Term
| Function of cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| circulate/ deliver essential components for the cell and eliminate waste (mass transit system) |
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Term
| essential components of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
oxygen
nutrients
waste
clotting agents
immune system components
water
ions
horomones |
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Term
| the cardiovascular system doesnt MAKE things it ... |
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Definition
| transports and regulates things |
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Term
| the cardiovascular system regulates |
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Definition
1) body temp
2) pH
3) hemostasis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| delivery network of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
must also be continous
multiple components
multiple destinations
no closures/need alternative routes
has 2 circuits (systemic and pulmonary) |
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Term
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Definition
| goes to entire body goes out to one specific capillary then comes back |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves heart goes to lungs picks up oxygen then comes back, exchange of O2 and CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
endocardium- inner layer
myocardium- middle layer/ does the work
epicardium- outtermost layer |
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Term
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Definition
| sac that surrounds the heart pericardial fluid- fluid between sac and heart, protection from friction |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 pumps so blood doesnt mix, left and right atrium are receving left and right ventricle are discharging, there is a septum dividing the two |
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Term
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Definition
deliver back to heart
venuloes merge to form veins
impermeable
large diameter
low pressure (only recieving blood from small vessels)
thin walls
flow 80mm/s
no elastin again due to low pressure
challenge to push blood up against gravity
veins (especially in limbs) have valves
skeletal muscle pumps |
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Term
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Definition
deliver away from heart
systemic- oxygenated
pulmonary- deoxygenated
large diameter to carry high vol
low resistane want flow to godown stream easily
thich to handle blood from heart
tunica media has elastin allowing vessels to stretch acting as secondary pump minimizing damage and forces blood down stream, elastin is closest to heart to handle pressure |
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Term
| characteristics of left side of heart |
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Definition
sends blood to entire body
high pressure- same volume in chambers
thick walls |
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Term
| characteristics of right side of heart |
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Definition
low pressure not to damage lungs
sends blood to lungs
thin walls
same volume in chambers |
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Term
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Definition
pressure gradient (high to low_
passable route |
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Term
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Definition
period of relaxation- filling
semilunar valves closed
av valves open
ventricle is filling |
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Term
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Definition
period of contraction- flow
a/v valve closed
semilunar valve open
ventricle is contracting |
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Term
| contractions increase _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
passive (dont require energy)
create unidirectional flow
once pressure equalizes flow stops and valves open |
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Term
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Definition
| have chordae tendinae that attatch to paillae muscles |
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Term
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Definition
turbulance from a/v valves closing
and from s/v closing |
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Term
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Definition
| when valve doesnt close all the way like a leak |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| to increase CO must increase _____ & _____ |
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Definition
| stroke volume and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
increase EDV
decrease ESV
increase contractility |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure in the aorta effects the pressure in heart due to pressure gradient, for excerise you dont want afterload to decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| high diastolic = heart rate must work harder to get blood out to veins |
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Term
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Definition
conduction: electrical impulse to stimulate cells- regulation of hearts contraction
intrinsic- self regulated
autorhythmic-regulates beat itself
coordinate contraction- if you contract heart rate before its filled does not good |
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Term
| sequence of events for successful contraction |
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Definition
1) initiate contraction (signal)
2) simulatenously contract of all atrial muscle cells/ a force to increase flow
3)slight delay- need time for blood to flow
4) contract ventricular muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| located in right atrium near vena cava, neural tissue work through electrical signals, intrinsic, natural pacemaker, to change heart rate must change sinus rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
1) NA+ slowly leaks into cell
2) rapid influx of ca2+ (depolarization) to reach action potential
3) rapid eflux of K+ (repiolarization) and resetting of SA node |
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Term
| increase sinus rhythm/ increase HR |
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Definition
1) increase NA+ influx (make it come faster)
2) increase resting potential (shorter distance)
decrese threshold potential (move finishline closer) |
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Term
| can change what three things to increase heart rate? and effect the rate of SA node |
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Definition
1) horomones
2) ions
3) neural |
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Term
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Definition
| simulatenous contraction of all atrial muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| slight delay- connective tissue seperating atria from ventricles is an insulator and prevents signal conduction from atria to veintricles--> fired into bundle branches and end in purkinje fibers wheich are not insulated causing passive contraction of ventricular cells |
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Term
| muscle cell membrane potential |
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Definition
1) fast sodium channels go into cell
2) muscle cell reaches AP, causing contraction
3) open K+ channels out to ghet below action potential, causing it to relax *takes/needs time before returning to resting potential*
4) open CA in causing plateau, K+ out, ca2= on neutralizing
5) open K+ more close Ca2+ returning to resting potential
very quick response, plateau stage is a buffer immune to signals because its not at resting potential |
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Term
| sequence of events for muscle membrane potential |
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Definition
| SA NODE --> atrial muscle cells (respond immediatley) --> AV node (takes time because of branches of his)--> ventricular muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| ventricular repolarization |
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Term
| reason the QRS complex is depolarization and not a contraction |
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Definition
1) electrical not mechanical
2) depolarization preceeds contraction due to the fact contraction only happens once its hit action potential
in a healthy heart deplolarization leads to contraction EKG doesnt show if heart is healthy or not |
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Term
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Definition
1) atrial depolarization (p-wave)
2) increased pressure in atrium
3) ventricular volume increase
4) QRS complex- ventricular depolarization
5) ventricular contraction
6) ventricular pressure increasesx
7) a/v valve closes (1st heart sound)
8) pressure in ventricular higher than aorta opening semilunar valves
9) flow leaves ventricle, increasing aortic and ventricular pressure
10) pressure in ventricle/aorta decrease and flow goes down
11) ventricular pressure lower than aorta semilunar valve closes (2nd heart sound)
12) A/V valve opens when pressure in ventricle is high then atrium |
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Term
| function of circulatory system |
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Definition
deliver blood contents to all cells in the body
seperate delivery and return systems
majority of delivery vessels must be impermable |
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Term
| structures of vessel walls |
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Definition
tunica interna
tunica media
tunica adventitia |
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Term
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Definition
most internal layer
thin and smooth
minimizes friction
minimizes attatchment |
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Term
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Definition
middle layer
circularly arranged smooth muscle that controls diameter
vasoconstricts/vasodilates |
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Term
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Definition
| most outter layer encases and protects vessels anchor vessels to surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
smaller
many more than arteries
distributes blood
vasoconstricts and vasodilates
regulate blood pressure
control blood distribution
flow (15mm/sec)/slows down dramatically
impermeable |
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Term
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Definition
permeable- exchange materials of cells
very small- thing walls so things can be exchanged, no layers like typical vessel wall
single layer of epithelilial cells on a basement membrane
also contain scattered pericyte
- constrict to regulate flow
- repair and proliferate into new epithleal cells
a billion in our body
porous- have holes allowing things to get through, small molecules to leave, cells and proteing cant fit through |
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Term
| places in the body without capillaries |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
semipermeable membrane allowing somethings to pass but not everything
concentration gradient (high to low) so as long as their is less (gluclose) in the the cell than out of the cell (gluclose) will be let in |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
pressure due to osmosis
capillaries always have higher concentration than interstital fluid |
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Term
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Definition
vessels that recieve blood from capillaries
flow (5mm/s)
impermeable |
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Term
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Definition
arterioles directly connecting venuloes
takes blood directly to venuole
1) not enough blood to fill all capillaries
- pre capillary sphincters regulate timing of flow (i.e pericytes)
- aid in release of heat |
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Term
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Definition
1) shortens
2) thickens
ex) when you contract a leg muscle it squeezes the vein causing blood to go up (cant go down due to valves) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| distribution of blood in CV system |
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Definition
pulmonary circuit (18%)
heart 12%
systemic 70%
- veins 54% (most)
- arteries 11%
- capillaries 5% |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure gradient/resistance |
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Term
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Definition
increase of dia = decrease in resistance (most strategic way to control flow)
increase in viscosity = decrease in resistance
increase in vessel length = increase in resistance (dont use much) |
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Term
| central control of vasoconstriction |
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Definition
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
epinephrine (adrenaline)
increase flow to skeletal muscles, heart and brain (vasodilation)
decrease flow to digestive tract and skin
overall increase in BP |
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Term
| local control of vasoconstriction |
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Definition
| decrease in O2 and CO2 and/or increase in tempt decrease in pH of local cells meaning your using the cells if arteriole senses this it will vasodilate, if local cells do this during fight or flight you faint |
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Term
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Definition
delivery/distribution
thermoregulation
regulate water volume/bp and ph
protector of infection and blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
biconcave disk- folds increased diffusion high surface area
no nucleus or organelles- more space for oxygen and no oxygen consumed
live 90-120 days
4-6 million per microliter of blood
bags of hemoglobin- protein that binds gases |
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Term
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Definition
protect and defend body
different WBCs
- neutrophil
eosinphil
basophil
lymphocytes
monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| most abudent kill bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| low #'s attack materials to large to phagocitize (paracites) |
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Term
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Definition
| low numbers contain hystamine that realease at sites of infection causing vasodilation and widens pores |
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Term
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Definition
2nd most abundent
two types T-cells (cell mediated immunity that attacks viruses) and B- cells (plasma cells which produce antibodies) |
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Term
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Definition
leave blood --> macrophages
low numbers |
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Term
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Definition
cell fragments of megakaryocute
help hemostasis and control bleeding |
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Term
| function of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
to recover fluid not absorbed back into the capillaries
immune component- remove pathogens and tumor cells
transfers fats absorbed in the intestines |
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Term
| characteristics of lymphatic system |
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Definition
one way system
- starts at tissue and brings back to heart
fluid is called lymph
ends are called lymphatic capillaries
- have flaplike valves
- collect large debris from interstial fluid
eventually lymph dumps into right and left subclavian beisn
flow is slow
skeletal muscle pump
smooth muscle in walls of larger lymphatic vessels through peristalis
valves to prevent backflow
pulsation of artery |
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Term
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Definition
cervical, inguinal, axillary nodes
macrophages: filter lymph (lymphocyte)
enlarge with demand for remaning debris |
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Term
| areas of increased likelihood of pathogens |
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Definition
mouth lungs and digestive tract
(MALT) tounsils, and peyers pathches in intestines |
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Term
| function of the respiratory system |
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Definition
gas exchange between enviornment and blood, pulmonary capillaries- O2 in CO2 out
Ultimate goal: exchange gases with all cells in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of air in/out of lungs fair distance of movement but no change in content |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of specific gases between lungs, alveoli, and blood very short distance and crosses membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| long distance movement, no membranes and no change in content |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of specific gases between system capillaries and cell, short distance across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
everything prior to the lungs
function:
filter- hairs/cillia
warm
and mositen air
provide passageway
and make sounds via vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
passageway for air
composed of incomplete caraiginous rings
allows flexibility while keeping passageway open
ends of rings connected by trachealis muscle
rings are incomplete to allow decrease in trachea diameter, increasing resistance, decrease flow- caughing
when you swallow something big, esophagus can expand |
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Term
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Definition
type 1: thin cells providing structure
type 2- secrete serfactant
macrophages- eat things around alveoli
capillaries- gas exchange
elastic connective tissue help keep alveoli at resting state
limited amount of smooth muscle |
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Term
| anatomy of respiratory system |
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Definition
ribs= protection
intercostal muscles= external oblique and internal oblique
diaphragm= bottom of lungs sealing off enviornment
pleura= wall of thoracic cavity and on lungs, pleural fluid reduces friction and create surface friction keeps lung and thoracic cavity wall touching and not seperating |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure is inversly related to volume |
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Term
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Definition
make lungs bigger
lower diaphragm (contract)
causing pleura and lungs to expand if we contract intercostals raise chest again allowing more space for lungs to expand ACTIVE PROCESS |
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Term
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Definition
decrease volume creating pressure gradient and relaxing diaphragm and intercostal muscles. returning everything to resting state
PASSIVE- at rest
ACTIVE- while working |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| air needed to breathe @ rest 500mL |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| max air moved in one breath |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of air in parths of the respiratory tract that does respire, 355 mL nostrils --> alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
PV= TV x Ventilitory rate (breaths/min)= mL/min
amount of air entering the body in one min |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of air entering the alveoli in 1 min ... AV= (TV-DS) X VR |
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Term
| 4 things respiration done via diffusion requires |
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Definition
increase surface area
decrease thickness of barrier
increase concentration gradient
increase solubility |
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Term
| respiratory rate depends on what 4 things |
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Definition
1) surface area
2) thickness of membrane
3) concentration gradient of gas
4) solubility of gas |
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Term
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Definition
| total pressure of a gas is equal to the sum of the pressures from each individual gas |
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Term
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Definition
| gas will dissolve in a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
250 million/RBC
composed of 4 heme (contains iron and oxygen binds to each iron molecule) and 1 globin
enormous amount and must be effective |
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Term
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Definition
amt of O2 bound to Hb relative to the amount that could bind
affinity- attractiveness- desire of molecules to bind to eachother
depends on partial pressure of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| when hemoglobin goes to the tissue it ... |
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Definition
| dumps about 25% O2 off then loads up t aveoli and realtively insensitve to air quality |
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Term
| PO2 determines how much ... |
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Definition
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Term
| hemoglobins ability to bind to O2 is determined by |
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Definition
PCO2- increase = decrease in binding = increase drop off of O2 at tissues
temp= increase in temp = decrease in binding= increase in drop off of O2 at tissue
acid= increase in acid= decrease in binding = increase in drop off of O2 at tissue |
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Term
| harder your tissue works (more or less) oxygen dropped off = (more or less) binding |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binds to hemoglobin with a greater affinity then oxygen also it binds irreversiably |
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Term
| carbon dioxide (and the ways it is transported) |
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Definition
relatively low solubility (not as low as O2)
transported 3 ways
1) simply dissolved
2) chemically bound to hemoglobin
3) co2+h20= H2CO3= carbonic acid- driven by increased Pco2, quickly disolved into water |
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Term
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Definition
maintaing relatively constant internal condition regardless of changing enviornmental conditions
- requires communication among independently opperated systems
* nervous system: very rapid, short duration
*endocrine system: slower, longer duration
horomones released into blood
almost every organ communicated they produce horomones and more |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
majority
act quick
string of amino acids
hydrophilic- likes water, disolves in plasma easily
lipophobic- hates fat- doesnt cross membrane
packaged in secretory vessels within cell
- can steadily produce and store
upon stimulation of vell vessels are exocytosis- membrane fuses spilling out contents of cell
no limitaiton on production
dumped in interstial fluid and circulate easily/dissolve in plasma can easily get alot into blood |
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Term
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Definition
long term job
produced in gonads and adrenal cortex
made from cholesterol- all very closely related structurally
hydrophobic- hate water amd dont dissolve well
lipophilic- like fat and cant store
cant release alot at once only made when needed, no rapid releaase
transported by binding to proteins
albumin- binds some most bound by specific protein binders |
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Term
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Definition
derived from modification of a simple AA (tyrosine)
- thyroid, catecholamine (norepinephrine/epinephrine) |
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Term
| what stimulates release of horomone |
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Definition
hormonal stimuli
- trophic horomone
stimulated by another horomone
neaural stimuli
humoral
changes an ions or other nonhormonal contents or charactersitcs of the blood
- misc category |
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Term
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Definition
hormones bind to specific receptors
cells with receptors are called target cells |
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Term
| peptide horomone receptors |
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Definition
cell receptors are on membrane-lipophobic
use second messangers
series of molecules that relay the peptide horomone receptor binding to the inside of the cell
proteins (machinery) of the cell exist in the cytoplasm
rapid activation |
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Term
| steroid horomone receptors |
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Definition
receptors mostly in the cell
proteins to be activated dont exist
steroid horomone receptors has to bind to dna and stimulate synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
depends on 1) concentration of H in blood
- rate of release from source cell and rate of removal from blood
2) receptor #
- increase receptors = increase sensititvity of the cell and can have varying affinity |
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Term
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Definition
| time it takes to remove half the horomones in the blood |
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Term
| down regulation of target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| up regulation of target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| feedback (negative or positive) |
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Definition
| the horomone or its end product binding to the source cell to adjust further horomone production (negative feedback is most common) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases production once target cells recieves horomones |
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Term
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Definition
glucocortoids serve to treate severe allergic rxn down regulates due to mass amount of horomone in blood
neg feedback
go from lots in blood to non so slowly ween you off steroids |
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Term
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Definition
part of the brain
neural
controlling |
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Term
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Definition
small pea sized
endocrine organ
production and release into body |
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Term
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Definition
| connect hypothalamus and pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
neural tissue
2 horomones
- antidiuertic
- oxytocin
synthesized in hypothalamus
transported down axons
horomone store in terminals on the posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
glandular tissue
7 hormones (peptide hormones)
-synthesized by anterior pituitary
- stored in anterior pituitary
-hypothalamus communicates with anterior pituitary via hormones
-hormones from the hypothalamus travel down a hypothalamic pituitary portal system (by pass)
-Hypothalamus hormones stimulates the ant pit to produce and release new hormone |
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Term
| Anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
Growth hormones- involved in growth
Prolactin- lactation and osmoreguation
Trophic hormones-
thyroid stimulating hormone, (metabolism) peptide h
Follical stimulating hormone (reproduction)
Luteinizing hormone (reproduction) |
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Term
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Definition
Neuroendocrine organ
Next to kidney, very small
Stress gland |
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Term
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Definition
-Produce 2 hormones by the sympathetic nervous system
Hormones (can be stored and released , hydrophilic, released increase)
1. Epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
1. Increase heart rate and increase contractibilility
(In crease CO->increase bld pressure)/ decrease ESV/ SV
2. Increase flow -> skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and liver, adipose
3. Decrease flow-> peripheral vestification, digestive tract
4. Airway dilation -> decrease resistance->increase flow -> increase surface area of alveoli-> increase respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Glucocorticoids (cortical)
Hydrophilic, (much slower but sustain response)
Stress hormone
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)- blood pressure regulation and water balance |
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Term
| function of the renal system |
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Definition
clean the blood, remove waste and excess waste
Secondary function: RBC production, blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Size of fist
Located in lower back below rib cage
Removal of waste and excess
Urine Produce continuously |
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Term
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Definition
| transports urine form kidney to bladder |
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Term
| What are the Forces moving urine |
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Definition
gravity
hydrostatic pressure
peristalsis- smooth muscle in ureter wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin wall, smooth muscular sac |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| duct that connect bladder to environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| . Stimulate bladder wall muscle contraction. 2. relax internal sphincter. 3. give you urge to urinate. |
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