term
| 3-6 months hearing milestones |
|
Definition
-turns eyes towards interesting sound
-appears to listen
-awakes easily to sound |
|
|
Term
| 6-12 months hearing milestones |
|
Definition
-turns head towards sounds
-understand "no" and "bye bye"
-beings to imitate speech |
|
|
Term
| There are ____ HL per 1000 births |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hearing loss in an infant means |
|
Definition
| hearing threshold are beyond 16 dB |
|
|
Term
| Early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) |
|
Definition
| -newborn hearing screenings are done (auditory brain stem response and otoacoustic emissions) to detect HL as soon as possible for babies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hearing loss you are born with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hearing loss you obtain somehow in life |
|
|
Term
| Genetic congenital HL occurs ____ % of the time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other causes for congenital HL |
|
Definition
-prenatal infections
-prematurity
-maternal diabetes
-lack of oxygen to baby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ear infections (otitis media)
-oxytoxic drugs
-infections (meningitis, mumps, etc)
-perforation of tympanic membrane
-head injury |
|
|
Term
| ____ % of US children have a low/ high frequency HL of at least ____ dB |
|
Definition
| 15% of kids have a low/ high frequency HL of atleast 16 dB |
|
|
Term
| ____ % of children have otitis media by the age of 3 |
|
Definition
| 75% of kids have had middle ear infectiosn by age 3! |
|
|
Term
| Why kids get more ear infections |
|
Definition
-They have smaller Eustachian tubes!
-easier for bacteria to enter middle ear because of poor fluid drainage due to flatness of Eustachian tube |
|
|
Term
| Central Auditory Processing Disorders (CAPD) |
|
Definition
The people have normal hearing, but have an issue with auditory perception system. Trouble then with:
-telling where sounds come from (sound localization)
-hearing with background noise) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-head trauma
-lead posioning
-chronic otitis media
-unknown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An electrical device that creates hearing sensation by direct electrically stimulating auditory nerve.
-bypasses severely damaged hair cells in inner ear |
|
|
Term
| parts of Cochlear Implants |
|
Definition
1)microphone
2)speech processor (sometimes backpack thing)
3)transmitting coil (big circle thing on top of head)
4)reciever (inside temporal bone)
5) electrode array (circles around coclea)
Think TERMS! |
|
|
Term
| Candidacy for Cochlear Implants |
|
Definition
-at least 12 months old
-Severe-profound hearing loss for children above 18 months
-profound hearing loss for below 18 months
-must try hearing aids and they can't help
-be willing to go through therapy
-family support
-medically cleared for surgery |
|
|
Term
| People who can't get cochlear implants |
|
Definition
-hearing loss in the central origin (auditory nerve or CANS)
-absence of cochlea
-active middle ear infections |
|
|
Term
| steps of cochlear implant process |
|
Definition
-discover HL
-trial with amplification
-evaluation of candidacy
-implantation
-'turning on' of impant
(one month after surgery)
-multiple follow up visits |
|
|
Term
| cochlear implant vs hearing aid |
|
Definition
-hearing aid amplifies sounds
-CI's change the natural sound into artificial sound that is hearable for the one using it |
|
|
Term
| Limitations to cochlear implants |
|
Definition
-head surgery
-little known on long term effects
-expensive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-put emphasis on speech to those with hearing loss
-works on "fitting in" with hearing world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-focuses on signing and finger spelling
-works on "acceptance" and adjustment is made to non-hearing world |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| trying to teach receptive and expressive spoken language to those with HL |
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Term
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Definition
| -seek out best technology available for the HL and try to teach children with HL to speak and listen |
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Term
| Total Communication Theory |
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Definition
| -Using 1 or more methods of communication to a child to teach them as many as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| teaches child American sign language as first language and tries to teach English as a 2nd |
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