Term
| Mechanical treatments for cardiogenic shock include ________ _________ ________ and _________ _________ ____________ |
|
Definition
| Ventricular assist device, intra-aortic balloon pump |
|
|
Term
| After rapid decompression the crrew is placed on high flow O2, they then become dizzy. This condition is known as. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
When a patient experiences an adverse condition that is inadvertently induced as a result of appropriate treatment, it is referred to as being:
|
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|
Definition
|
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Term
|
A _______-minute ground transport is considered the minimum for which air medical transport may be faster than ground transport.
|
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
The most common form of diabetes is:
|
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
You are caring for a seriously injured patient. During your patient assessment, you find that the patient has a decreased level of consciousness, an absent gag reflex, and a GCS of 6. Based on this information, you anticipate that this patient will require which of the following interventions?
|
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
_______ is defined as wear and tear the body experiences during adjustment to daily life and the environment.
|
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Which of the following patients is most at risk for dislodging the IAPB catheter due to movement?
A) 40 year old male
B) 86 year old female
C) 52 year old female
D) 61 year old male
|
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
_______ occurs when one or more of the components of the immune system is damaged or nonfunctioning
|
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|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Compared with the pregnant mother, the oxygen content of the fetus is:
|
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
The first Army Medical Corps was established by:
A)Dominique Jean Larrey in 1792.
B)Jonathan Letterman in 1862.
C)Michael Reese in 1899.
D)Francis Pantridge in 1966.
|
|
|
Definition
|
Dominique Jean Larrey in 1792
|
|
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|
Term
Which of the following nonphysiologic conditions doesNOT elevate cortisol production?
A) alcohol withdrawal syndrome
B) chronic alcoholism
C) intense aerobic exercise
D) poorly controlled diabetes mellitus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Glucagon can be utilized as an antidote for cases of beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker overdose or toxicity. Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism of action for this?
A) Glucagon is converted to glucose, and the highly polar glucose molecule competes with beta receptors to effect a reversal.
B) Glucagon stimulates the metabolic pathway to increase metabolism of the overdosed agent.
C) Glucagon increases cAMP, and subsequently inotropy and chronotropy, to increase cardiac output.
D) Glucagon dissolves into its inactive metabolite, which partially binds with beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers.
|
|
Definition
|
Glucagon increases cAMP, and subsequently inotropy and chronotropy, to increase cardiac output.
|
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|
Term
| The MOST common site for intraosseous (IO) insertion in children is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hypothermia may be a result of any of the following EXCEPT:
A) impaired thermogenesis.
B) excessive thermolysis.
C) excessive environmental cold stress.
D) hyperdynamic cardiac states.
|
|
Definition
| hyperdynamic cardiac states. |
|
|
Term
| A patient found unresponsive and seizing would consent for treatment and transport under _______ consent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract may have congenital anomalies, including:
A) colitis.
B) dysplastic bowel
.
C) mesenteric adhesions.
D) atresias.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nasotracheal intubation requires a spontaneously breathing patient.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrofluoric acid is treated topically, after irrigation, by the use of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The preflight aircraft walk-around is performed in order to: |
|
Definition
A) ensure that all doors, blots, and hatches are closed.
B) clear the helipad of any foreign object debris (FOD).
C) ensure that there are no bystanders within the danger zone. |
|
|
Term
| A left axis deviation is normally seen: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The laboratory values for BUN should remain between: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End diastolic pressure is synonymous with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ambulance crews with a driver and patient care provider did not evolve until the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sensing device that connects directly to the skin to receive an ECG signal is known as a(n): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immature bones of children are more porous than those of adults and tend to respond to trauma by: |
|
Definition
| buckling rather than fracturing. |
|
|
Term
Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) is commonly associated with a High fever.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During CPR on a patient with active counterpulsation therapy, the CCTP should: |
|
Definition
| turn the IABP to pressure-sensing mode. |
|
|
Term
| The normal range for a VBG PCO2 is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cabin humidity will _______ during a long-range, high-altitude fixed-wing flight lasting more than 4 hours. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary overpressurization syndrome (POPS) occurs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pressure in the pulmonary artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) primarily works by: |
|
Definition
| increasing the patient's expiratory pressure. |
|
|
Term
| During the follicular phase of the normal female menstrual cycle, the first hormone that is released is: |
|
Definition
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). |
|
|
Term
| Cranial nerves IX and X are both indicators of: |
|
Definition
| swallowing and gag reflexes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of patient deaths due to an injury or illness. |
|
|
Term
A diastolic murmur may be a normal finding in an elderly patient.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Class II antiarrhythmic medications: |
|
Definition
| competitively bind to beta receptors to inhibit stimulation. |
|
|
Term
| When caring for a patient with cardiac concerns or issues, the CCTP should focus on three areas of concern with regard to cardiac pharmacology. These areas are: |
|
Definition
| chronotropic, inotropic, and dromotropic. |
|
|
Term
Succinylcholine (Anectine) is used during RSI as a neuromuscular blocker may cause transient muscle fasciculation.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of oxygen found in the arterial blood is bound to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are caring for a 50-year-old male who has presented with an acute onset of chest pain. After completing the assessment, you consider that this patient may be experiencing an acute myocardial infarction, an aortic dissection, a pneumothorax, or a pulmonary embolism. The list of these for disease states is called a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should family members be permitted to stay in the room during treatment and assessment of a patient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) categorization of medications for use in pregnancy, which category represents medications that have known fetal risks but are used in some situations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Ultrasonography is is contraindicated in pregnancy.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The time of useful consciousness (TUC) after explosive decompression at 35,000' (10.7 km) is _______ seconds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EMTALA is also known as the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your patient has ingested a large amount of a caustic substance, causing a large GI bleed. This bleed would be categorized as _______ gastritis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While caring for a critical patient with profound hypoxia, you recall that changes in the V/Q ratio is one of the most common causes of hypoxemia. Which of the following best describes the V/Q ratio? |
|
Definition
| a measurement of how much blood flow must be present at the alveolar capillary membrane for perfusion to take place |
|
|
Term
| Indications for insertion of an IABP |
|
Definition
impending myocardial infarction,
septic shock,
weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass |
|
|
Term
| Shrugging the shoulders and turning the head are motor functions of the _______ nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ascending order, the loss of airway protective reflexes? |
|
Definition
| swallowing, coughing, gag, corneal |
|
|
Term
| If, during transport, a 60-mL/kg bolus fails to improve a hypovolemic patient's physiologic status, blood replacement and/or inotropes should be considered depending on the underlying condition. Blood replacement is calculated as _______ of body weight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal range for potassium is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In chemical burns, blisters should always be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of a test to detect a particular condition is referred to as its: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Preeclampsia may transition to eclampsia, even up to 10 days after delivery.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During your neurologic assessment of a critical stroke patient, you find that the patient's pupils are unequal. Which of the following is the correct terminology for this finding?
strabismus
anisocoria
hyphema
disconjugate gaze
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The average basal metabolic rate (BMR) of a 70-kg adult is around _______ kcal/h. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The five Ps of compartment syndrome are: pain, pallor, paralysis, _______, and pulselessness. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Charles' Law states that: |
|
Definition
| a volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of a gas. |
|
|
Term
| What is considered the respiratory component of the ABG values? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell death begins to occur when the pH falls below _______ or above ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You are caring for a patient with a confirmed coronary thrombus (a clot). A staffed cath lab is not readily available, and the ECG indicates an evolving infarction pattern. The care team is considering ordering a thrombolytic/fibrinolytic medication to reduce the thrombus. Based on your understanding of the mechanism of action for these medications, which of the following from the patient history would indicate a contraindication to its administration?
A) The patient had a gallbladder removal (choleycystectomy) 8 months ago.
B) The patient has a history of bleeding hemorrhoids diagnosed by colonoscopy 3 months ago.
C) The patient suffered a traumatic crush injury to the right leg 2 weeks ago
D) The patient's blood pressure is 88/54 mm Hg.
|
|
Definition
| The patient suffered a traumatic crush injury to the right leg 2 weeks ago |
|
|
Term
| Your patient is suffering from profound liver failure. When reviewing the patient's laboratory values, you note that the direct bilirubin level is 2.2 mg/dL. Based on this information, you would anticipate what physical findings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are transporting a patient following a near drowning/submersion injury. The most recent serum magnesium level is 1.0 mEq/L. Based on this, you suspect what? |
|
Definition
| The patient sustained the submersion injury in sea water and aspirated. |
|
|
Term
| Distributive shock includes which three types of shock? |
|
Definition
| neurogenic, septic, and anaphylactic |
|
|
Term
| _______ are diseases caused by normally nonpathogenic agents in patients with an abnormally functioning immune system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of diaphragmatic rupture |
|
Definition
bowel sounds in the chest cavity.
subcutaneous emphysema.
acute respiratory distress. |
|
|
Term
| IABP therapy assists the cardiogenic shock patient by: |
|
Definition
increasing coronary perfusion pressures.
decreasing left ventricular workload.
increasing myocardial oxygen supply. |
|
|
Term
| Studies have shown a definite increase in patient survivability with an air medical crew configuration of: |
|
Definition
| No definite crew configurations increase survivability. |
|
|
Term
| The addition of the nonstandard V7, V8, and V9 leads would look for a possible: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When placing an arterial line in the radial artery, the wrist should be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stimulation of sympathetic nerves without parasympathetic input can cause sympathetic overdrive, resulting in _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are complications of endotracheal intubation in the neonate? |
|
Definition
esophageal intubation
hypoxia
pneumothorax |
|
|
Term
| A referring physician has opted to place an IABP in a patient with known significant peripheral artery disease. The CCTP knows to continually monitor the: |
|
Definition
| blood flow distal to the insertion site for circulatory compromise. |
|
|
Term
To select the correctly sized OPA, measure from the central incisors to the angle of the jaw.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You are dispatched to transport a patient to a tertiary care facility from a medium-size facility's ICU. On arrival, your patient is found paralyzed, sedated, intubated, and ventilated, with an initial presentation of pulmonary edema. The patient's CVP is 6 mm Hg, PCWP is 24 mm Hg, and PVR is measured at 1,500 dyne-sec/cm-5. The CCTP suspects that the etiology of the pulmonary edema is: |
|
Definition
| left ventricular failure. |
|
|
Term
A patient has the right to terminate treatment after transport has been initiated.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three steps of a quality assurance and improvement program? |
|
Definition
Collect and analyze data.
Define what "quality" means to the stakeholders.
Focus on improving quality.
|
|
|
Term
| The network of endothelial cells and astrocytes that envelop delicate cerebral capillaries is the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The primary role of Fetal hemoglobin is to address hypoxia in utero
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 "P's" that must be assessed before and after any manipulation of musculoskeletal injuries? |
|
Definition
paresthesia
paralysis
pulses
|
|
|
Term
| During the neurologic assessment, special attention is paid to those findings that may be early indicators of a serious problem. In the patient with significant head trauma and who is at risk for brain herniation, which cranial nerve would be the most important to assess? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mortality of bloodstream infections in critically ill patients approaches: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organs of equilibrium in the ear provide _______ information. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first line of protection against legal problems is: |
|
Definition
| maintaining a professional and compassionate demeanor. |
|
|
Term
| The placenta, not the lungs, acts as the organ of _______ during fetal gestation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abdominal trauma is classified as either _______ or _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immune response can be extremely harmful to the host when it is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first value to consider when interpreting an arterial blood gas (ABG) is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial blood gas (ABG) studies of a patient in the compensatory stage of shock generally show a low pH, which is indicative of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tip of a central venous line should reside: |
|
Definition
| just outside of the right atrium. |
|
|
Term
| The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the _______ and _______ nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trauma is generally classified into one of two categories: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a group of symptoms that together may lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic clinical signs and symptoms of a pericardial tamponade are called Beck's triad. Beck's triad is best described as: |
|
Definition
| muffled heart tones, JVD, and narrowed pulse pressure. |
|
|
Term
| Anaerobic metabolism represents the breakdown of _______ to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
While performing the physical assessment over the chest, the CCTP uses the skill of percussion. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the assessment findings during percussion?
Percussion over normal lung fields will produce hyperresonance.
Percussion over bone will produce flatness.
Percussion over the stomach will produce dullness.
Percussion over the liver will produce resonance.
|
|
Definition
| Percussion over bone will produce flatness. |
|
|
Term
| A patient is being transferred on a medication that is not carried by your transport service and that is not covered under your protocols. You should: |
|
Definition
| ensure that orders for use of the medication is in the transfer orders. |
|
|
Term
| The first use of helicopters for air medical transport occurred as a result of |
|
Definition
| The Korean conflict of 1950 |
|
|
Term
| The preferred qualifications of a Critical Care Professional include |
|
Definition
A minimum of 1 year experience in an ALS system |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not considered routine equipment on-board a Critical Care Transport unit?
IV infusion pumps
Portable ABG machine
Neonatal isolette
Central venous line ki
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following trauma patients is a candidate for Critical Care Transport?
40 year old who has fallen from a height greater than 10 feet
16 year old with partial and full thickness burns of the arms, affecting 15% body surface area
33 year old with a Revised Trauma Score of 12
22 year old who has been ejected from a vehicle
|
|
Definition
22 year old who has been ejected from a vehicle |
|
|
Term
The law requiring that patients are provided written information on the right to make medical decisions is the: |
|
Definition
Patient Self Determination Act |
|
|
Term
Three areas that are often cited in litigation involving malpractice? |
|
Definition
Failure to adequately monitor the patient’s condition
Failure to adequately document findings
Failure to advise more highly trained individuals of abnormalities
|
|
|
Term
A common problem of specimen collection associated with the breakdown of red blood cells and subsequent release of hemoglobin is known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is seen with a normal or increased hematocrit and
hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
Dehydration
COPD
Severe diarrhea
|
|
|
Term
A 16-year-old female presents with the following signs and symptoms: nervousness, anxiety, dizziness, with numbness and tingling of the extremities. The patient’s ABG analysis shows the following values. Based on these values, what condition would you suspect?
pH = 7.50
PO2 = 100
PCO2 = 30
HCO3 = 24
BE = -1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The primary intracellular cation important for repolarization of cardiac cells is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The urine output of an average adult should be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A ________ test is used to identify an organism, while a ________ test is used to determine the best antibiotic to use against the organism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General systemic response to inadequate tissue perfusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As a result of Neurogenic shock, what will occur? |
|
Definition
Peripheral vasodilation
The absence of sympathetic cardiac stimulation |
|
|
Term
A 31-year-old female is experiencing anaphylaxis. What is the CORRECT medication to give to promote vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, and inhibit further release of biochemical mediators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gram negative and gram positive bacteria have been implicated as the causative factors of:
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What abnormal lab values are indicative of DIC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the proper infection control measures while caring for a tuberculosis patient? |
|
Definition
Use of a micron filter face mask |
|
|
Term
| In which of the following would the blood oxygen saturation be high, yet the patient still dies from hypoxia? |
|
Definition
Carbon monoxide poisoning |
|
|
Term
The normal PaC02 for a healthy adult, breathing room air is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the Fi02 of room air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do you need to know when changing a patient’s oxygen delivery system prior to obtaining an ABG sample? |
|
Definition
| May require 15 minutes for the patient to adapt |
|
|
Term
After pleural decompression, assessment observations would include: |
|
Definition
Hemoptysis
Signs of hypoxemia
Lung sounds |
|
|
Term
| What is the volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are complications of pleural decompression? |
|
Definition
Pneumothorax
Infection
Lung contusion
|
|
|
Term
| The chest tube insertion site for air removal is the |
|
Definition
| 4th or 5th intercostal space mid axillary |
|
|
Term
| Blood gas sequence that indicates the need for mechanical ventilation |
|
Definition
Decreasing PO2, increasing PCO2, decreasing pH |
|
|
Term
What are the indications for clamping a chest tube? |
|
Definition
To locate the source of an water leak
Replacing the drainage unit
Suspicion that the tube has been accidently dislodged |
|
|
Term
A dyspneic patient complains of sharp chest pain in the upper right chest. It becomes worse on deep inspiration. What condition would you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Flow rate 80-100 lpm IS NOT a standard ventilator setting?
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Monitor tube position is an indication for ETT suctioning?
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
By increasing ventilation what abnormality can be corrected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sellick’s maneuver cannot be used on children.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps for rapid sequence intubation in chronological order: |
|
Definition
Apply a cardiac monitor and pulse oximeter
Pre-oxygenate the patient
Medicate the patient with pancuronium or vecuronium if necessary
Medicate the patient with succinylcholine
Intubate the patient
Post intubation sedation/paralytic
|
|
|
Term
Why is a tracheostomy wound is not packed or surgically closed? |
|
Definition
| To avoid subcutaneous emphysema |
|
|
Term
What is the correct procedure for a crichothyrotomy incision? |
|
Definition
| A transverse incision is made through the superficial cricothyroid membrane |
|
|
Term
Obstruction below the cricothyroid membrane
is an indication for needle cricothyrotomy:
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When the anterior neck is palpated from superior to inferior, the cricothyroid membrane
is: |
|
Definition
| Between the first and second prominent structures |
|
|
Term
| Which procedure allows rapid entrance into the airway by making a horizontal incision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A stabbing incision is made at the ____________ to perform a surgical cricothyrotomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Inability to fully open the patient’s mouth
an indication for retrograde intubation?
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are potential side effects or complications of retrograde intubation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infection of the invasive line exit site requires dressing changes every 2 days
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CVP fluctuates with right ventricular compliance
True of False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulmonary capillary wedge pressure |
|
|
Term
| When trying to differentiate between a spontaneously wedged catheter to one that is occluded you would |
|
Definition
| Aspirate for blood return |
|
|
Term
Lack of an identifiable “wedge” waveform may possibly be due to: |
|
Definition
| Incorrect catheter position |
|
|
Term
| A disease that would increase the afterload of the heart would result in a/an |
|
Definition
Decrease in the stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| What would the effect of positive pressure ventilation be on hemodynamic waveforms? |
|
Definition
Hemodynamic pressure waves rise during positive pressure ventilation |
|
|
Term
Rh factor is present in the blood plasma
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which blood preparation contains the formed elements, clotting factors and antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test results would be the most helpful in assessing a patient with a bleeding disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Slowly infusing blood during the first 15 minutes helps to decrease the danger of transfusion reactions?
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient experienced a transfusion reaction, which of the following actions would be carried out initially? |
|
Definition
| Discontinue the transfusion |
|
|
Term
It is a phase that is approximately twice as long as systole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term inotropic refers to the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A twelve-lead ECG is obtained by placing _______ electrodes on the body: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The absolute refractory period is represented by the second half of the T wave
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Produces a 50-100 mV electrical signal
Marks the approximate beginning of mechanical systole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The axis is abnormal if the QRS complex is upright in leads I and AVF
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| QT interval measuring can help in the diagnosis of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How to differentiate a right bundle branch block (RBBB) from a left bundle branch block? |
|
Definition
| RBBB has a characteristic RSR pattern in V1 |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding right atrial hypertrophy?
a. Is often associated with right ventricular hypertrophy
b. Is often associated with tall, wide P wave morphology
c. Results from congenital heart disease or pulmonary hypertension
d. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
To interpret the heart rhythm, the ICD: |
|
Definition
| Considers rate, onset of rate increase, and stability of the complex |
|
|
Term
A critical care transport team can deactivate the device without a physician’s order
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What can cause failure of a pacemaker to achieve electrical capture? |
|
Definition
Lead dislodgement
Battery depletion
Loose pacemaker connections |
|
|
Term
| The proper positioning of the intra-aortic balloon |
|
Definition
| Requires balloon placement in the thoracic aorta, distal to the left subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| For proper timing of the balloon pump a _______ ________ must be placed to insure proper timing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are complications associated with IABPs? |
|
Definition
Arterial insufficiency
Infection
Gas embolism |
|
|
Term
| What are the therapeutic effects of IABP use? |
|
Definition
positively affect afterload,
preload,
contractility,
rate |
|
|
