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| Theory by Sutherland. It states that crime is learned in association with peers that hold definitions of law breaking. |
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| Theory by Akers. Definition favorable to law violation depend on history of reinforcement and punishment. I.E what you learn about the system. |
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| Theory by Hirschi. States that bonds to social institutions prevent crime. |
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| Theory by Gottfredson and Hirschi. Also called the general theory of crime. Low self control explains all crime. Low self control occurs under bad parenting/lack of parenting. |
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| Lemert, Braithwaite, and Sherman all created componenets within Labeling theory. Crime has no independent reality. The first act of deviance is irrelevant , it's only how the initial deviant gets labeled that cause more crime afterwards. |
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| Theory by Matza. Criminals neutralize moral constraints and they don't feel guilt for committing crime anymore. |
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| Theorized by Tobey, it suggests that you have reasons to conform as you have stakes in your community. |
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Nye, Suggested that there are four elements to control:
Internalized control(Self efficacy), Indirect control(Influenced by those around you), direct control(laws), and needs(if your only means to your needs is crime you will commit crime). |
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| Theory by Reckless. Containing a good self image is a deterrent of crime. Inner containment is positive sense of self. Outer containment is strong social relationships. |
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| The 4 components of Social Control Theory |
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Definition
Attachment: Cohesiveness with parents and peers.
Commitment: How invested you are in the community.
Involvement: How much time you are spending through conventional non-crime activities.
Belief: Agreeing with the laws of the society. |
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| Traits of Low Self Control |
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Definition
| Risk takers, Porr verbal communicaotrs, impulsive. |
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| How is self control formed? |
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| It forms under the influence of parenting for better or worse and continues to form until the age of 8. |
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Term
| Deviance Amplification Model |
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| Person commits a crime, they get labeled/excluded, they commit more crime. |
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| Your character dictates what label you get. |
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| Theory by Tannenbaum. Suggests that people associate your label with how you behave. Self fulfilling prophecy. |
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| Lemert suggests that CCJS creates crime by trying to prevent it. |
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| Criticism of Labeling Theory |
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| Does explain the first crime, most people desist from crime after their adolescence, puts no weight on the nature of the act itself. |
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| Matsueda revived it, said that parental appraisal of crime can further crime. |
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| Theorized by Braithwaite. Said that you put someone back into society, punished but ready to be improved upon. |
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| Created by Sherman, suggests that when a person sees the corrupt underbelly of the system during their processing they will be more likely to commit crime. |
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| Development and Lifecourse Theory |
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Definition
| Created by Elder. Four lifecourse principles. Big events in big places, the timing, linked lives, human agency/accountability. |
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| 4 Dimensions in Development of Criminal Career |
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Definition
| Participation, frequency, seriousness, and career length. |
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| Sampson and Laub suggest that certain turning point stop crime. Marriage, Miltary Service, Reform School. Therfeore, Incpapication and Three strikes is a good think. |
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| Comparisons of self by looking at others. |
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