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Chemical
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system |
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Two or more identical atoms |
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2 or more different atoms |
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| a group of Identical cells working for a common purpose |
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| A group of Different tissues |
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several organs working together for a common purpose
(they do not have to be close to or connected to eachother) |
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Neural
(anything in our body is made up of these tissues) |
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covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
Function: protection, absorption (microvilli), secretion (microvilli), and excretion (cillia) |
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| framework on which epithelial cells clusterto form organs, binds various tissues and organs together, supporting them in their locations, and serves as a storage site for excess nutrients. |
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Composed of long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers called myocytes. Attachment to bone=voluntary movement, to organs= involuntary movement
3 types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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composed of highly specialized cells called Neurons (cell body, single axon, & 1 or more dendrites), which receive and transmit electric impulses very rapidly across junctions called Synapses |
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| the capacity of the body to maintain a balance or equilibrium. the main goal of all the structures in the body is to maintain "balance" |
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| One of the ways the body maintains homeostasis. It enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated (ie: blood clotting, childbirth) |
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| the output of the system decreases or shuts off the original stimulus, or a drastic reduction of the original disturbance. *MOST homeostatic control mechanisms are this system* (ie: Insulin and blood sugar, and hypoglycemia). |
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The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs are covered by this double layer membrane. It is made of connective tissue and has fluid in between.
Parietal: (wall) lining the cavity wall
Visceral: Covering or touching the organs |
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| The functional unit of any living organism. The basic unit of life. |
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Pro- no clear nuclear envelope
Eu-Defined cell membrane |
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4 things to determine that something is living |
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Definition
*must have all 4 to be a living thing*
(the cell has all of these=smallest living thing).
Metabolism: capacity to use and make energy.
Evolve: the capacity to grow and develop
Reproduce: ablility to reproduce
respond to a stimulus: to detect and respond to a change in the environment
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Definition
movement-muscle cells
conductivity-nerve cells
metabolic absorption- intestinal and kidney cells
secretion- mucous gland, adrenal gland, testis, ovary cell
excretion- lysosomes
respiration-cells absorb O2 to make ATP
Reproduction- growth and repair
Communication- maintains a dynamic steady state |
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Definition
Cell/plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus |
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Cell/plasma membrane
(contents) |
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Definition
| phospholipid bilayer embeded with proteins that is constantly moving and changing. Selectively permeable. "door keeper" contains polyunsaturated fatty acids, lecithin, cholesterol, Vit E, transferases (protein carriers) |
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lipids are not soluble. triglyceride loses a fatty acid and adds a phosphorus which is soluble in water. this helps absorption of stuff. phosphorous head=hydrophylic
tails=hydrophobic |
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Cell/plasma membrane
(Function) |
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Definition
| controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell, holds cell together, cell to cell recognition, attaches to cytoskeleton and external matrix, protein receptor sites, intercellular junctions |
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Definition
protoplasm- containing cell organelles, which lies b/w cell membrane and nucleus.
Cytoskeleton- network of threadlike &tubelike structures which contribute strength and shape to cell & anchors organelles
Cytosol- Half of cell volume. colloidal suspension of H2O(80%), protein(15%), lipids(3%), carbohydrates (1%), and electrolytes (1%) |
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Definition
contains all genetic material-DNA, RNA, Chromosomes (which consist of genes).
Nuclear envelope: (nuclear membrane) outer covering full of pores, where instructions go out into the cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm: protoplam of nucleus
Nucleolus: small dense area where rRNA is synthesized and the ribosomes are assembled |
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| determines all cell functions, stores all genetic info vital to cell division and protein synthesis, replication of DNA during cell division, transcription of genetic info into mRNA which is translated into cellular proteins in the ribosomes |
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"power Plant"
Function: cellular respiration.
rod shaped double membrane packed w/enzymes.
site of kreb cycle and electron transport chain (aerobic resp)the energy stored in ATP is used to power the cellular processes contains mitochondrial DNA (the only OTHER place where DNA is located). |
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"Protein factory"
Function: protein synthesis (mRNA serves as a template)
a granule consisting of rRNA & protein
Free ____ in the cytoplasm synthesize proteins for use in the cell
While attached to the ER, ___synthesize proteins for export, the protein is sent to the golgi body by the ER |
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"assembly line and transport system"
Function: Synthesis and transport of cell products
consists of membranes which form an internal transport system
Rough ER-stubbled with ribosomes which synthesize proteins for export from the cell
Smooth ER- synthesize phospholipids, steroids, and fatty acids
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Definition
"packing and distribution center"
Function: storage, modification, and packaging of secretory products, formation of glycoproteins, lipoproteins, and lysosomes
-Consists of flattened sacs enclosed by membranes
-Packages the proteins and membranes made at the rough ER. It then modifies the package and ships it appropriately. |
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"suicide bag"
Function: digestion of old cellular components, worn out cells, foreign particles, &/or bacteria that enter the cell
-organelle containing digestive enzymes which break down carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
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Definition
whip-like, motile, cellular extensions
-moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces
(ie: dust and bacteria away from lungs)
-propels other substances |
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Definition
Propels itself
(ie:sperm) |
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Extensions of the plasma membrane used for absorption |
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| a protein catalyst which facilitates a biochemical reaction and is not destroyed in the process.-provides a surface on which other molecules fit into place and react with one another-facilitates the making and breaking of chemical bondslipid=lipase protein=protease starch=amylase sucrose=sucrase |
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| a system of organelles that work together to: produce store, and export biological molecules-to degrade potentialharmful substances-includes the ER, golgi, secretory vesicle, and lysosome as well as nuclear membrane |
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functions of membrane proteins |
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Definition
transport: across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute. Some use ATP to pump substances across the membrane
Enzymes: catalyzes steps of a metabolic pathway
Proteins as receptor sites: substance binds to this and induces a change in the protein that initiates a change of chemical reactions in the cell
Cell adhesion: temporary binding site that guides cell migration or other cell to cell interactions
Attachment: to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix-maintains cell shape |
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Definition
triglycerides-glycerol and 3 fatty acids
phospholipids- glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phospholipid
Steroids-hydrocarbon rings. Fat soluble and contain little oxygen |
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| The most important steroid, needed for reproduction, and are produced by the adrenal gland |
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| a long chain of amino acids make a protein. There are 20 amino acids, 8 of them are essential (not made by the body). 3 DNA bases code an amino acid which are made in a sequence to code for a protein (by a codon and anti-codon) |
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Definition
| 2 amino acids bonded with a peptide bond |
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| many amino acids bonded with peptide bonds |
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| Protein synthesis (transcripton) |
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Definition
| The first step in protein synthesis. After start enzymes tell the nucleus a protein is needed, a section of DNA is located, uncoiled, unzipped, and copied onto mRNA (by corresponding DNA bases). |
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| Protein synthesis (translation) |
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Definition
The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm to meet the ribosomes for translation. the mRNA binds with the rRNA on the ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) with the appropriate nitrogen DNA bases sequence (anti-codon)picks up an amino acid to the ribosome where it is bound to the codon provided by the mRNA. the amino acid chain synthesized grows into a polypeptide chain (protein). Stop enzymes stop the synthesis, and tells the DNA to recoil. |
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| Nitrogen base pairs (DNA) |
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Definition
6 carbon sugar nitrogen bases
adenine----Thymine
Cytosine----Guanine |
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| Nitrogen base pairs (RNA) |
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Definition
5 carbon sugar nitrogen bases:
adenine----uracil
cytosine---guanine |
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Definition
Interphase: G1 (growth), S (growth and DNA replication), G2 (growth and final preparations for cell division). Mitosis (cell division)
Mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
cytokenesis: cell is completely divided into two identical cells. |
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| formation of sex cells in which each cell makes 4 daughter cells, each containing 23 chromosomes (1/2 of the chromosomes each). |
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| genetic code of life. only found in the nucleus (mitochondria has its own DNA). If found in the cytoplasm=cell death has occurred. DNA controls and regulates protein synthesis. all species have the same number of chromosomes in each cell. (sex cells have 23). |
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function: passive transport
Location: lines the body cavities: (mesothelium=serous membrane) cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels (endothelium), lung alveoli |
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