Term
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Definition
| When a person brings a topic into a conversation that distracts from the original point, especially if the new topic is introduced in order to distract, the person is said to have introduced a red herring. |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to pile issues on or to make them extremely complicated until the original is lost in the (verbal) “smoke.” |
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Term
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Definition
wrongful behavior on someone else’s
part doesn’t convert wrongful behavior on
your part into rightful behavior, any more
than illegal behavior on someone else’s part
converts your illegal activity into legal activ-
ity. |
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Term
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Definition
consists in thinking a moral standard of your
own group applies universally while simultaneously maintaining that it
doesn’t apply to groups that don’t accept the standard. This is like saying that
water is made out of oxygen and hydrogen but in Ethiopia it isn’t made out of
oxygen and hydrogen. If you think human sacrifice is wrong period, then you
cannot also say it isn’t wrong in some parts of the world. |
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Term
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Definition
the idea that each person’s opinion
is as good as the next person’s, or the notion that thinking a claim is true makes
it true. |
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Term
| "ARGUMENT" FROM TRADITION |
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Definition
People do things because that’s
the way things have always been done, and they believe things because that’s
what people have always believed. But, logically speaking, you don’t prove a
claim or prove a practice is legitimate on the basis of tradition; when you try
to do so, you are guilty of |
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Term
| "ARGUMENT" FROM COMMON PRACTICE |
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Definition
| consists in trying to justify or defend an action or practice on the grounds that it is common. |
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Term
| "ARGUMENT" FROM POPULARITY |
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Definition
| when we urge someone to accept a claim simply on the grounds that all or most or some substantial number of people believe it, we commit the fallacy |
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Term
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Definition
using a false pretext to satisfy our own desires
or interests |
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Term
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Definition
a powerful and fierce emotion that can lead to
blind endorsement of a country’s policies and practices. Example of group think fallacy. |
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Term
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Definition
happening when one substitutes pride of
membership in a group for reason and deliberation in arriving at a position on an issue |
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Term
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Definition
A desire for acceptance
can motivate us to accept a claim not because of its merits, but because we will gain someone’s approvaL When
we do this, or try to get someone else to do it, the fallacy is... |
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Term
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Definition
| When hopes, desires, and aversions can lead us astray logically |
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Term
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Definition
| Eliciting feelings of guilt to get others to do or not do something, or to accept the view that they should or should not do it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allowing praise of oneself to substitute for judgment about the truth of a claim, or trying to get others to do this, |
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Term
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Definition
| Compassion, a desirable emotion, may tempt us to emphasize a person’s good points; envy and jealousy tempt us to exaggerate someone’s bad points. When we find fault with a person because of envy. |
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Term
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Definition
| When feeling sorry for someone drives us to a position on an unrelated matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| To get people to substitute fear for reason and judgment when taking a position on an issue by threatening them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trying to scare people into doing something or accepting a position. |
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Term
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Definition
Consists in inflammatory words
(or thoughts) followed by a “conclusion” of some sort. It substitutes anger for reason and judgment in considering an issue. |
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Term
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Definition
When we think that considerations
about a person “refute” his or her assertions |
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Term
| PERSONAL ATTACK AD HOMINEM |
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Definition
| Attributing a negative feature to someone that attacks them personally. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we reject what somebody says because what he or she says seems inconsistent with what he or she doe. |
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Term
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Definition
When A poisons your mind about B by relating unfavorable information about B, you
may be inclined to reject what B says to you. |
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Term
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Definition
When we try to “refute” a claim (or urge others to
do so) on the basis of its origin or history |
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Term
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Definition
| When a speaker or writer distorts, exaggerates, or otherwise misrepresents an opponent’s position. |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when you limit considerations to only
two alternatives although other alternatives may be available. |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular subspecies of false dilemma and common rhetorical ploy. It comes up when a plan or policy is under consideration. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fallacy of insisting that a line must be drawn at some precise point when in fact it is not necessary that such a precise line be drawn. |
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Term
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Definition
When in fact there is no reason to think that X will
lead to Y. Sometimes X and Y can be the same kind of thing or can bear some
kind of similarity to one another, but that doesn’t mean that one will inevitably lead to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the burden of proof is placed on the wrong side of an issue. People are frequently tricked into thinking they have to prove their opponent’s claim is wrong, when in fact the opponent should be proving that the claim is right. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we ask our audience to accept premises that are as controversial as the conclusion we're arguing for and are controversial on the same grounds. |
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