Term
| A scientific model is simply a(n) ______ that allows us to create explanations of how we think some part of the universe works. |
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| Who is usually considered the "Father of Chemistry." |
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| Who gave is the "Law of Definite Proportions." |
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| John Dalton's major contribution was _____________. |
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Definition
| that different elements had atoms with different masses. |
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Term
| T/F~ J.J. Thomson is credited with discovery of the electron. |
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Definition
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| List three conclusions that derive from Thompson's study of the electron. |
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Definition
| 1-All elements must contain identically charged electrons. 2. Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive particles in the atom to balance the negative charge of the electrons. 3.Electrons have so little mass that atoms must contain other particles that account for most of the mass. |
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Term
| Rutherford's atomic model had most of the mass centered in a tiny region called the _____. The nucleus contained tiny positively charged particles called _____. |
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| Summarize the three conclusions that derived directly from the experiment run by Rutherford's students. |
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Definition
| The nucleus is small. The nucleus is dense. The nucleus is positively charged. |
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Term
| In the _______ model electrons are seen to occupy specific energy levels, or orbits, known as the "ground state". They can jump to higher energy levels (the "excited state") if they are given enough energy and will return to the ground state on cooling. |
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| In the ______ model of the atom, the electron energy livel is represented as general regions in space where the electrons most probably exist. |
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| The regions of "most probable location for the electrons" are called ______. |
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| T/F~ All matter is composed of atoms. |
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Definition
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| T/F~ Atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed in "ordinary chemical reactions." |
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Definition
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| T/F~ Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 atomic particles (not SUB-particles) that can be identified within a helium atom. |
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Definition
| the electron, the proton, and the neutron |
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Term
| Except for the hydrogen atom, atomic nuclei contain two or more positive nucleons. Why doesn't charge repulsion cause the nuclei to fly apart? |
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Definition
| The nucleus doesn't break apart because the strong force overcomes the much weaker electromagnetic repulsion. |
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Term
| List the four fundamental forces in order of decreasing strength. |
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Definition
| In order of decreasing strength: strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravity |
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Term
| The nuclear sub-particle that mediates the strong force which holds the nucleons together is |
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Definition
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| T/F~ Atoms always have as many electrons as protons. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Adding a proton makes a new kind of atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Adding a neutron makes an isotope of that atom- a heavier version of that atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| Atoms that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons are called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 3 isotopes of hydrogen |
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Definition
| Protium, deuterium and tritium |
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Term
| T/F~ In calculating the mass of an atom, we treat the mass of a proton and the mass of a neutron as though they are equal, and we disregard the mass of the relatively small electron. |
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Term
| The sum of the masses of all particles (nucleons) within the nucleus is called the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) _______ is 1/12th of the mass of a carbon atom that has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) _______ is the approximate mass of one proton or one neutron. |
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Definition
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Term
| The sum of protons plus neutrons equals the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The atomic number equals the number of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mass number minus the atomic number equals the number of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Beta "minus" decay involves a neutron turning into a proton by emitting an antineutrino and a negatively charged beta particle. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ The negative "beta particle" actually is an electron. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Beta "plus" decay involves a proton turning into a neutron by emitting a neutrino and a positron. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Beta decay changes an atom of one element into an atom of a new element. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ The process by which tritium is converted to helium involves alpha decay. |
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Definition
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Term
| Particles that are the exact opposite of the particles that comprise ordinary matter are called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______, which originate in the sun and in exploding stars, are mostly protons that travel at speeds near the speed of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process whereby a large nucleus is split into two smaller nuclei with a large release of energy is called nuclear _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclear fission is propagated by a chain T/F~ reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ The explanation for the large release of energy during fission involves the finding that the sum of the masses of the nuclear fragments produced is greater than the original mass. |
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Definition
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Term
| The joining together of smaller nuclei into a larger one is known as ________. |
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| T/F~ The wide-spread view that fission-based electrical power is an unsafe and medically dangerous industry is justified by the past 50 year-=history of nuclear energy power plants. |
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Term
| The chief technical problem surrounding the development of fusion as a means of cheap energy is... |
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Definition
| maintaining the extremely high temperatures required and finding the material that will withstand these high temperatures |
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Term
| T/F~ A model of the atom is a picture of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ A model of the atom is physical structure that you can hold in your hand. |
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Definition
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| T/F~ The scientific model is simply the idea that particles such as protons and neutrons behave in certain ways. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Protons, neutrons and electrons are examples of reality in the same sense that soda bottles and baseball bats are. |
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Definition
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| T/F~ Protons, neutrons and electrons are ideas developed to help explain what we observe and to make predictions about what may yet be seen. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 3 most important considerations in assessing a scientific model. |
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Definition
| CONSISTENCY, EXPLAINING, PREDICTING. The model's CONSISTENCY with other knowledge including other scientific models; the model's ABILITY to EXPLAIN data; the model's ABILITY TO PREDICT new data. |
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Term
| A _________model represents the concept of the atom in physical (visual) terms so we can study how the atom appears to function. |
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Definition
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| A _____ model is useful to study the energy relationships with the atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| In about 400 BCE the Greek scientist ________ proposed that all matter is comprised of little units called "atoms." |
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Definition
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Term
| Whose students showed that a beam of positively charged alpha particles 7000 times larger than electrons would penetrate a thin film of solid gold? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ The diameter of an atom's nucleus is about 1/10,000th of the diameter of the atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Ritherford concluded that since some alpha particles were repelled back towards their source there must be a very tiny, very dense, positively charge region in the atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who pictured the atom as a mass of positively charged material containing negatively charged electrons embedded in it- like "plum pudding." |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Alpha particles are positively charged particles about equal in mass to an electron. |
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Definition
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Term
| James Chadwick discovered the ______, which is the nuclear particles that have NO electric charge and have approximately the same mass as protons. |
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Definition
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| Who focused on the simple FLAME TEST in heis search for a model that would explain the motion and location of the electrons within the atom. The result was a model of the atom in which light was emitted only when an electron jumped from one quantum _____ to another. |
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Term
| Who developed the foundation of quantum mechanics? He is best known for his "Uncertainty Principle" which states that it is impossible to know both the energy (linear momentum) and the position of an electron simultaneously. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the French physicist who in 1924 proposed that matter has properties of both particles and waves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who, in 1926, is the nuclear physicist who laid the foundation of the wave mechanics approach to quantum theroy, which is described by his now-famous equation which bears his name? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the parts of the modern theory of the atom. |
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Definition
| All matter is composed of atoms. Atoms cannot be subdivided, created or destroyed in "ordinary chemical reactions." Atoms of an element have a characteristic average mass which is unique to that element. Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element. |
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Term
| A proton has the mass of 1836 _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A proton has almost the same mass as a _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1968 nuclear scientists discovered the existence of ______ inside the proton and neutron. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ There are 4 quarks in a neutron. |
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Definition
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Term
| The quarks are held together by other particles called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the 3 families of quarks, the ______ quarks join together to form protons and neutron. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neutrons are made from ___ "up" quark(s) and ___ "down" quark(s). |
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Definition
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Term
| The "up" quark carries a charge of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| "uud" defines a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative to the size of an atom given as 1, the relative size of a proton is nearest to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ If a hydrogen atom were the size of a baseball, we would need a screen a mile wide to display the electron's orbit. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Quarks are so small that a hydrogen atom would have to be 1000 miles across for a quark to be the size of a baseball. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ The atomic weight or mass number, is actually an average atomic mass for all the isotopes of the element. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ All elements heavier than uranium are man-made. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of reactions involving atomic nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first to observe radioactivity? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ refers to the "ability or tendency" to emit nuclear decay rays or particles. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ refers to the particles and rays emitted by a radioactive nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ designates the PROCESS of emitting radiation from a radioactive nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four types of radiation & their charge (+,-,0) |
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Definition
Alpha particle (+)
Beta minus particle (-)
beta plus particle (+)
gamma ray (0) |
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Term
| Alpha particles consist of ___ protons and ___ neutrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| The alpha particle is identical to a(n) _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Radioactive decay of carbon-14 produces a beta particle that is identical to a(n)_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the 4 types of radiation, which is not a particle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the 4 types of radiation, which is most penetrating? |
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Definition
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Term
| The mass of the nucleus is about 1% smaller than the mass of it's individual protons and neutrons. The difference is called the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy released when the nucleons bind together to form a nucleus is known as the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ The mass defect arises from the energy released when the nucleons )protons and neutrons) bind together to form a nucleus. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ The binding energy determines which nuclei are stable and how much energy is released in a nuclear reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ Very heavy nuclei and very light nuclei have low binding energies. |
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Definition
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Term
| What defines how the mass defect and the binding energy are related. |
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Definition
| Einstein's equation: E=mc2 |
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Term
| Explain how such a small mass defect can translate into such a large release of energy. |
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Definition
| From Einsteins equation, the small amount of mass is multiplied by c2 or (3x10 to the 8th)=9x10 to the 16th! |
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Term
| The elementary particles released during beta decay of a neutron to a proton are the ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| electron and antineutrino |
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Term
| Who said that beta decay produced a non-interacting, neutral particle of near-zero mass and high energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| The particle identified in Pauli's beta decay theory was named _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The theory devised to explain how sub-atomic particles interact with one another is known as the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the Standard Model, how many particles comprise the base of all matter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 "families" make up the Standard Model particles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 elementary particles are associated with the electron, the muon and the tau? |
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Definition
| neutrinos and antineutrinos |
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Term
| T/F~ Neutrinos are one of the most abundant particles in the universe. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F~ If you know where to look, neutrinos are surprisingly easy to detect. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three most common radioactive atoms released by the fission of uranium-235. |
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Definition
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