Term
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Definition
| This term refers to failure of the heart to pump properly. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart contracts too weakly, so that it does not eject sufficient blood |
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Term
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Definition
| something wrong with the heart muscle itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart muscle does not relax properly, which prevents its proper filling during diastole. |
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Term
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Definition
| which can be due to stenotic (narrowed) vessels or heart valves |
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Term
| Disordered electrical activity |
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Definition
| Improper generation of propagation of electrical impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| which is the rapid, unsynchronized, irregular contraction of the muscle fibers in the heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blood flows through abnormal connections between heart chambers or blood vessels. Most often, these abnormal communications are due to congenital defects, but some are acquired. |
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Term
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Definition
| localized dilatation of the vessels or heart wall |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate that is sufficient to meet the needs of the body. The heart may attempt to compensate by becoming hypertrophied and/or increasing the size of the chambers. |
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Term
| brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) |
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Definition
| Dilates blood vessels and increases the excretion of sodium. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the heart encounters too much resistance in the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| when the amount of fluid that the heart has to deal with is too great |
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Term
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Definition
| the pumping function of the heart is insufficient. There is decreased output, increased retention, and too little blood flow to the tissues. |
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Term
| right ventricular failure |
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Definition
| , the heart cannot accept venous return adequately. There may be congestion of the liver, accumulation of fluid in the body cavities (effusions; called ascites in the peritoneal cavity), and peripheral edema, especially in the lower extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| a tube-like structure that folds in upon itself and then becomes divided into its chambers by formation of septa |
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Term
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Definition
| divides to form the aorta and pulmonary artery. |
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Term
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Definition
| divides the ventricle in two. |
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Term
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Definition
| The atrium is first divided in two |
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Term
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Definition
| separation is completed in the atria. |
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Term
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Definition
| The atria and ventricles are divided in the region. |
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Term
| Most congenital problems arise from failure of... |
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Definition
| the septa to form properly. |
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Term
| Ventricular septal defect (VSD) |
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Definition
| an opening is present between the right and left ventricles. This is the most common major congenital anomaly of the heart ("hole in the heart"). |
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Term
| Atrial septal defect (ASD) |
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Definition
| involving incomplete septation and the presence of an actual hole between the atria, may have relatively serious consequences. |
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Term
| Patent foramen ovale (PFO) |
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Definition
| An opening between the two atria during fetal life.However, it is usually still functionally closed by a flap. |
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Term
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Definition
| right ventricular failure as a consequence of lung disease |
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Term
| Endocardial cushion defect |
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Definition
| is strongly associated with Down syndrome and may involve a variety of defects of the septa and valves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The truncus arteriosus becomes divided, but the septation is off-center so structures don't join up to the heart where they should. Basically, the pulmonary artery is too small, and the aorta is too big. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pulmonary valve and artery are narrowed and do not allow sufficient blood flow to the lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
| the too-big aorta connects to or "over-rides" both the right and left ventricles, and so receives blood from both. This means that unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is going out to the body. |
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Term
| Right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Definition
| a consequence of the right ventricle trying to push enough blood through the narrowed pulmonary artery, compensate for the VSD, and cope with the higher than normal pressure of the left ventricle. |
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Term
| Four anomalies that constitute Tetraology of Fallot are? |
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Definition
| Pulmonic valve stenosis, Over-riding aorta,Ventricular septal defect and Right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Term
| Transposition of the great arteries (TGA): |
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Definition
| , a spiraling or helical septum forms down the length of the truncus arteriosus to divide it into the aorta and the pulmonary artery. If the septum does not spiral properly, these vessels end up attached to the heart in a reversed manner |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ductus arteriosus is a short vessel that connects the aorta to the pulmonary artery during fetal life to allow blood to bypass the lungs. This structure normally closes after birth, but it may remain open. This condition does not lead to cyanosis, because pressure in the aorta is higher than pressure in the pulmonary artery. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a narrowing or stenosis of the aorta. It usually lies beyond where the arteries to the head and arms branch off, so a diagnostic sign is high blood pressure in the upper extremities and low blood pressure in the lower extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid scarring. arises from a complex interplay between endothelial cells, macrophages, platelets, and smooth muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| which are macrophages that have become filled with large amounts of lipids). |
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Term
| hardening of the arteries |
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Definition
| calcification of the atherosclerotic lesions. |
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Term
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Definition
| chest pain that is felt upon exertion or stress and is relieved by rest or nitroglycerin. |
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Term
| MB form of creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB) |
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Definition
| Enzymes that are released from the damaged cardiac muscle cells into the blood can also be used to diagnose an MI. This one is very specific for cardiac muscle cells. Rises and falls quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use to diagnosis an MI. Its a cytoskeletal protein released from dead cardiac muscle cells. Rises quickly and stays elevated |
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Term
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Definition
| An MI that involves just the inner wall of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| An MI that involves the full thickness of the heart muscle |
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Term
| One intervention becoming widely used for MI's |
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Definition
| anti-thrombolytic agents that dissolve clots (e.g., streptokinase or tPA [tissue plasminogen activator] |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of full function several days after blood flow has been restored to damaged myocardial cells. |
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Term
| Chronic ischemic heart disease (also called ischemic cardiomyopathy) |
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Definition
| can occur when a patient’s remaining heart muscle is unable to compensate for what was lost to known myocardial infarction(s). |
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Term
| Complications of myocardial infarcts include: |
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Definition
Mural thrombi,Scarring and loss of function with compensatory hypertrophy of undamaged parts of the heart, Shock, Congestive heart failure, Damage to papillary muscles supporting heart, Formation of aneurysms, Ventricular rupture, Tamponade, Acquired VSD
Arrhythmia, Pericarditis |
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Term
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Definition
| coronary artery bypass graft |
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Term
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Definition
| left internal mammary artery |
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Term
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
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Definition
| PTCA, a catheter is threaded into the artery, and a balloon on its tip is inflated to literally squash the atheroma |
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Term
| Senile calcific aortic stenosis |
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Definition
| a disease of the aortic valve that is most common in elderly people. It is due to wear and tear on the valve. The valve becomes calcified and stiff, so it doesn't move well. |
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Term
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Definition
| aortic valve problems are more common in men, mitral valve problems in women. |
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Term
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Definition
| One in a hundred people is born with an aortic valve that has only two leaflets, rather than the usual three; indeed, this is the most common cardiovascular abnormality. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary disease marked by abnormal, weakened connective tissue due to mutations in the fibrillin gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| valve extends backwards like a parachute, but there is no leakage; may hear a mid-systolic click, but no murmur |
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Term
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Definition
| billowing along with leakage (regurgitation); may hear a murmur or mid-systolic click |
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Term
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Definition
| chordae tendineae are ruptured; must be treated surgically. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a toxin released from strep bacteria that are infected with a bacterial virus (bacteriophage). |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by Group A beta-hemolytic strains of strep. |
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Term
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Definition
| infection of the heart valves and may be bacterial or fungal |
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Term
| The most frequent risk factor for endocarditis? |
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Definition
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Term
| nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE |
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Definition
| Damaged heart valves may first be covered with a deposit of platelets, |
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Term
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Definition
| Infective endocarditis is diagnosed by a number of pathologic and clinical criteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Rheumatic fever itself is diagnosed by |
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Term
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Definition
| the whole ventricle wall becomes evenly thickened in response to a pressure overload (e.g., systemic hypertension, aortic stenosis). |
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Term
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Definition
| The wall is of normal thickness, but the chamber is enlarged due to a volume overload (e.g., a leaky valve as in aortic regurgitation). |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the muscle wall becomes hypertrophied to try to compensate for an area that is damaged, for example due to an infarct. |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions in which the primary problem is in the heart muscle (myocardium) itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| All four chambers of the heart become enlarged, weak, and floppy, although it is usually the ventricles that are most affected. Often, the cause is idiopathic (unknown). Alcohol can directly damage the heart muscle and may lead to this condition, but not all alcoholics develop it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coxsackie B virus, echovirus, AIDS, Bacterial: Lyme disease(Borrelia burgdorferi) diptheria,Parasitic: Trypansoma cruzi(cause of Chagas disease), Toxoplasma gondii(problem with immunocompromised)Immune-mediated: rheumatic fever, SLE. |
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Term
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy HCM AKA idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) |
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Definition
| The heart becomes overly thick and muscular; it overcontracts and has trouble relaxing. |
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Term
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| The heart is rigid and cannot expand (i.e., diastole is impaired). |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which certain fibrous proteins deposit abnormally in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a restrictive cardiomyopathy of unknown cause. It is a disease principally of young adults and children in Africa and other tropical areas. |
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Term
| arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| there is fatty replacement of parts of the heart muscle, as well as fibrosis of the ventricular wall. Heart failure or arrhythmias may result, and there is risk of sudden death |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a bulging of the apex and contraction of the base of the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes a benign tumor that usually forms in the left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes this benign tumor develpoes in the hearts of children. |
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Term
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Definition
| benign growths usually located on the valves |
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Term
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Definition
| may occur when fluid fills the space between the pericardium and the heart rapidly (e.g., blood from a stab wound or from a rupture following an MI). The heart may as well be encased in cement, as it can no longer expand after contracting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aneurysms can also occur as a result of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease associated with ANCA which affects small vessels in the lung and kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| particularly affects the aorta and is most common in women. |
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Term
| Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) |
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Definition
| affects medium-sized to small arteries in many organs (but typically spares the lung). |
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