Term
| 114. In the 1920’s physicist Esau discovered that flies exhibited a peculiar behavior when they were brought into a high-frequency electrical field. This led to his development of a powerful generator to produce such a field which he called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 115. What is the frequency range for short wave diathermy? |
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Definition
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Term
| 116. What is the wavelength range for short wave diathermy? |
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Definition
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Term
| 117. What is the frequency range for microwave diathermy? |
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Definition
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Term
| 118. What is the wavelength range for microwave diathermy? |
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Definition
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Term
| 119. _____ diathermy is dangerous because of burns. It heats from the inside out. |
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Definition
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Term
| 120. _____ consists of a high frequency current which exerts a healing effect on tissue b the method of conversion heating using electromagnetic oscillation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 121. When using diathermy you should treat every day for _____ weeks, with adjustments and nutrition. |
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Definition
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Term
| 122. 3 different types of short wave diathermy. |
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Definition
| 1) INDUCTION, 2) CONDENSOR, 3) PULSED |
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Term
| 123. This type of short wave diathermy used 2 coils, and the heat pulses between the coils. |
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Definition
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Term
| 124. This type of short wave diathermy uses 2 capacitor plates and heat passes between the 2 plates. |
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Definition
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Term
| 125. This type of short wave diathermy is the deepest penetrator. |
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Definition
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Term
| 126. 9 physiological effects of diathermy. |
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Definition
| 1) VASODILATION AND INCREASED LYMPHATIC FLOW, 2) DECREASED MUSCLE SPASM, 3) DECREASED CHRONIC PAIN, 4) INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS AND LEUKOCYTOSIS, 5) INCREASED TISSUE EXTENSIBILITY, 6) INCREASED METABOLISM, 7) DETOXIFICATION, 8) ENDOCRINE STIMULATION, 9) INCREASED VISCERAL CIRCULATION |
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Term
| 127. Diathermy causes an increase in detoxification because it can almost double _____ to the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| 128. 14 contraindications for diathermy. |
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Definition
| 1) METAL IMPLANTS, 2) PREGNANCY, 3) CANCER, 4) PACEMAKER, 5) PHIEBITIS, 6) RECENT FRACTURES, 7) TB, 8) HEARING AIDS, 9) ON A METAL TABLE, 10) CONTACT LENSES, 11) OVER WET SKIN, 12) INFLAMATORY ARTHRITIS, 13) BLEEDING, 14) OPEN WOUNDS |
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Term
| 129. People with any sort of contraindications should not stand within _____ feet of the diathermy. |
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Definition
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Term
| 130. Diathermy works great for _____ types of disorders. |
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Definition
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Term
| 131. Diathermy is great for infections because it does these 3 things to the affected area. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASES BLOOD FLOW, 2) INCREASES LYMPHATICS, 3) INCREASES WBC PRODUCTION |
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Term
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Definition
| 21 indications for diathermy. 1) BRONCHITIS/PNEUMONIA, 2) BURSITIS, 3) DIVERTICULITIS, 4) DYSMENORRHEA, 5) EPICONDYLITIS, 6) INTERCOSTAL NEURALGIA, 7) IVD SYNDROME, 8) LUMBAGO, 9) TENOSYNOVITIS, 10) SINUSITIS, 11) OVARIAN CYST, 12) MASTITIS, 13) MYALGIA, 14) MYOSITIS, 15) NEURITIS, 16) OA, 17) OTITIS MEDIA, 18) PID, 19) PLEURISY, 20) PROSTATITIS, 21) SUBLUXATION |
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Term
| 133. _____ short waved diathermy causes a decreased heat because it is not constant. |
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Definition
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Term
| 134. What is the frequency of short waved diathermy? |
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Definition
| EITHER CONSTANT OR PULSED |
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Term
| 135. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy causes no warmth. |
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Definition
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Term
| 136. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is barely warm. |
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Definition
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Term
| 137. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is comfortably warm. |
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Definition
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Term
| 138. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is intensely warm. |
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Definition
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Term
| 139. What is the treatment time for short wave diathermy? |
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Definition
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Term
| 140. 3 application techniques that should be followed when using short wave diathermy. |
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Definition
| 1) TARGET TISSUE WITH CONDUCTION HEADS, 2) CLOSER SPACING CAUSES INCREASED THERMAL EFFECTS, 3) TOWEL ON SKIN TO ABSORB PERSPIATION |
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Term
| 141. What is the best therapy used for hip DJD? |
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Definition
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Term
| 142. The biological effects of ultrasound were first noted by Langevin when he watched fish as they died after swimming into a beam of ultrasonic waves in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 143. The council on physical medicine and rehab of the AMA officially recommended it as an adjunctive therapy in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 144. Ultrasound equipment consists of essentially a high-frequency _____ and an _____. |
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Definition
| GENERATOR; APPLICATOR (SOUND HEAD) |
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Term
| 145. Ultrasonic vibrations are produced when a crystal located in the sound head are subjected to high voltages of electrical energy, this the process of one transforming electrical energy into mechanical energy due to surface pressure is dues a _____ effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| 146. 2 therapies that can be used to stimulate disc healing. |
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Definition
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Term
| 147. 12 indications for the use of ultrasound. |
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Definition
| 1) TENDONITIS, 2) BURSITIS, 3) DJD, 4) DISC DEGENERATION, 5) SCAR TISSUE, 6) TRIGGER POINTS, 7) STIMULATE HEALING, 8) ANALGESIA, 9) MUSCLE SPASM, 10) MICROMASSAGE, 11) INCREASED LOCAL METABOLISM, 12) INCREASE COLLAGEN TISSUE EXTENSIBILITY |
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Term
| 148. 14 contraindications to ultrasound use. |
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Definition
| 1) PACEMAKER, 2) CANCER, 3) PREGNANCY, 4) VARICOSITIES, 5) THROMBOPHLEBITIS, 6) SKIN RASH, 7) ACUTE INFLAMMATION, 8) OVER EYES, 9) OVER GONADS, 10) FACET JOINTS AFTER SURGERY, 11) PROSTHETIC DEVICES, 12) OVER BRAIN, 13) OPER EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATES, 14) OVER HEART |
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Term
| 149. If you _____ the ultrasound, it will not heat up. |
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Definition
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Term
| 150. 4 purposes of using thermal ultrasound. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASE BLOOD FLOW, 2) DECREASE SPASM, 3) DECREASE PAIN, 4) INCREASE COLLAGEN EXTENSIBILITY |
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Term
| 151. You should use _____ ultrasound for subacute and chronic inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 152. 2 tissue chans resulting from the mechanical effect of non-thermal ultrasound. |
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Definition
| 1) INCREASE CELL PERMABILITY, 2) COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS AND REALIGNMENT |
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Term
| 153. This is the most popular ultrasound crystal that uses low voltage (about 100 volts). |
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Definition
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Term
| 154. _____is a very stable ultrasound crystal that uses high voltage (about 2000 volts). |
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Definition
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Term
| 155. _____ is an ultrasound crystal that uses medium impedance requiring about 500 volts. |
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Definition
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Term
| 156. _____ refers to the time that the ultrasound is on and pulsed off in a 1 minute time period. For example 20% means that the ultrasound is on for 0.2sec and off of 0.8sec. |
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Definition
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Term
| 157. In increase in duty cycle % causes an increase in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 158. _____ is areas of high energy collection in ultrasound. |
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Definition
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Term
| 159. _____ are areas of lower energy gaps between the waves of molecules in an ultrasound. |
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Definition
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Term
| 160. _____ states that as ultrasound waves enter the body, they cause unwanted reactions to the surrounding tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| 161. The more _____ in the tissue, the more ultrasound will flow through. |
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Definition
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Term
| 162. The more _____ the tissue is, the more ultrasound is absorbed. |
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Definition
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Term
| 163. Soft tissue is analogous to _____ when ultrasound travels in a longitudinal manner. |
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Definition
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Term
| 164. Bone may be _____ or _____, and can cause a shear force near tissue interfaces. |
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Definition
| LONGITUDICNAL OR TRANSVERSE |
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Term
| 165. Ultrasound travels best in _____ material, while interfaces causes more scattering of waves. |
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Definition
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Term
| 166. Since _____ is homogenous, it will transmit the waves and allow deeper penetration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 167. _____ is the area where the ultrasound is on. |
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Definition
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Term
| 168. Ultrasound is measured in these units. |
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Definition
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Term
| 169. Since the ultrasound beam is not uniform, some regions will be more intense. The _____ refers to the greatest intensity anywhere within the beam. |
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Definition
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Term
| 170. _____ is a measurement of the average intensity. It is a measurement of the total power output (watts) divided by the area (cm2). |
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Definition
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Term
| 171. The area of the sound head that produces ultrasonic waves is measured in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 172. _____ is always smaller than the transducer surface area, so manufactures will typically list it and not the surface area when referring to the size of the transducer head. |
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Definition
| EFFECT RADIATING AREA (ERA) |
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Term
| 173. The closer the _____ and the _____ the better. It will allow a more consistent contact and therapeutic dose. |
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Definition
| ERA AND THE TRANSDUCER SURFACE AREA |
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Term
| 174. _____ describes the consistency of the ultrasound output ratio. It is the determining factor in purchasing a unit because it tells the quality of the crystal. |
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Definition
| BEAM NON-UNIFORMITY RATIO (BNR) |
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Term
| 175. The _____ the BNR, the more uniform the beam. |
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Definition
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Term
| 176. The BNR is expressed in a ratio from _____ down to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 177. A _____ BNR ratio is acceptable, but a _____ or _____ BNR ratio is best. |
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Definition
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Term
| 178. A _____ BNR ratio is considered unsafe. |
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Definition
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Term
| 179. Depth of ultrasound penetration depends on the _____ and _____ of the ultrasound beam as it travels through the tissue. |
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Definition
| ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING |
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Term
| 180. The frequency of _____ determines the depth of penetration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 181. The lower the ultrasound frequency, the _____ the penetration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 182. _____ is the uptake of heat converted from acoustic energy by propagation of ultrasound through the tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 183. Absorption of ultrasound is direction proportional to the _____ content of the tissue sonated. |
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Definition
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Term
| 184. Bone, cartilage, tendon and skin are _____% protein content. |
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Definition
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Term
| 185. Blood vessels are _____% protein content. |
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Definition
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Term
| 186. Muscle, fat and blood are _____% protein content. |
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Definition
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Term
| 187. Tissues which are selectively heated by ultrasound are the _____ for ultrasound use. |
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Definition
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Term
| 188. 7 examples of target tissues for ultrasound use. |
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Definition
| 1) SUPERFICIAL BONE, 2) JOINT CAPSULES, 3) TENDONS, 4) SCAR TISSUE, 5) PERIPHERAL NERVES, 6) MYOFASCIAL INTERFACE, 7) CELL MEMBRANES |
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Term
| 189. The more homogenous the tissue, the less ultrasound energy is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 190. High frequency (3MHz) is _____ more readily than the lower frequencies (1MHz). |
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Definition
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Term
| 191. _____ is the diffuse reflection or refraction of the ultrasound from irregular surfaces or in homogeneities within the tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| 192. _____ is the reversal of the direction of propagation of the ultrasound wave. |
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Definition
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Term
| 193. _____ is the reflection of energy from a straight path when passing obliquely from one medium to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| 194. _____ occurs when there is a mismatch of acoustic impedance between two tissue levels. The greater the acoustical impedance difference, the greater the heat generated. |
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Definition
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Term
| 195. Acoustic impendence of muscle, fat and water is low with about _____% of the energy reflected. |
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Definition
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Term
| 196. Impendence of bone is high with about _____% of the energy reflected from the bone into the adjacent tissues. Results are significantly higher intensity in the tissues close to the bone, and poor blood supply in these tissues offers little head dissipation by circulation which can lead to pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| 197. Non thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 198. 3 therapeutic uses of non-thermal ultrasound. |
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Definition
| 1) ACUTE INJURIES, 2) EDEMA, 3) HEALING |
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Term
| 199. Mild thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 200. Mild thermal ultrasound serves these 2 therapeutic uses. |
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Definition
| 1) SUB-ACUTE INJURY, 2) HEMATOMAS |
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Term
| 201. Moderate thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 202. Moderate thermal ultrasound is great for _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 203. Vigorous ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 204. Vigorous ultrasound is used to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 205. For _____ ultrasound, a duty factor of 100% is needed to elevate tissue temperature to physiologically significant temperature (104-112deg F). This results in a reduction of pain and muscle spasm, as well as an increase in tissue extensibility and increase blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| 206. For _____ ultrasound, the sound wave will decrease the depth of ultrasound delivery. Current machines have % pulsed, this you can modify the depth of delivery. |
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Definition
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Term
| 207. This type of diathermy is used when the clinician needs to provide deep heat to a larger area than normally covered by ultrasound. |
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Definition
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Term
| 208. _____ is a continuous shortwave diathermy unit designed to be economical and light weight. It provides soothing deep heat to larger treatment areas. |
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Definition
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Term
| 209. _____ is a diathermy machine that increases blood flow, improves oxygenation, increases metabolic rate, decreases inflammation, and relieves pain and edema. It is useful in the management of arthritis, bursitis, low back pain, and muscle spasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| 210. Diathermy uses energy similar to _____ waves with shorter wavelengths. |
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Definition
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Term
| 211. Diathermy energy is alternating current lacking properties to _____ motor sensory nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| 212. Tissues with a high water content (fat, blood and muscle) are selectively heated at a depth of _____cm by diathermy. |
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Definition
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Term
| 213. Local tissue temp may reach _____ deg F when using diathermy, but fat layer dissipates head secondarily heating muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
| 214. Deep heating effects of diathermy last _____ than that of ultrasound due to a larger area heater. |
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Definition
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Term
| 215. Pulsed diathermy is mainly used for _____ and _____ conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| 216. Continuous diathermy is mainly used for _____ injuries. |
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Definition
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Term
| 217. 6 diathermic effects on injury response. |
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Definition
| 1) SKIN TEMP RAISES 4.3DEG F, 2) INTRA-ARTICULAR TEMP RAISES 2.5DEG F, 3) FIBROBLASTIC ACTIVITY, COLLAGEN DEPOSITION AND NEW CAPILLARY GROWTH IS STIMULATED, 4) MUSCLE SPASM IS REDUCED, 5) LOCAL INCREASE IN CELLULAR METABOLIC RATE |
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Term
| 218. The treatment time for diathermy should be between _____min for _____ weeks. |
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Definition
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Term
| 219. 6 diathermy precautions. |
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Definition
| 1) NEVER ALLOW CABLES TO TOUCH, 2) DO NOT ALLOW FOR PERSPIRATION, 3) NEVER ALLOW DIRECT CONTACT WITH SKIN, 4) EXCESSIVE FAT IN AREA MAY OVERHEAT AREA, 5) DIFFICULT TO TARGET LOCALIZED TISSUES, 6) OVERHEATING TISSUES MAY CAUSE DAMAGE |
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Term
| 220. When using ultrasound you must use a _____. This is because ultrasound energy will not pass through the air or skin without the presence of a medium. |
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Definition
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Term
| 221. The ideal coupling medium for ultrasound should have these 8 qualities. |
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Definition
| 1) HIGH TRANSMISSION AND LOW ABSORPTION OF US ENERGY, 2) EXCLUDE AIR, MINIMAL AIR ENTRAPMENT, 3) GOOD IMPEDANCE, 4) LOW DRAG COEFFICIENT, 5) GOOD VISCOSITIY, 6) LOW SALT CONTENT, 7) ECONOMICAL COST, 8) EASY TO USE |
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Term
| 222. You should use a _____ based gel to conduct ultrasound sound waves. |
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Definition
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Term
| 223. _____ is putting chemicals on the skin, and allowing ultrasound waves to drive chemicals through the skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| 224. _____ is an ultrasound technique when body part is submersed in a bath full of water. The transducer should be applied in a moving technique as close as possible, but still remaining perpendicular to the treatment area. |
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Definition
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Term
| 225. _____, _____and _____ are great phonophoresis agents used for disc repair. |
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Definition
| MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, AND GLUCOSAMINE |
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Term
| 226. Ultrasound is great for these 2 conditions. |
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Definition
| 1) ARTHRITIS, 2) REPAIR OF LIGAMENTS AND DISC |
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Term
| 227. When you see traction spurs on an x-ray you must think the patient has a chronic _____ problem. |
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Definition
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