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| ventricle (belly or pouch) |
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| upper right or left chamber of heart |
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| membrane lining the cavities of the heart |
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| membrane forming the outer layer of the heart |
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| partition between right and left atrium |
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| partition between right and left ventricle |
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| protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between |
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| lower right or left chamber of the heart |
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| structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood |
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| heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta |
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| heart valve between left atrium and left ventricle (cuspis=point) |
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| pulmonary semilunar valve |
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| heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery |
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| valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle |
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| valves located at intervals within the lining of the veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart |
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| vessels that carry blood from the heart to arterioles |
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| large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle |
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| small vessels that receive blood from the arteries |
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| tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules |
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| small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins |
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| vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venues |
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| circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues |
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| circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue |
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| circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases |
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| to expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria |
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| to contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery |
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| thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls |
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| buildup up fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries |
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| a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat (lipids) |
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| a clot carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges |
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| plugging; obstruction or a closing off |
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| to hold back blood; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel |
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| a lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion, etc. |
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| to stuff; a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel |
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| chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of coronary arteries (angina=to choke) |
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| a widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness |
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| a saclike bulge on one side |
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| a split or tear of the vessel wall |
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| to limp; pain in a limb while walking that subsides after rest; caused by an inadequate blood supply |
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| an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers of valves |
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| subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heartbeats |
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| to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve generally a result of an infection |
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| SA node; the pacemaker; highly specialized neurologic tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contact and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node |
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| AV node; neurologic tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the Bundle of His |
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| neurologic fibers extending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers |
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| fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract |
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| resting; resting state of a myocardial cell |
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| change of a myocardial cell from a polarized (resting) state to a state of contraction |
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| recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state |
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| NSR; regular rhythm of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (AVG 60-100 BPM) |
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| any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heart |
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| slow heart rate (<60 BPM) |
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| chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart (as in atrial or ventricular fibrillation) |
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| extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart |
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| premature ventricular contraction |
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| PVC; a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node |
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| arteriosclerotic heart disease |
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| a degenerative condition of the arteries characterized by thickening of the inner lining, loss of elasticity, and susceptibility to rupture; seen most often in the aged or smokers |
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| fast heart beat (>100 BPM) |
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| a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves |
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| compression of the heart produced by the accumulatino of fluid in the pericardial sac as can result from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart |
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| a general term for disease of the heart muscle |
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| congenital anomaly of the heart |
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| malformations of the heart present at birth |
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| ASD; an opening in the septum separating the atria |
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| narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body |
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| an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth (patent=opening) |
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| ventricular septal defect |
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| an opening in the septum separating the ventricles |
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| congestive heart failure (left ventricular failure) |
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| CHF; failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a "bottleneck" of congestion in the lunges that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body |
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| cor pulmonale (right ventricular failure) |
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| enlargement of the right ventricle resulting from chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs |
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| CAD; a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis |
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| persistently high blood pressure |
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| essential (primary) hypertension |
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| high BP attributed to no single cause, but risks include smoking, obesity, increased salt intake, hypercholesterolemia and hereditary factors |
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| high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease |
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| protrusion of one or both cusps of mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and back flow of blood |
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| heart attack; death of myocardial tissue owing to loss of blood flow as a result of an occlusion of a coronary artery; usually caused by atherosclerosis |
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| inflammation of myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection |
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| inflammation of the pericardium |
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| damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever |
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| inflammation of a a vein associated with a clot formation |
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| abnormally swollen twisted veins with defective valves, most often seen in the legs |
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| formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins |
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| a physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope |
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| an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction |
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| ECG/EKG; an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters P,Q,R,S, and T, corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle |
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| an ECG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise using a treadmill or ergometer; useful in detecting conditions |
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| Holter ambulatory monitor |
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| a portable EKG worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the heart over 24 hours; useful in detecting periodic abnormalities |
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| magnetic resonance angiography |
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| magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology |
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| radionucleide organ imaging |
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| myocardial radionucleide perfusion scan |
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| a scan of the heart made after an IV injection of an isotope that is absorbed by myorcardial cells in proportion to blood flow throughout the heart |
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| the process of x-ray imaging of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium |
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| record obtained by angiography |
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| radiograph of the blood vessels of the heart |
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| x-ray of a particular artery |
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| introduction of a flexible, narrow tube, or catheter, through a vein or artery into the heart to withdraw samples of blood; to measure pressures within the heart chambers or vessels; and to inject contrast media for fluoroscopic radiography and cine film imaging of the chambers of the heart and coronary arteries. |
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| left heart catheterization |
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| x-ray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries |
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| right heart catheterization |
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| measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings from the right side of the heart |
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| an x-ray visualizing the ventricles |
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| SV; measurement of amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction |
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| CO; measurement of amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per minute |
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| measurement of volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction |
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| recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion |
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| coronary artery bypass graft |
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| CABG; grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery restoring circulation to myocardial tissue (saphenous vein in leg or mammary artery in chest wall) |
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| opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other |
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| replacement of a diseased heart valve with an artificial one |
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| surgical repair of a heart valve |
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| transmyocardial revascularization |
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| a laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow, thereby relieving angina in patients who have advanced coronary artery disease |
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| interventional procedures performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialzed laboratory setting or "cath lab" instead of the traditional OR |
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| use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy |
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| an incision into an artery |
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| excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup |
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| angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
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| (ACE) a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin enzyme; used in the treatment of hypertension |
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| a druge that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relive the pain of angina pectoris |
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| a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia |
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| a druge that prevents clotting of the blood |
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| a drug lowers blood pressure |
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| beta-adrenergic blocking agents |
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| agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension |
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| agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions in heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen and nutrients and relaxing of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmia or hypertension |
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| a drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure |
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| a druge that increases secretion of urine; commonly prescribed in treating hypertension |
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| a druge that reduces serum fat and cholesterol |
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| drugs used to dissolve thrombi |
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| a drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow |
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| a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow |
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