engorged veins (pooled blood) resulting from valve incompetency

most common in the legs, yet may also occur as esophageal varices or hemorrhoids

can cause stasis pimentation, subcutaneous induration, dermatitis, and thrombophlebitis

genetic predisposition

pregnancy

obesity

prolonged sitting or standing

alcohol abuse

liver disorders (esophageal varices)

constipation (hemorrhoids)

irregular, purpulish, bulging veins

pedal edema

fatigue

aching in the legs-- "heavy"

shiny, pigmented, hairless skin on the legs and feet

skin ulcer formation

1. sluggish blood flow (stasis): immobility/CVI/age/HF
2. endothelial injury-- trauma/dysfunction
3. hypercoagulable state (BCP/FH/preg/CA/HR/dehydration)

"and/or" situation to get a blood clot

atherosclerosis

thrombus

inflammation

pain

intermittent claudication (always reproduceable, classic s/sx)

numbness/burning

non-healing wounds

skin color changes (pallor/rubor)

hair loss

impotency

atherosclerosis

aneurysms

heart failure

stroke

hypertensive crisis

renal damage

vision loss

metabolic syndrome

memory problems

a name for a group of risk factors that occur together and increase the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes

any of these three things

1. increased waiste circumference
2. diabetic fasting glucose >110
3. prethrombolitic state

family history/genetics

age

gender

race

sodium intake

DM (perm thickening of VS wall)

smoking (endothelium damage stimulates inflam response)

obesity (sat fats, dyslipidemia, increase in RAAS)

K/Ca/Mg intake (muscle contractility, deficit promotes Na retention)

Stress (increases SNS)

most common form

develops gradually over time/varying idiopathic causes

related to an underlying condition

tends to be more sudden and severe

result of anothe rprimary disease of teh CV system, renal system, adrenal glad tumors, neurologica system, and certain congenital heart defects, certain medications, and illegal drug use

the chronic inflammation characterizezd by thickening and hardening of the arterial wall

inflammatory process is triggered by vessel wall injury

lesions develop on the vessel wall and calcify over time

affects the elasticity of the vessels

leads to vessel obstruction, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction

Normal Cholesterol/lipid levels

(Cholesterol, Trigly, HDL, and LDL)

Cholesterol <200

Triglyc <150

HDL >40

LDL <100 normal individual (<70 for high risk)

atherosclerotic changes of the coronary arteries

• impairs myocardial tissue perfusion

goes away with demand reduction

put in effort to produce pain

angina (chest pain)

indigestion-like sensation

N/V

clammy extremities

diaphoresis/pale

fatigue/dyspnea

Death of the myocardium

coronary artery blood flow is blocked due to atherosclerosis, thrombus, or vasospasms