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| local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or breakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis |
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| chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle. also called angina pectoris |
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| abnormal heartbeat; fibrillation and flutter are examples |
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| hardening of arteries with the collection of cholesterol-like plaque |
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| inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood. blood accumulates in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema |
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| high blood pressure. essential hypertension is high blood pressure with no apparent cause. In secondary hypertension, another illness (kidney disease or an adrenal gland disorder) is the cause of the high blood pressure |
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| heart attack, an infarction is an area of dead tissue |
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| a group of signs and symptoms (palesness of skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow breaking) indicating poor oxygen supply to tissues and insufficient return of blood to the heart |
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| recording (via x-ray image)blood vessels after the injection of contrast into the bloodstream |
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| introducing a catheter (flexible, tubular instrument)into a vein or artery to measure pressure and flow patterns of blood |
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| measurements of enzymes released into the blood stream after a heart attack |
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| measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves |
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| producing images of the heart via sound waves or echoes |
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| recording electricity flowing through the heart |
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| detection of abnormal heart rhythms that involves having a patient wear a compact version of an electrocardiograph for 24 hours |
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| measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood |
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| measurements of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the blood |
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| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| producing an image, by beaming magnetic waves at the heart, that gives detailed information about congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, and disease within large blood vessels |
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| imaging the motion of heart wall muscles and assessing the function of the heart via a multiple-gated acquisition scan, which uses radioactive chemicals |
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| Positron emission tomography (PET) scan |
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| Radioactive chemicals, which release radioactive particles, are injected into the bloodstream and travel to the heart. Cross-sectional images show the flow of blood and the functional activity of the heart muscle. |
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| an electrocardiogram plus blood pressure and heart rate measurements shows the heart's response to physical exertion (treadmill test) |
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| Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan |
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| a radioactive chemical is injected intravenously and shows perfusion (flow) of blood in heart muscle. It is taken up in the area of a myocardial infarction, producing "hot spots' in an ETT-MIBI exercise tolerance test, and intravenous radioactive substance is given before the patient reaches mazimal heart rate on a treadmill |
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| radioactive test that shows where injected thallium-201 (a radioactive substance) localizes in heart muscle. |
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| brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia. also called defibrillation |
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| Coronary artery bypass grafting |
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| vessel taken from the patient's legs or chest are connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages |
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| surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots |
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| a donor heart is transferred to a recipient |
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| percutaneous coronary intervention |
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| a balloon-tipped catheter (a flexible, tubular instrument) is threaded into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and open the artery. Stents (expanadable slotted tubes) create wider openings that make the recurrence of blockages less likely. Also called balloon angioplasty |
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| drugs such as tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) and streptiokinase are injected into a patient's bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack |
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| Acute coronary syndromes (disease changes in coronary arteries leading to plaque/clot formation and heart attach or other heart problems |
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| Acute myocardial infarction |
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| Coronary artery bypass grafting (surgical plaement of vessels, either vein or artery, to detour blocked coronary arteries |
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| congestive heart failure (heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood) |
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| Hypertension (high blood pressure) |
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| Percutaneous coronary intervention (placement of catheter and stent in a coronary artery to open the artery; balloon angioplasty) |
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