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Caroline's cards
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41
Biology
9th Grade
05/07/2009

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Term
mRNA
Definition
the type of RNA made during transcription, created from a DNA strand
Term
tRNA
Definition
a strand of RNA that contains an anticodon, or the compliment of a specific mRNA codon, at one end and the amino acid that matches the codon at the other end…there is a specific tRNA that matches every codon
Term
rRNA
Definition
a type of RNA that is one of the two components that makes up a ribosome, or the facilitator of the process of translation
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition
during transcription, this is the enzyme that connects the RNA nucleotides at their sugar-phosphate backbone
Term
Introns
Definition
noncoding regions of the DNA that don't make any sense and cannot be translated; they must be removed from the mRNA before it can be translated
Term
Extrons
Definition
coding regions that will be spliced together in a process called RNA splicing
Term
Base substitution
Definition
a mutation - the replacement of one nucleotide for another; sometimes it has an effect on the phenotyme, but sometimes it doesn't
Term
Silent mutations
Definition
mutations that show no effect
for example - GAA to GAG...what happens? NOTHING!
Term
Base insertion or deletion
Definition
adds or removes a base from the sequence; these normally have a disastrous effects because the "reading frame" is shifted and all the codons will be read differently
Term
Genome
Definition
the complete set of genetic material in an organism
Term
Down syndrome
Definition
(also called trisomy 21) - this is an example of an error in meiosis that causes the nondisjunction of the 21st chromosome... so, there are three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal 2
Term
Pedigree
Definition
a family tree that records and traces the occurence of a genetic trait in a family; it can be used to determine the type of inheritance for a gene and the genotype of the family members
Term
Mutagen
Definition
the mutations that cause cancer come from ______ like UV rays and cigarette smoke
Term
Restriction enzyme
Definition
the "tool" used to cut DNA when DNA is being moved from one place to another
Term
DNA fingerprint
Definition
unique binding pattern of DNA produced by restriction enzymes
Term
Gel electrophoresis
Definition
a technique used for sorting and separating fragments of molecules based on size; this technique can be used to compare different sources of DNA
Term
Autotroph
Definition
an organism that makes its own food
Ex. a plant
Term
Vascular tissue
Definition
a system of tube-shaped cells that branches throughout a plant so that plants can transport materials between their roots and shoots
Term
Xylem
Definition
a type of vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into shoots
Term
Phloem
Definition
a type of vascular tissue that transports food made in leaves to the roots and part of the shoot system that don't photosynthesize, such as developing leaves and fruits
Term
Lignin
Definition
a chemical that hardens the cell walls of land plants and allows them to stand upright
Term
Pollen
Definition
contains sperm and is used to carry the sperm to the egg
Term
Stomata
Definition
pores in the leaves that open and close at certain times of the day to allow gas exchange and prevent water loss
Term
Seed
Definition
consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat
Term
Sporophyte
Definition
the diploid generation of plants that produces spores
Term
Gametophyte
Definition
the haploid generation of plants that produces gametes
Term
Ovary
Definition
a chamber at the base of the carpel that contains ovules and embryo sacs inside
Term
Ovule
Definition
the female gametophytes (eggs) of seed plants develop inside of this, which is located inside the ovary
Term
Stamen
Definition
male reproductive organ of a flower that contains an anther which produces pollen grains containg male gametophytes
Term
Carpel
Definition
the female reproductive organ of a flower that contains the ovary, ovules, and eggs (female gametophytes)
Term
Fruit
Definition
the ripened ovary of a flower that protects and helps disperse seeds
Term
Flower
Definition
a specialized type of plant shoot that functions in reproduction and is unique to angiosperms; it has four different types of modified leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
Term
Pollination
Definition
pollen grains released from anthers land on stigmata of flowers of the same species
Term
Fertilization
Definition
the fusion of a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote
Term
Germination
Definition
process by which a plant embryo begins to grow
Term
Annuals
Definition
plants that have a life cycle of one growing season
Term
Perennials
Definition
plants that live and produce for many years
Term
Shoot system
Definition
consists of stems, leaves, and flowers
Term
Four types of tissue in yound, non-woody plants
Definition
1. dermal
2. vascular
3. ground
4. meristemic
Term
Primary growth
Definition
growth in plant length (using root cap)
Term
Secondary growth
Definition
growth in plant width (using vascular cambium and cork cambium)
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