Term
| The factor in blood that has to do with the energy required to separate blood into discrete lamina during laminar flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| The easiest factor to adjust to either increase or decrease vascular resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| The law which governs the flow of fluid in a tube. |
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Definition
Postulle's Law
Q=∏(Pi-Po)r^4/8πl |
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Term
| How to calculate peripheral resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistance in a parallel circuit. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reynold's number describing turbulent flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most favorable flow pattern for reducing endothelial sheer stress. |
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Definition
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Term
| A value of flow determined by pressure and flow speed which denotes the transition between laminar flow and turbulent flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| A place where turbulent flow is beneficial. |
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Definition
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Term
| A rough calculation of mean arterial pressure. |
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Definition
| Diastolic P + 1/3 Pulse pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| decreasing the constriction of arterioles via a vasodilator would drop pressure in this measurement most. |
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Definition
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Term
| Autoregulation is controlled by... |
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Definition
| Vascular smooth muscle stretch |
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Term
| Metabolic rate increases and causes an increase in blood flow rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased blood flow following an occlusion/reduced blood flow. Increased occlusion time=increased blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| potent vasoconstrictor produced by endothelial cells, and in excess when damaged. |
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Definition
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Term
| Potent vasoconstrictor produced by thrombocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally a vasodilator, but acts as a vasoconstrictor when endothelium is damaged. |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors in the bloodstream which act directly on vascular smooth muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Arachidonic acid enzyme used in physiological conditions |
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Definition
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Term
Arachidonic acid enzyme used in pathophysiological conditions
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Definition
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Term
| Arachidonic acid metabolite that causes vasodilation. Produced from endothelial cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug and low dosage often given to preferentially block the production of thromboxane in platelets yet preserve the endothelial cell's ability to produce vasodilators. |
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Definition
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Term
| Arachidonic acid enzyme which produces leukotrienes. This is often a problem when blocking other arachidonic metabolizing enzymes due to leukotriene overproduction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Beneficial diet additive due to its replacement in membranes for normally occurring arachidonic acid, causing the production of less potent vasoconstrictors yet maintaining the potency of vasodilators such as PGE2. |
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Definition
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Term
| adrenomedullary hormone that causes vasoconstriction. |
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Definition
| epinephrine/norepinephrine |
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Term
| adrenergic receptors located on vascular smooth muscle modulating vasoconstriction |
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Definition
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Term
| adrenergic receptors used in the negative feedback loop to the adrenomedulla. |
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Definition
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Term
| adrenergic receptors located on the heart and cause an increase in heart rate/contractility. |
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Definition
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Term
| adrenergic receptors located on vascular smooth muscle which mediate vasodilation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors strongly activated by norepinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| The result of activating alpha-1 receptors on venous smooth muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors activated at low/normal concentrations of epinephrine. |
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Definition
| Beta-2 receptors, Beta-1 receptors. |
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Term
| The result of a modest release of epinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| The result of a modest release of norepinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta receptor agonist drug, especially to beta-2. Similar to epinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta-1 selective drug, similar to norepinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of renin release. |
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Definition
| juxtoglomelural cells in afferent glomurli. |
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Term
| Potent vasoconstrictor formed ultimately due to the release of renin. Also induces the release of norepinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| potent vasodilator produced from endothelial cells that is broken down by angiotensin converting enzyme. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormone released as a result of atrial stretch. Potent vasodilator/diuretic. |
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Definition
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Term
| Product of ATP usage as in muscle that is a key metabolic mediator in hyperemia. Also reduces adhesion molecule expression as well as phospholipase A2 production. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dilates arterioles, but constricts venules. Promotes fluid movement into tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| sympathetic tone will have a larger relative effect on vasculature with a higher value of this... |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle : Radius ratio. |
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Term
| Term naming the basal release of norepinephrine causing some vasoconstriction, even at rest. This is responsible for a significant amount of your normal blood pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| controls sympathetic/parasympathetic firing from the CNS as a result of baroreceptor firing input. |
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Definition
| Nucleus of the tractus solitarius neuronal group |
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Term
| Path for sympathetic fibers going to the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| Path for sympathetic fibers going to the vessels/kidneys. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pressure response to values less than 60mmHg causing increased sympathetic firing. These sensors are not in the carotid sinus or right atria. |
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Definition
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Term
| A response to increased intra-cranial pressure to ensure adequate blood perfusion. Causes extreme vasoconstriction and has been shown to cause pressures to increase to values greater than 200mmHg! |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pressure response to superficial pain |
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Definition
| Increased sympathetic tone |
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Term
Blood pressure response to deep pain
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Definition
| Down regulate sympathetic |
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Term
| A situation in which carrotid baroreceptors can act in opposition to right atrial receptors due to a high CVP and a low aortic pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Primarily affects respiration rate, but has some ability to up/down regulate sympathetic tone situationally. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pressure relationship. |
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Definition
| Cardiac output and Peripheral resistance |
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Term
| An increase in venous sympathetic stimulation decreases this aspect of vasculature. |
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Definition
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Term
| A value describing the pressure in a circulatory system developed solely from vessel compliance; mostly as a reflection of the venous system. Increases with increased total blood volume. |
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Definition
| Mean circulatory pressure (7-8mmHg) |
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Term
| The volume of blood which causes the pressure measured in a static; non pumping circulatory system. |
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Definition
| Stressed volume (25mL/Kg) |
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Term
| The volume of blood in a static system which has a pressure of 0mmHg. |
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Definition
| unstressed volume (50mL/Kg) |
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Term
| Part of the ventilatory cycle where venous return is the greatest. |
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Definition
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Term
| The phase of the ventilatory cycle which has the lowest amount of venous return. |
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Definition
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Term
| Strain to expire against a closed glottis. |
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Definition
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Term
| First response seen when performing a Valsalva manuver |
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Definition
| Increased atrial pressure. |
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Term
Second response seen when performing a Valsalva maneuver. Due to compression of the vena cava and decreased firing of baroreceptors.
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Definition
| Decreased arterial pressure, Increased heart rate, Decreased diameter of left ventricle |
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Term
Third response seen when performing a Valsalva maneuver.
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Definition
| Transient fall in systemic blood pressure. |
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Term
Fourth response seen when performing a Valsalva maneuver.
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Definition
| Increased stroke volume, Increased cardiac output, increased arterial blood pressure. |
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Term
| During a Valsalva manuber, if the tachycardia of phase 2 and the overshoot of atrial pressure in phase 4 are absent, this indicates... |
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Definition
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Term
During a Valsalva manuber, if the 2, 3, and 4th phases are absent, this indicates...
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|
Definition
| Obstruction of left ventricular inflow. |
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Term
| Initial effect of abdominal contraction |
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Definition
| Increased venous return and increased blood pressure. |
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Term
The effect of abdominal contraction when sustained over a long period of time.
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Definition
| Decreased venous return, decreased blood pressure. |
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Term
| A postural change which increases venous pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
A postural change which decreases venous pressure.
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Definition
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Term
| Pressure measured at the right atrium and thoracic vena cava which "opposes" venous return to the heart. |
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Definition
| Central Venous Pressure (CVP) |
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Term
| Cardiac Factor(s) that affect cardiac output |
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Definition
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Term
"Coupling" factor(s) that affect cardiac output
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Definition
Preload (venous return)
Afterload (increased peripheral resistance) |
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Term
| The X-intercept of a Venous function curve. |
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Definition
| Mean systemic filling pressure |
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Term
As central venous pressure decreases, venous return increases. What effect does this have on the vascular function curve that intersects the venous return curve?
Similar effect with vasodilation/hypovolemia |
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Definition
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Term
As central venous pressure increases, venous return decreases. What effect does this have on the vascular function curve that intersects the venous return curve?
Similar effect with vascular constriction/hypervolemia |
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Definition
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Term
| The result of vasoconstriction of arterioles on the venous return curve. Doesn't affect stressed/unstressed volume much. |
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Definition
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Term
The result of vasodilation of arterioles on the venous return curve. Doesn't affect stressed/unstressed volume much.
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Definition
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Term
| The point at which the cardiac function curve and the vascular function curve intercept. The point at which the performance of the heart hopes to maintain or achieve after acute volume changes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The effect of acute hypervolemia on the cardiac function curve. |
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Definition
| Shift up on vascular function curve |
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Term
| The minimum gradient for venous return. |
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Definition
| Mean circulatory filling pressure-equilibrium pressure |
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Term
| The effect of increasing contractility of the heart on the equilibrium point. |
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Definition
| Ultimately leftward shift |
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Term
The effect of hemorrhage or heart failure heart on the equilibrium point.
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Definition
| Ultimately rightward shift |
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Term
| Hormone which acts on the kidneys to increase Na+ reabsorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most sensitive to neural stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
| Most sensitive to tissue metabolites and slightly responsive to neural stimulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The limit of diffusion for small molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| The limit of diffusion of large molecules or a limit imposed on diffusion based on the distance between the capillary and the parenchymal cell. Is a problem raised by edema. |
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Definition
| Diffusion limited diffusion (transport) |
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Term
| Factors affecting diffusion. |
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Definition
| permeability, surface area, concentration gradient. |
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Term
| Plasma which has been separated from its large molecular weight proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle force favoring filtration across the capillary wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal capillary pressure at the start of the capillary bed (arterial side). |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal capillary hydrostatic pressure at the end of the capillary bed (venous side). |
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Definition
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Term
| Increasing central venous pressure has what effect on end capillary bed hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Constricting arterioles has what effect on the capillary hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between aortic pressure and capillary hydrostatic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
Force opposing capillary hydrostatic pressure
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Definition
Osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
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Term
| The relatively constant value of colloid osmotic pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein most responsible for osmotic forces. |
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Definition
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Term
| The approximate value of tissue colloid osmotic pressure opposing capillary osmotic pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid movement=K[(Pc+πi)-(Pi+πp)] |
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Term
| The dynamic center of the Starling hypothesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of cardiac cycle where the heart's perfusion is reduced in its' coronary arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| Phase of cardiac cycle where coronary artery flow is greatest. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important factor in coronary artery dilation or constriction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tissue(s) most at risk for damage during edema. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coronary vasculature connections that allow blood to shunt in different directions to avoid a blockage. |
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Definition
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Term
| intraventricular pressure is higher than normal during diastole, therefore, wall tension is elevated and endocardial perfusion will be compromised. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most effective stimulus for coronary vasodilation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most important metabolic regulator of coronary vascular resistance and blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| The plateau of coronary flow maintained from Interventricular pressures of 60-140mmHg. |
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Definition
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Term
| This artery does not get compressed as much during systole due to decreased wall thickness of the ventricle which it surrounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| A high level of this compound in the blood has great atherogenic propensity. High levels are often a result of a low intake of vitamis B6, B12 and/or folic acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage caused by a rapid re-oxygenation of heart tissue following an occlusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Without the production of this compound by endothelial cells (due to damage/dysfunction) expression of adhesion molecules increases and vasoconstriction occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| The location of norepinephrine's predominant area of action. |
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Definition
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Term
| Skin's main function on the circulatory system |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect on cardiac output with increased skin temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
Ultimate effect on splanchnic, renal, and muscle blood flow with increased skin temperature (when not exercising).
Same relative effect on arterial and right aterial mean pressures. |
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Definition
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Term
| prolonged exposure to very cold temperature causes... To prevent tissue freezing; probably through a smooth muscle response to lowered temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeletal smooth muscle does not receive any of this type of innervation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dilation of skeletal muscle vasculature is via a... |
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Definition
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Term
| These receptors allos for active skeletal muscle vasculature vasodilation |
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Definition
| Sympathetic histaminergic or Sympathetic colinergic |
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Term
| Value denoting both gross viscosity of blood (indirectly) and the amount of blood that is RBCs |
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Definition
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Term
| Portion of blood without clotting agents within it. |
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Definition
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Term
Portion of blood with clotting agents within it.
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Definition
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Term
| The primary response to vasculature injury |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors on platelets that allow fibrinogen crosslinking. |
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Definition
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Term
| Factor produced from COX that helps with platelet aggrogation |
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Definition
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Term
| Platelet aggregation in its initial stage. |
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Definition
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Term
Factor which sustains the hemostatic plug.
Also forms fibrin from fibrinogen |
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Definition
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Term
| Factor released from endothelial cells which reduces aggregation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Starts with factor XII. Contains factors 12, 11, 10, and 9 |
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Definition
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Term
| Starts with factor VIIa. Contains factors 7a, 10 and 9 where it becomes the common clotting cascade. |
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Definition
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Term
| This factor can act as a crossover between the extrinsic pathway to the intrinsic pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| Useful measure of the intrinsic clotting pathway. A "long value" indicates dysfunction. |
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Definition
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) |
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Term
| Useful measurement of the extrinsic clotting pathway. Long=bad |
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Definition
| prothrombin clotting time. |
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Term
| Inhibitor of factors VIIa, IXa, Xa and thrombin. |
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Definition
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Term
Provides negative feedback on thrombin through thrombomodulin to prevent clots from becoming to large. Found normally in blood.
Used in the treatment in severe sepsis (Xigris) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Converts plasminogen to plasmin in order to break down fibrin. Does not reduce fibrin formation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Performs similar action to other "clot busters" that occur in the body and is given in certain at risk patients. |
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Definition
| Tissue-plasma activating factor t-PA |
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|
Term
| A primary problem in causing a pulminary embolism. It is caused by over-aggregation of platelets. |
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Definition
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