Term
| What is effected with impaired cardiac function when giving a medication? |
|
Definition
ADME
(absorbtion, distribution, metabolism, excretion) |
|
|
Term
| List the path of blood flow through the heart: |
|
Definition
| Vena Cava→R atrium→tricuspid valve→R ventricle→pulmonic valve→pulmonary artery→lungs→pulmonary vein→L atrium→mitral valve→L ventricle→aortic valve→aorta |
|
|
Term
| 4 functions of the cardiovascular system: |
|
Definition
-
Oxygen to the tissues
-
Transports nutrients
-
Waste removal
-
Perfusion
|
|
|
Term
| What do precapillary sphincters do & what are they made of? |
|
Definition
They control blood flow to the capillaries.
They are made of smooth muscle, which has alpha-1 receptors (SNS-fight or flight). |
|
|
Term
| How does a leaky Na/K pump work (it's the heart, so include Ca)? |
|
Definition
K on the inside, Na/Ca on the outside...Na & Ca slowly leak in(Depolorization), which causes an even charge inside & outside the cell(Plateau),and then Ca causes sarcoplasmic muscle ratcheting. K rushes out to repolorize. This is where the absolute refractory period is. Na & K start to reset (relative refractory-make heart pump effectively), where there is more K on the inside and the cell becomes negative inside, which restarts the process. This is automaticity-heart have no nervesto tell when to depolarize.
|
|
|
Term
| What is P wave, QRS Complex, T wave? |
|
Definition
-
P wave: Atrial depolarization
-
QRS Complex: Ventricular depolarization
-
T Wave: Ventricular Repolarization
|
|
|
Term
| B-1 receptors in the heart do what? |
|
Definition
| Increase heart rate and strength of contraction |
|
|
Term
B-2 receptors are located where?
What happens when they are stimulated? |
|
Definition
| They are in the smooth muscle that surrounds blood vessels and the terminal bronchioles. They cause this muscle to relax, which causes vaso- & bronchodilation for fight or flight response. |
|
|
Term
Alpha-1 receptors are found where?
What does stimulation do? |
|
Definition
They are found in smooth muscle that surrounds vessels in the skin and GI tract.
Stimulation causes contraction, so blood is shunted away from the skin & GI tract, and sent to the 'muscles of running.' |
|
|
Term
| What do Antagonist drugs do? |
|
Definition
| They block adrenergic receptors (alpha-1, Beta-1&2) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Parasympethetic Nervous System do? |
|
Definition
| It restores homeostasis after fight or flight episode. Heart relaxes, smooth muscle in organs and bronchioles contract, and skin and GI return to original state. |
|
|
Term
| What do the symptoms of adrenergic antagonists resemble? |
|
Definition
| The produce symptoms that look like Parasympethetic signs...slowing of the heart & bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What do the symptoms of Cholinergic antagonists resemble? |
|
Definition
| They look like Sympethetic signs. They are also called anticholinergics. |
|
|
Term
| What is Mitral Insufficiency? |
|
Definition
Blood leaks from the L ventricle, through the Mitral valve, to the L atrium. This leads to L ventricle hypertrophy. A systolic murmur can be heard on the L side.
Causes pulmonary adema, especially in small dogs. |
|
|
Term
| Canine Heartworm Disease signs: |
|
Definition
| Coughing, exercise intolerance, weight loss, signs of R heart failure ( ascites, pleural effusion, liver failure) |
|
|
Term
| Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| Boxers, Dobermans, Giant Breeds-Floppy heart cannot contract, exercise intolerance. Cause unknown |
|
|
Term
| Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| Floppy heart d/t taurine deficiency, difficulty breathing, gallop rhythm |
|
|
Term
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| Uncommon in dogs, L Ventricle is hypertrophied & so thick that it can't contract. Gallop rhythm, secondary to hyperthyroidism, hypertension, renal disease in cats. Usually accompanied by thromboemboli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood clot lodges where it bifurcates in the pelvis and causes painful cut-off of circulation past it. |
|
|
Term
| Traumatic Reticulopericarditis |
|
Definition
| "Hardware disease" where cow eats metal object and it pokes through the reticulim, into the pericardium or myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mostly dogs, caused by HBC or other trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clinical signs result from excess fluid retention. If L-sided, there is pulmonary adema. If R-sided, there is ascites, liver failure, pleural effusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal pattern of electrical activity in the heart ( tachyarrhythmia, Bradyarrhythmia) Could be supraventricular or ventricular |
|
|
Term
| Supraventricular Arrhythmias |
|
Definition
| Problem originates above the ventricles (SA Node, Atria, AV Node) and sounds like an atrial flutter/fibrillation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Ventricular Premature Complex (VPC), Ventricular fibrillation |
|
|
Term
VPCs are due to what?
Why? |
|
Definition
They are due to Ectopic Focus, which is when something is leakier than the SA Node. It depolorizes out of sequence because Na is leaking in from a damaged area of the heart.
|
|
|
Term
| Drugs that inhibit Sodium Influx: |
|
Definition
Allow the SA Node to regain control of sodium leakage...
Lidocaine, procainamide, quinidine, mexiletine
aka Sodium channel blockers |
|
|
Term
| Lidocaine (w/o epinephrine) |
|
Definition
IV bolus for VPCs & ventricular arrhythmias, use with caution in cats (AV block).
Not given orally because of First pass effect and GI upse.t |
|
|
