Term
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Definition
Cesare beccaria
You always use cost and benefits analysis before committing a crime |
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Term
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Definition
certainty, severity and swiftness will deter people from committing a crime;
the knowledge that you will be punished is the most important |
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Term
| Routine Activities Theory |
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Definition
| crime occurs when you have a likely offender, suitable target and lack of a capable guardian |
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Term
Biological Theorist - lombroso
criminal man |
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Definition
| people are born criminals (Generational criminals) , insane criminals (insanity, idots, imbeciles), occasional criminals (Those who rarely act on their traits), or criminals of passion (acting on their emotions) |
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Definition
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Definition
the theory of imputability and the denial of free will
also habitual criminals and involuntary criminals |
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Term
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Definition
- social darwinist
criminals lack pity and probity |
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Term
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Definition
| respect for others property |
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Term
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Definition
| respect for human rights of others |
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Definition
| It's not people who create crime but places that create criminals |
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Definition
| human behavior is determined by an individuals genes |
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Term
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Definition
orgin of species
survival of the fittest
lombroso believes criminals have throwback traits |
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Term
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Definition
| some characteristics make people less suitable to live in society |
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Term
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Definition
influence by french revolution and industrial
sociologist
consensus theorist |
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Term
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Definition
| uniform society with self-sustainable groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a society in motion with distinct and specialized jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs most often during times of change in societal values |
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Term
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Definition
Crime is normal and serves a purpose
deviance allows for cultural innovation |
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Term
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Definition
| People are not born good or bad they are influenced by their surroundings to make either decision |
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Term
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Definition
not rational choice just environment;
reject cultural explanations;
study of inner cities; socialization |
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Term
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Definition
| Broken Windows theory,truly disadvantaged, collective efficacy, code of the street, social captial |
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Term
Broken windows theory
(Wilson and Kelling 1982) |
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Definition
| if there are small issues they will lead to big ones because of low cohesion; people need something nice to take care of; the more broken windows the more crime |
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Term
The truly disadvantaged (1990)
wilson |
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Definition
those stuck in neighborhoods after the white and black flight
the poorest in the suburbs is better off than the richest in the ghetto |
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Term
collective efficacy (1997)
sampson |
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Definition
how willing you are to stick your neck out for your neighbor
Craig standing up for his girlfriend in Friday
standing up to bully's and what not |
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Term
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Definition
| living in the ghetto makes you develop a subculture of violence that permeates through formal and informal institutions |
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Term
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Definition
code of the streets
street cred
what your obligated and expected to do well in |
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Term
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Definition
| social disorganization theory |
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Term
| Social Disorganization (shaw and mckay) |
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Definition
inner cities are plagued by constant change ( gentrify, succeed, leave) and widespread poverty over a homogenous group which leads to delinquency
there is no stability |
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Term
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Definition
| Zone 2 is the zone of transition |
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Term
Public policy (Todd Clear)
tipping points
coercive mobility |
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Definition
cordination of local resources is neccessary
when a social fabric tears because too many of its memebers are in jail
incarceration sometimes hurts a community more than it helps iit |
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Term
Walter Miller 6 main concerns
F.A.T.T.E.S |
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Definition
Fate
Autonomy
Trouble
Toughness
Excitement
Smartness |
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Term
| pre modern understanding of criminality |
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Definition
a demonic perspective, crime resulted from supernatural forces, crime was a sin
church was societies law maker
there were corporal punishments for wrongdoers |
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Term
| pre-modern legal environment |
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Definition
common law system led to a lot of harsh punishments
sentenced depended on social status and judges had complete discretion ,
lots of corruption |
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Term
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Definition
social contract,
its the states job to make sure we dont hurt one another |
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Term
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Definition
man is a rational actor and a utility maximizer
cost and benefits
hedonic calculus |
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Term
| classical criminology faults |
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Definition
| assumes criminals and non criminals are the same because of their pain pleasure analysis |
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Term
| orientations in poor neighborhoods |
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Definition
Street—Campaigning for respect, delinquent values prevalent, single mother HH; fatherhood absent
Decent—Upward mobile, intact families, pursuing educational and employment aims, avoiding contact with CJ. |
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Term
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Definition
| laws stem from a societies culture that unifies the majority opinion that some behaviors are wrong and should be punished |
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Term
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Definition
| biological theorist believe that forces beyond ones control led to their criminality |
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Term
| Traditional school of biology |
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Definition
phrenology - skulls
somatotyping - body type
physiogomy- certain facial traits can tell you about someones behavior |
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Term
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Definition
Criminalizing things
ex) prohibition, war on drugs, terrorism |
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Term
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Definition
| decriminalizing things such as weed and alcohol (ending prohibition) |
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Term
| Chicago school of thought |
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Definition
urban cities
disorganized communities: poverty, racial ethnicity, high residential mobility |
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Term
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Definition
rational choice theory, deterrence
- anyone has the potential to be a criminal |
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Term
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Definition
biological and Chicago school
- people are born / raised with things that favor criminal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
control, routine activities theory, developmental
- people are predisposed to crime |
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Term
| Social Disorganization (Shaw and McKay)1942 |
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Definition
| constant change + widespread poverty = social disorganization |
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Term
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Definition
Life course theory
life course persistent - start early and are contitnuous criminals (5%)
adolescent limited mpt - focuses on discontinuity of behavior (groups)
sampson and laub |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
classical criminologist
Rational choice theory
deterrence: certainty, severity and swiftness
hedonism= maximize pleasure and minimize pain
good legislation leads to crime prevention |
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Term
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Definition
biological theory, people are born criminals
criminal man; insane, born, occasional, passion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| biological throwback which predisposes you to crime |
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Term
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Definition
Consensus Theorist
French and Industrial
The Division of Labor in Society (1893) -The Rules of the Sociological Method (1895) -Suicide (1897)
Functionalism, Society, and Anomie |
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Term
| Consensus theorist - durkheim |
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Definition
mechanical solidarity
organic solidarity
anomie |
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Term
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Definition
uniform society
self sustainable groups |
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Term
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Definition
a society in motion with distinct and specialized jobs
most likely to make an anomie |
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Term
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Definition
normlessness
crime occurs more frequently in these communities
occurs during times of change
destruction of fundamental bonds and collective social order |
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Term
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Definition
durkheims
homo duplex= I and Me |
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Term
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Definition
| the importance of integration and regulation |
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Term
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Definition
state of cohesion with collective beliefs
and practices which leads to strong social bonds
subordination of self to common causes |
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Term
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Definition
without it their will be crime
allows primal self to be intertwined into very real human connections on a moral common ground |
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Term
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Definition
| crime is normal and serves a purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| lodged in head with railroad track and then became a criminal so proved that human brain determines criminality a little bit |
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Term
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Definition
social contract
classical theorist
leviathan
men are greedy |
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Term
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Definition
most dangerous
mesomorph; large and athletic build
assertive and agressigve |
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Term
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Definition
personality traits are inherited
goddard iq tests
hirschi and hindling - low iq leads to low grades which leads to delinquency |
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Term
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Definition
crime is adaptive response
r-quantity/K-quality (cads vs dads) |
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Term
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Definition
certain social triggers will activate the bad genes
- drug use, childbirth, head injuries |
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Term
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Definition
| how the role of social forces play in determining social conduct |
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Term
robert park and burgess
concetric zones |
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Definition
as economic situation improved inner city people moved outwards towards the suburbs
2- is transition from residential to industrial
- invasion, domination, recession |
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Term
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Definition
Pure cultural deviance: deviance is normal to people of a delinquent subculture. Delinquency is caused by socialization into a subculture value system that condones the legal system is wrong
poverty, racial homogenity and high residential mobility lead to disorganized communities |
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Term
social bond theory / comprehensive control theory
hirschi cause of delinquency |
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Definition
| delinquency happens when social bonds are weak |
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Term
4 social bonds
hirschi cause of delinquency |
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Definition
attachments - emotional closeness to others like parents that leave a psychological presence
- indirect control: kids care about parents and don't want to dissapoint them
commitment - those with nothing to lose can and will deviate
involvement - idle hands
belief |
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Term
low self control theory / theory of crime
gottfredson and hirschi |
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Definition
| The only determinant to crime is lack of self-control. Locus of control moved from external relationships to internal mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
the moral effect of the law must be inert
if things aren't seen as wrong then it wont be hard to commit crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| used neutralization to rationalize delinquency. |
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