Term
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Definition
Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
Aortic Valve
Pulmonary Valve |
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Term
| Atrioventricular Valves (AV valves) |
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Definition
Right AV valve (tricuspid valve)
Left AV valve (bicuspid)
Papillary Muscles and chordae tendinae- keep AV valves from everthing |
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Term
| Normal direction of blood flow |
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Definition
atria to ventricles,
ventricles to arteries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| passively due to pressure gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in atria is greater than pressure in ventricles |
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Term
| Pulmonary and aortic valves open when: |
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Definition
| P ventricles is greater than P arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single complete heartbeat |
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Term
| Main Periods of the Cardiac Cycle |
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Definition
Systole: ventricle contraction
Diastole: ventricle relaxation |
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Term
| Phase 1 of the Cardiac Cycle |
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Definition
1. Ventricular filling
-Pressure in atria is greater than pressure in ventricles
-AV valves open
-Passive phase- no atria or ventricular contraction (80% of filling)
-Active phase (20% filling) atria contracts |
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Term
| Phase 2 of the Cardiac Cycle |
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Definition
2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
-**ventricles conrtacts- increases pressure
-AV and pulmonary and aortic valves closed
- No blood entering or exiting ventricle
-Ventricular pressure increases until it exceeds arterial pressure |
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Term
| Phase 3 of the Cardiac Cycle |
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Definition
Ventricular Ejection
-pressure ventricles greater than pressure arteries
-pulmonary and aortic valves open
-blood ejected from ventricles |
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Term
| Phase 4 of the Cardiac Cycle |
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Definition
Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
-ventricle relaxes, decreases pressure
-AV and semilunar valves closed
-no blood entering or exiting ventricle
-pressure in ventricle continue dropping unit it is less than atrial pressure |
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Term
| Is blood flow continuous during cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the aorta and large arteries maintain blood flow during entire cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| They are elastic, they are pressure resevoirs. Store energy during systole (walls expand) Release energy during diastole as walls recoil in. |
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Term
Heart sounds occur due to:
-first sound=
-second= |
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Definition
Turbulent flow when valves close.
1st- soft lubb, AV valves close
2nd- louder dubb, semilunar valves close |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute |
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Term
Average CO=
Average Blood volume=
During heavy exercise= |
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Definition
5 L/min at rest
5.5 L
25-30 L/min |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart Rate (bpm) and Stroke Volume, the volume of blood pumped in one heart beat, about 70mL at rest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increasing either HR or SV or both |
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Term
| HR and SV are regulated by: |
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Definition
| The cardiovascular system to control cardiac output |
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Term
Heart Rate is regulated by-- Nervous system?
HR modifies: |
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Definition
Autonomic NS
Modifies rate set by pacemaker cells in SA node. |
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Term
| Pacemaker cells receive input from parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems? |
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Definition
Both.
Have adrenergic receptors and muscarinic, Ach receptors. |
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Term
| What is HR determined by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increases firing rate= increased HR via B1 adrenergic receptors |
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Term
| Parasympathetic input on HR: |
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Definition
| decreases firing rate= decrease in HR via muscarinic Ach receptors |
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Term
At rest does parasympathetic or sympathetic input dominate?
What does rest HR= |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormanal control of heart rate: |
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Definition
| epinephrine= same effect as sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| AV nodal innervation, Sympathetic: |
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Definition
| increases conduction velocity through node, speeds up conduction into ventricles. |
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Term
| AV nodal innervation, Parasympathetic: |
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Definition
| decreases conduction velocity |
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Term
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Definition
1. ventricular contractility, strength of contraction, more forceful contraction will expel more blood (sympathetic)
2. Frank starling law of heart
3. Afterload- pressure in aorta (ventricular ejection has to overcome BP in aorta) |
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Term
| Sympathetic control of SV |
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Definition
cardiac nerves, NE binds to B1 adrenergic receptors
** increases cardiac contractillity (increases SV) |
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Term
| Parasympathetic control of SV |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epinephrine, thyroid hormones, insulin and glucagon increase force of contraction (increase SV) |
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Term
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Definition
control of SV related to venous return (blood returning to heart)
increase venous return->increase strength of contraction -> increase SV |
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Term
| In Frank Starlings Law, the heart will pump what volume of blood? |
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Definition
| The volume of blood returned to it beacuse more blood returning to the heart stretches the muscle cells which makes them contract with more force. |
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Term
Afterload=
Incresed aortic pressure- |
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Definition
pressure in aorta during ejections.
Incresed aortic pressure can decrease SV |
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Term
| Hypertension (high blood pressure) |
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Definition
| L ventricle works harder to pump= volume of blood. Leads to heart failure |
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Term
| Cardiovascular system transports: |
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Definition
Oxygen and nutrients to cells,
Wastes from cells to liver and kidneys,
Hormones, immune cells, clotting proteins to specific cells |
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Term
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Definition
| large, branching vessels that conduct blood away from heart |
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Term
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Definition
| small branching vessels w/ high resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| site of exchange between blood and tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relitively large converging vessels that conduct blood to the heart |
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Term
| Blood vessels are a -- system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Heart-> Arteries-> Arterioles-> Capillaries -> venules -> Veins and back to heart |
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Term
| Pulmonary circuit is -- and is supplied by |
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Definition
blood vessels from heart to lungs and lungs to heart
right heart. |
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Term
| Systemic circuit is-- and is supplied by |
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Definition
| blood vessels from heart to systemic tissues and tissues to heart by left heart |
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Term
Right heart supplies:
Left heart supplies |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the exchange between blood and tissues take place? |
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Definition
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Term
Pulmonary Capillaries
-blood entering lungs=
-Oxygen diffuses from -- to --
-blood leaving lungs= |
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Definition
deoxygnated
tissue to blood
oxygenated |
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Term
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Definition
| blood entering tissues is oxygenated, oxygen diffuses to tissue from blood, and blood leaving tissue is deoxygenated |
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