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Catherine's Course
JHSPH09
50
Other
Graduate
12/20/2009

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Cards

Term
What are two methods for measuring stressors/stress levels
Definition
1) Checklists
2) Interviews
Term
Famous researcher describing Stress? How was it described?
Definition

Lazarus and Folkman (1984) "Psychological stress involves a particular relationship between the persona and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well being."

 

1) Appraising as dangerous, beyond capacity

2) Endangering well being

Term
Pros and cons of stress checklists
Definition
Pros = Checklists are relatively easy to administer and allow investigators to collect data on large samples, thus increasing statistical power to detect associations.

Cons = The degree to which stressor checklists actually assess objective threats is unclear. They also do not require respondents to provide information about the date or occurrence or timing of the events. They also fail to distinguish between stressors that are independent of behavior.
Term
Pros and cons of stress interview
Definition
Pros = More intensive, allowing for specific details to be ask.

Cons = They require increased time demands and person power. Beyond concerns about cost-effectiveness, interviews have been criticized as less likely to elicit information that may be embarrassing or have potential negative consequences if reported.
Term
Give an overview of stress-diathesis models.
Definition
All people have some level of predisposing factors (diatheses) for any given mental disorder. However, individuals have their own point at which they will develop a given disorder, a point that depends on the interaction between the degree to which these risk factors exist and the degree of stress experienced by the individual.
Term
What is the addictive model?
Definition
Many models suggest that whether or not a disorder will develop depends on the combined effects of stress and the loading of the diathesis.
Term
What is the ipsative model?
Definition
Posits an inverse relationship between factors such that the greater the presence of one factor, the less of the other factor that is needed o bring about the disorder.
Term
What is the Mega Diathesis-Stress Models?
Definition
Disorder results from the combination of significant life stress and a heightened vulnerability. BOTH events must be significant, that is you need a engrained depressogenic schema and a substantial life event. “Go big or go home to normality J”
Term
What is the Interactive Model With Dichotomous Diathesis?
Definition
One either has the diathesis or does not; if the diathesis is absent, there is no effect for stress. Hence, even severe stress will not lead to the development of the disorder. On the other hand, when the diathesis is present, the expression of disorder will be conditional on the degree of stress.
Term
What are Quasi-Continuous Diathesis Models?
Definition
There can be varying degrees of diathesis, beyond a yes or no. In these models, the probability of disorder increases as a function of both level of stress and the strength of the diathesis beyond a minimal level.
Term
What are threshold models?
Definition
The synergism between the diathesis and stress yields an effect beyond their combined separate effects. Example: Zubin and Spring (1977), every person has a degree of vulnerability that represents a threshold for the development of schizophrenia.
Term
What are Risk-Resilience Continuum Models?
Definition
Resilience can be thought of as factors that make a person resistant to deleterious effects of stressors. Resilience and vulnerability represent, therefore, opposite ends of a vulnerability continuum.
Term
ADHD persists in through adulthood in how many people? Who's study?
Definition
75%, Wilens et al., 2002
Term
What is the social information-processing model? And who proposed it?
Definition
A child's behavioral response to a problematic social stimulus is a function of five steps of processing: encoding of social cues, interpretation of social cues, response search, response evaluation, and enactment. AGGRESSION WILL BEGET AGGRESSION
(Crick & Dodge - 1994)
Term
What is the scar hypothesis? Who proposed it?
Definition
Episodes of depression may lead to lasting psychological changes, such as increasingly negative attributional styles. (Rohde, 1990)
Term
What are interpersonal beliefs? What are interpersonal behaviors? What is the difference between the two?
Definition
Interpersonal beliefs: Are cognitions that involve the relation between self and others, how we think about our world and how we plan to act in it.

Interpersonal behaviors: The ways individuals attempt to communicate with one another, including verbalizations as well as nonverbal behaviors such as tone of voice, eye contact, rate of speech, posture and gestures.
Term
What is self-discrepancy theory? Who proposed it?
Definition

There is a discrepancy between what are vs. what “should” be Major disorder that can result from these discrepancies includes eating disorders.

(Higgins, 1987)

Term
What are some examples of Self-Propagatory Processes?
Definition
Coyne (1976) interpersonal characterization of depression

stress generation, involving an active contribution to the occurrence of negative life events in one's life.
Term
What is the relationship between heritability and age?
Definition
In general it would appear that hertiability estimates increase with age, whereas estimates for the influence of the shared environment decreases. Increasing heritability estimates with age are consistent with a genetic explanation for the increase in prevalence rates during adolescence.
Term
What percentage of children with ADHD are comorbid for ODD and CD?
Definition
About half of children with ADHD also meet diagnostic criteria for ODD or CD (Biederman, 1992).
Term
What percentage of CD diagnoses go on to be ASPD?
Definition
Approximately 25% of CD diagnoses lead to APD, and in fact part of the DSM-IV criteria for APD is a childhood diagnosis of CD, which is often determined retrospectively (Robins et al, 1991).
Term
What is 5-HTTLPR?
Definition
A polymorphism for serotonin transporter that has been indicated in several studies
Term
What are DRD4 and DAT1?
Definition
They are dopamine receptors/transmitters
Term
What is MAOA?
Definition
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor - which metabolizes DA, NE and HTT
Term
What is COMT?
Definition
It is involved with the breakdown of dopamine
Term
What is CRH?
Definition
Corticotropin-releasing hormone - These help mediate the stress response
Term
What is a notable 5-httlpr using animals?
Definition
Noted aggression in monkeys (Barr, 2003)
Term
What disorders has a DAT-1 polymorphism been linked to?
Definition
Have been linked to temperament, PTSD, OCD, and ADHD, and also has a significant role in the limbic system.
Term
What ADHD study was there with DAT1?
Definition
DAT1 10-repeat allele shows risk for ADHD, children with ADHD with one copy of the 10-repeat allele showed poorer performance on a vigilance task (Loo, 2003).
Term
What significant study focused on MAOA?
Definition
(Caspi et al., 2002) - a significant interaction between MAOA and childhood maltreatment in predicting aggression.
Term
What is the famous COMT cognitive study?
Definition
Plays an important role in prefrontal function and executive cognitive, where met/met performed best, val/met in the middle, and val/val the worst (Egan, 2001).
Term
What important study linked stress and temperament using CRH?
Definition
CRH is associated with temperament, and behavioral inhibition. Smoller (2003) reported the first evidence of a significant association between behavioral inhibition and a genetic marker in linkage disequilibrium.
Term
What childhood disorder had the highest, on average, heritability value?
Definition
ADHD (55-81%)
Term
Negative affect in toddlers have been shown to predict aggressive behaviors in middle childhood, and poor behaviors in early life are associated with later delinquency, according to whom?
Definition
Individuals engaging in life-course-persistent delinquency show greater disinhibition in adolescence and higher levels of negative emotions in childhood (Moffitt, 1996).
Term
What is behavioral inhibition and why is it important?
Definition
Behavioral inhibition has been studied extensively in relation to the development of anxiety disorders, and tends to include shy-withdrawn behaviors and fearful-anxious behaviors. BI is an important factor for identifying later psychopathology (Hirshfeld-Becker, 2003).
Term
What is attachment theory and who proposed it?
Definition
Attachment theory is based on the notion that children will feel secure in their relationship with their parent to the extent that the parent provides consistent, warm, and sensitive care. When this happens, children learn to use the parent as a secure base, that is, they are willing to turn to the parent in times of need, the parent is available and responsive, and they are able to be comforted by the parent in a way that allows them to feel better and to return to other activities. BOWLBY!!!
Term
What is Mary Ainsworth famous for?
Definition
Mary Ainsworth developed the strange situation procedure. This procedure involves separating children from their parents and then observing how the chidlren respond when reunited with the parents.
Term
What are the three/four types of responses in the strange situation procedure?
Definition

In this procedure, children exhibited three primary set of strategies: secure, avoidant, and ambivalent-resistant.

 

Disorganized has since been added

Term
What disorders are associated with attachment theory?
Definition
Depression, anxiety, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder
Term
What two personality characteristics are associated with attachment theory?
Definition
Affective regulation, social skills
Term
What is behavioral inhibition?
Definition
Behavioral inhibition refers to a pattern of behavior involving withdrawal, avoidance, fear of the unfamiliar, and over-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral inhibition typically appears as a temperamental predisposition found in childhood.
Term
ACTH stands for?
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Term
What was adaptive has become maladaptive
Definition

Perry, 1994

In reference to the HPA axis

Term
What is Evan's definition of allostatic load?
Definition
is a complex, dynamic system of physiological changes in multiple systems created by responses to environmental demands that are modulated by prior experience with stressors, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle choices
Term
Who is the researcher who studied parenting styles?
Definition
(Baumrind, 1991)
Term
What are the four parenting styles? Who proposed it?
Definition
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Neglectful, Indulgent
Term
What two domains are important in different parenting styles
Definition
Responsiveness and Demanding
Term
Authoritarian parenting can lead to what disorder, says who?
Definition
Antisocial personality disorder, (Patterson, 1990)
Term
Neglectful parenting styles can result in what two things?
Definition
Poor academic success (Aunola, 2000)
Higher psychopathology (Offord, 1996)
Term
Peer rejection leading to future psychopathology?
Definition
(Asher, 1990)
(Dodge, 2003)
externalizing behaviors
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