What are the five apsects of the information   network we will focus on in this course?

• Device that make up the network.
• Media that connect the devices.
• Messages that are carried across the network.
• Rules and Processes that govern network communication.
• tools and commands for construction maintaining networks.

What are th three elements of communication?

• Message source or senders= are people or electronic devices that need to send a message to individual or devices.
• Destination or receiver or the message= receives the message and interprets it.
• Channel = consist of media that provides the pathway over which the message can travel from source to the destination.

What is the definition of the term network for this course?

• Data or information network capable of:
• Carrying many different types of communications and traditional computer data 
• Interactive voice, video, and entertainment products.

    What would happen to the network if a message was sent as one massive continuous stream of bits?

  The means that no other device would be able to send or receive messages on the same network.

       Define segmentation of messages?

•    Breaking communications into pieces
•     Division of the data stream into smaller pieces?

                What is multiplexing?

• The process used to interleave the pieces of separate conversations together on the network.
• Giving each user a part of the bandwidth.

   What is hardware on a network?

 Hardware are physical components of a computer.

            Hard drive

            Memory Chip

            Motherboard

            CPU

   What are end devices on a network?

  workstation           security cameras

  laptops                 mobile handheld devices

  file server              PDA

  web server             Wireless barcode scanners

  networks printers

  voip phones

          What is the definition of a host?

    Is a device tht communicates over a network

    End device can be reffered to as a host

    Host can be a client or a server

    What is the definition of a server?

   A server are host that have software installed that enable them to provide information and services.

                     Examples:

                    Email

   Web pages or other host in the network

   What is the definition of a client?

  Clients are host that have software installed that enables them to request and display the information obtained from the server.

      List examples of intermediary devices?

  Networking Access Devices= Hubs, Switches, and wireless access points.

  Internetworking Devices = Routers

  Communications Server and modems

  Security Devices

  List examples of process that intermediary devices perform.

•    Regenerates and retransmits data signals
•    Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communications failures.
• Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure.
• Classify and direct message according to QOS priorities
• Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security setting.

   What are the 3 primary types of media used in the modern networks?

• Metallic wires within cable (Copper)
• Glass or Plastic Fiber ( Fiber Optic Cable)
• Wireless transmission (Wireless)

  What criteria should be used to select network media?

•  The distance the media can successfully carry a signal.
• The environment in which the media is to be installed.
• The amount of data and speed at which it must be transmitted.
• The cost of the media and installation.

   What are the ways in which netwrok infrastructure can vary?

•  The size of the area covered.
• The number of users connected
• The number and types of service available

   What is the definition of a LAN?

   An individual network that spans a single geographical area, providing services and application to people withing a single business, campus, or region.

   What is the definition of a WAN?

  LANs are separated by geographic distances 

                 What is an internetwork?

• A global mesh of interconnected networks
• A connection of two or more networks.

                What is an intranetwork?

• Is often used to refer to a private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization.
• Only assessible by organization members

                      Define a NIC?

•  Also call a LAN Adapter
• Provides the physical connection to the network at the pc or other host.
• The media connecting the PC to the networking device plugs directly into the NIC.  

                  Define the physical port?

A connector or outlet on a network device where the media is connected to a host or other networking device.

                    Define an interface?

Specialized ports on a internetworking device that connects to individual networks.

     Example:  Router ports are specialized because they interconnect networks.

         What are the 3 layers of protocols?

Content Layer

Ruler Layer = Conversation Protocol Suite

                    1).  use a common Language

                    2).  Wait your turn

                    3)   Signal when finished

Physical Layer

          What process do networking layer protocol

          suites describe?

•      The format or structure of the message
•      The method by which networking device share information about pathways.
•       How and when error and system messages are passed between devices.
•       The setup and termination of data transfer.

                     What is proprietary?

 One company or vendor controls the definition of the protocol and how it functions.

   What does the use of standards and protocols provide?

  Ensures that products from different manufacturers can work together for efficient communications.

   What is an application protocol?

  Http=  Hypertext Transfer protocol

Governs the way how messages are transported between the client and the server on the WWW.

   What is a Transport Protocol?

  Manages the individual conversation between the Web servers and Web Clients.

Segment Messages

Controlling sizes and rate at which messages are exchanged between server and client.

   What is the Internetwork Protocol?

•  The most common internet protocol
• Responsible for taking formatted segments from TCP, encapsulating them into packets
• Assigning the appropriate address, and selecting the best path to the destination host.

    What is the Network Access Protocol?

• Datalink = Takes the packets from IP and format them to be transmitted over the media.
• Physical Transmission = Governs how the signals are sent over the media and how they are interpreted by the receiving clients. 

     What do networking protocols describe?

Networking protocols describe what function are required of a particular communication rule but not how they are to be carried out.

What are the benefits of using a layered model to describe networking?

• Helps the design of complex, multi-use muti-vendor networks.
• Assist in protocol design, because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and define interface to the layers above and below.
• Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together.
• Prevents technology or capability changes in one layer from affecting other layers above and below.
• Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities.

   What are the 2 basic types of networking models?

Protocol models = Provides a model that closed matches the structure of a particular protocol suite.

Reference model = Provides a common reference for maintaining consistency withing all types of network protocols and services.

  What is done at the Application Layer?

Represents data to the user plus encoding and dialog control.

          What is done at the Transport Layer?

  Supports communication between diverse devices across diverse networks.

     What is done at the internet layer?

  Determines the best path through the network.

    What is done at the Network Access Layer?

    Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

   What are the 7 steps in a complete communication process?

•  Creation of the data at the application layer of the origination source end device.
• Segmentation and encapsulation of a data as it passes doen the protocol suite.
• Generation of the data onto the media at the network access layer.
• Transportation of the data using intermediary devices.
• Reception of the data at the Network Layer
• Decapsulation and reassembly of data
• Passing the data to the destination application at the application layer.

   What is the PDU for the application layer?

                        DATA

      What is the Transport Layer PDU?

                         Segment

What is the PDU of the Internet Layer?

                            Packet

        What is the PDU for the Internet Layer?

                      Packet

What is the PDU for the Network Access Layer?

Frames

What PDU is used when physically transporting the information over the medium?

                         BITS

How is the protocol stack processed when sending information?

Process from the top to bottom

What is the protocol stack processed when sending information?

De-capsulation process is used when receiving a message from another host.

What are the seven layers of the OSI Model?

                        Encapsulation     De-encapsulation

7 :  Application----- All                     Away

6 :  Presentation--  People                Pizza

5 :  Session--------- Seems                Sausage

4 :  Transport--------To                     Throw

3 :   Network --------Need                  Not

2 :   Datalink---------Data                  Do

1 :   Physical---------Processing           Please

   What layers of the OSI Model parallel with the TCP/IP Model?

              Transport and Network Layers

What does the physical layer do?

Timing and Synchronization BITs

What addresses does the datalink use?

Destinationand Source Physical Addresses

What addressess does the Network layer use?

Destination and Source Logical and Network Addresses.

 What does the transport layer use?

Destination and source process number (Ports)

What do the upper layers use? 

Encoded Application Data

What is the PDU for Layer 2 called.

PDU at Layer #2 is called a Frame

What is the Layer 2 address called?

MAC = Media Access Control Address

What happens after the frame has reached its destination?

The layer 2 address information is removed as the data is decapsulated and moved up the protocol stack to layer #3.

 What does the transport layer use?

Destination

What address layer 3 devices primarily designed for?

Move data from one local network to another local network withing and internetwork.

What address is used at Layer 3?

Host address

What is the PDU of the Layer 3 information?

The header of the packet.

Which device decapsulates the frame at the edge of a network?

Router

What does the router do?

Encapsulates the packet in a new frame and sendsit on its way toward the destination end device.

What happens when the frame reaches the end device?

The frame and packet header are removed and data moves up to layer 4.

What does the information in the fram provide at Layer 4?

The specific process or service runnint on the destionation host device tht will act on the data being delivered, host whether they are clients or servers

How is each application or service represented at layer 4?

Each application or service are represented at Layer 4 by a Port Number

What are the 2 advantages of segmentation?

• Sending smaller pieces into individual pieces from source to destination, many different conversation can be interleaved on the network.
• Segmentation can increase the reliability of network communications.