Term
| A hollow muscular organ behind the sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the PMI located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The R and L sides of the heart are separated by the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inner layer of the heart that lines the heart chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the heart made up of muscle fibers and is responsible for the pumping action of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer layer of the heart that is embedded with coronary arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What valve is between the L atria and L ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What valve is between the R atria and R ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What valve is between the L ventricle and aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What valve is between the R ventricle and pulmonary artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mitral and tricuspid are what valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The aortic and pulmonic are what valves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does blood flow through the heart? |
|
Definition
| Superior/Inferior Vena Cave-> R Atrium-> Tricuspid Valve-> R Ventricle-> Pulmonary Valve-> Pulmonary Artery-> Lungs-> Pulmonary Veins-> L Atrium-> Mitral Valve-> L Ventricle-> Aortic Valve-> Aorta |
|
|
Term
| How does the conduction system work? |
|
Definition
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers |
|
|
Term
| What will a pt need if the SA and AV nodes stop working? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What node is causes the heart to beat at 60-100 bpm and is the pacemaker of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What node will make the heart beat at 4-60bpm and transfers electrical impulses to the bundle of His? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What node is divided into right and left branches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When electrical impulses reach here the ventricles contract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Sympathetic Nervous System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do to the body? |
|
Definition
| opposite of Fight or Flight |
|
|
Term
| What is the contraction and relaxation of our heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during systole? |
|
Definition
| The heart propels blood forward, ventricles are full of blood and the heart contracts |
|
|
Term
| What happens during diastole? |
|
Definition
| The heart relaxes and the chambers refill with blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute. |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate cardiac output? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood ejected with each ventricle contraction. |
|
|
Term
| The amount of stroke volume depends on what? |
|
Definition
preload
contractility
afterload |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood that remains in the ventricle at the end of diastole. |
|
|
Term
| If preload is increase what also increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability for cardiac muscles to contract. |
|
|
Term
| If contractility is increases what else is increased? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of pressure ventricles need overcome to eject blood during contraction |
|
|
Term
| If the vessels are constricted what happens? |
|
Definition
| afterload will increase causing SV and CO to decrease |
|
|
Term
| IF the vessels are dilated what happens? |
|
Definition
| afterload will decrease causing SV and CO to increase |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the heart as we age? |
|
Definition
increase density of tissue
decrease elasticity
pacer cells decrease
takes longer to respond to stress
postural (orthostatic) hypertension |
|
|
Term
| An increase density and a decrease elasticity cause a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the arteries do in the body? |
|
Definition
| They carry blood from the heart toward the tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest artery in the body? |
|
Definition
| Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the L ventricle of heart. |
|
|
Term
| What do arterioles do in the body? |
|
Definition
| Small vessels that branch off arteries and send blood to capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What do capillaries do in the body? |
|
Definition
| Carry nutrients and oxygen into the tissues and the removal of metabolic wastes from tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What do venules do in the body? |
|
Definition
| Small vessels that branch off veins and send deoxygenated blood into our veins from our capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What do veins do in the bdoy? |
|
Definition
| They take deoxygenated blood from the extremities to our heart. |
|
|
Term
| What does the systemic circulation involve? |
|
Definition
| Circulation in the body besides the heart and lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What does the pulmonary circulation involve? |
|
Definition
| The circulation of blood from our heart to our lungs and back. |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when you have a hard time breathing while sleeping? |
|
Definition
| paraoxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| This allows study of the electrical activity through the heart muscle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a portable machine with a memory to provide continuous cardiac monitoring from 24hrs to weeks at a time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This records the size, shape, position, and behavior of the hearts internal structure. Ultrasonic waves are beamed into the heart, and their echoes are recorded. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A flexible endoscopic probe with a ultrasound transducer is passed down the back of the throat into the esophagus. |
|
Definition
| Transesphageal Echocardiogram (TEE) |
|
|
Term
| What must be obtained before an TEE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be monitored after a TEE? |
|
Definition
VS
LOC
gag reflex: NPO until reflex returns |
|
|
Term
| What creates a 3-D images of body structures without radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A radioactive material is injected through IV and the heart is scanned to evaluate function. May be done during rest or exercise. |
|
Definition
| Multiple- Gated Acquisition Scan (MUGA) |
|
|
Term
| What has to be done before a MUGA Scan? |
|
Definition
NPO 2hrs before
signed consent |
|
|
Term
| A continuous EKG is monitored while the pt uses a treadmill or stationary bike. Every 2-3 mins the peed and incline are increased? |
|
Definition
| Stress Test (Exercise Tolerance Test) |
|
|
Term
| A stress test is continued until what happens? |
|
Definition
Either: pt can no long continue
pt reaches max hear rate
symptoms intervene
significant changes to EKG |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate a pt max HR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has to be done before a stress test? |
|
Definition
NPO 2hrs before
signed consent
give beta-blockers if prescribed |
|
|
Term
| A catheter is inserted into a vein or artery and is threaded into the heart chambers, coronary arteries, or both under fluoroscopy. A contrast dye is injected through the cath. Films are made of the heart structure. Vitals and EKG are monitored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must happen before a cardiac cath? |
|
Definition
NPO morning before
signed consent
tell pt to expect a flush sensation when dye is injected
give sedative if ordered, pt will be awake |
|
|
Term
| What are post-op measures for a cardiac cath? |
|
Definition
check puncture site
maintain pressure if vascular seal is not used
VS and peripheral pules on affected extremity
enforced ordered bed rest |
|
|
Term
| This assesses the acid-base balance by measuring pH, Pco2, Hco3, and base excess. Uses an artery, not vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is released when heart cells die as a result of damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This cardiac enzyme is elevated when damaged has occurred to the myocardial cells. Can be elevated up to 24 hours after MI. |
|
Definition
| Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK-MB) |
|
|
Term
| Cardiac enzyme that is only detected in a pt that has had an MI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is used to evaluate risk of CAD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This measures naturally occurring BNP levels. Elevated in heart failure. |
|
Definition
| B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) |
|
|
Term
| A protein that is elevated in system inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does a cardiac glycoside do?
What is an example and what do you have to know before giving? |
|
Definition
slows heart rate
Digoxin
Apical pulse |
|
|
Term
What do antianginals do?
What is an example and what do you need to know before giving?` |
|
Definition
Use to treat angina r/t myocardial ischemia.
Nitrates: Nitroglycerin
Beta-Blockers: Metaprolol
Calcium Channel Blockers: Cardizem
BP and HR |
|
|
Term
What do antidysrhythmias do?
What is an example and what do you need to know before giving? |
|
Definition
Used to treat abnormal heart rhythms.
Amiodarone
Apical |
|
|
Term
| What do ACE Inhibitors do? What is an example and what do you need to know before giving? |
|
Definition
Dilated arteries and decrease resistance of blood flow through the arteries.
BP and HR
lisinopril |
|
|
Term
| What do diuretics do? What is an example and what do you need to know before giving? |
|
Definition
Treatment of fluid retention
Loop Diuretic: Lasix
Thiazide Diuretic: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
Potassium Sparing Diuretic: Aldactone
BP, HR, K+ levels |
|
|
Term
| What is the antidote of Heparin and what do you monitor? |
|
Definition
Protamine Sulfate
Monitor PTT lab values: tells quickly the blood is clotting. |
|
|
Term
| What is the antidote for Coumadin? What needs to be monitored? |
|
Definition
Vit K
Monitor PT/INR lab values: evaluates how quickly blood is clotting. |
|
|
Term
| What is an anticoagulant do? What should you monitor? |
|
Definition
Used to prevent blood clots.
Monitor pt for signs of bleeding. |
|
|
Term
| What do antiplatelets do and what are some examples? |
|
Definition
Used to prevent platelets from sticking together which my lead to blockage of vessels.
Aspirin
Plavix
Ticlid |
|
|
Term
| What do Thrombolytic agents do. What are some examples, and how can a pt get them? |
|
Definition
Destroys clots that have already formed. Given to pts who come in with a stroke or MI but must meet a set list of criteria before giving.
Streptokinase |
|
|
Term
| What do Lipid-Lowering Agent. What are some examples |
|
Definition
Lowers the lipid levels in the pt with high cholesterol.
Lipitor (atorvastatin)
Zocor (simvastatin)W |
|
|
Term
| What do Analgesics do? What are some examples? |
|
Definition
Relieves pain in an MI, reduces anxiety. Main goal is to reduce the workload of the heart by decreasing BP
Morphine |
|
|
Term
| Every pt with an expected MI will get what treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This pacemaker is placed on the outside of the body, electrical impulses are sent through pads that are placed on the chest. Used only in emergencies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This pacemaker an electrode is placed into R side of heart. Cath is threated through the subclavian or jugular veins to the R atrium. Done in emergencies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This pacemaker has 3 or 4 wires placed in the epicardium to send electrical impulses to the R atrium. Seen mostly in surgery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A small device surgically placed in SQ tissue in the chest. Has electrical wires that are threaded into the part of the heart that needs impulses. Dr will program the device. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are post-op instructions for pacemakers? |
|
Definition
pt cant put arm above heard for 2-3 weeks.
EKG monitoring
VS
inspect incision for infection |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of death in the U.S.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major coronary arteries are partially or completely blocked? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thickening, loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Caused by an increase lipids and cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is thickening caused by deposits of fats and fibrin which hardens over time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase cholesterol
increase BP
smoking
type 2 DM
obesity
life style
stress/anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pain (angina)
Diaphoresis
Dyspnea
Fatigue
Nausea/Vomiting
need to rule out MI |
|
|
Term
| This pain occurs with exercise and activity. Goes away with rest and when calm. Also nitro makes pain go away. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This pain occurs randomly. No precipitating factors. Nitro doesn't relieve it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
encourage pt to reduce modifiable risk factors
Initial Therapy:
A: Aspirin
B: beta blockers
C: cigarette smoking
D: diet
E: education |
|
|
Term
| What is destruction of the myocardial tissue as a result of lack of blood and O2 supply. Predominant in men prior to age 65. |
|
Definition
| Acute Myocardial Infarction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
obesity
smoking
high fat diet
HTN
Type 2 DM
sedentary lifestyle
excessive stress |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the heart during an MI? |
|
Definition
occlusion of coronary artery
ischemia
injury
infarction develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dysrhythmias
CHF
cardiogenic shock: heart isn't able to supply enough blood to the organs, resulting in multi-system organ failure
embolisms
ventricular rupture
V-tach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pain
diaphoretic: cool clammy pale
light headeness
nausea and vomiting
dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnosis a MI? |
|
Definition
pt history and classic symptoms
laboratory evidence
EKG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goal is to preserve myocardial tissue.
meds
angioplasty
CABG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nitro
Morphine
O2
Thrombolytics: if candidate
Lidocaine: antidysrhythmic
aspirin
dopamine |
|
|
Term
| This done during a cardiac cath. Goes through femoral artery up into whichever coronary artery is occluded. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is used of pt vessels to replace occluded vessel. Pt will be in cardiopulmonary bypass machine. Pt is sent to ICU after surgery. |
|
Definition
| Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) |
|
|
Term
| Nursing Diagnosis for MI? |
|
Definition
decrease cardiac output
anxiety
pain |
|
|
Term
| MI nursing interventions? |
|
Definition
provide a calm environment
simple explanations
give pain meds
oxygen
v/s
decrease demand on the heart |
|
|
Term
| Inability of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body. The contraction of our ventricles aren't efficient enough. Blood starts to back up if heart isn't contracting well enough. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CAD
HTN
COPD
decrease of heart valves
volume overload
renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood and fluids back into the lungs
pulmonary symptoms
edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood and fluids back up into the rest of the body resulting in weight gain and edema in the lower extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
crackles, wheezes
dyspnea
cough
tachycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
jugular vein distention
abdominal enlargement
edema
weight gain
decreased urinary
output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
history and physical exam
chest x-ray
lab test:
brain natriuretic
peptid: measures amt of fluid in the bdoy
high BNP 0-100 normal
fluids and electrolytes
BUN and Creatinine:f kidney function |
|
|
Term
| A disease of the heart muscle, myocardium isnt functioning correctly, leads to heart failure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for Cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
excessive use of alcohol
pregnancy
infections
obesity
diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may have gradual onset, so may not notice
dyspnea
fatigue
left side heart failure |
|
|
Term
| How to diagnosis cardiomyopathy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to treat cardiomypatthy? |
|
Definition
| decrease the workload on the heart, no cure, may need a heart transplant |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting blood flow |
|
Definition
resistance
blood viscosity
hemoconcentration |
|
|
Term
| Age related changes in the vascular system? |
|
Definition
arteriosclerosis
decrease Hgb
slowing of HR
decrease SV |
|
|
Term
| Vascular System Assessment : 6P's |
|
Definition
pulselessness
poikilothermy: decrease temp a ischemic site
pallor
paresthesia: tingling /numbness
paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Uses sound waves to diagnosis PVD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain associated with decrease perfusion that is aggravated by exercise and relieved by rest? |
|
Definition
| intermittent claudication |
|
|
Term
| The removal of a blood clot located in a large vessel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to gain access to the arteries in the lower extremities in ppl who are poor surgical risks? |
|
Definition
| Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty |
|
|
Term
| The emboli and atherosclerotic plaque are stripped away from the intima of the vessel and the vessel is surgically closed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dilates peripheral and coronary arteries.
Calcium Channel Blockers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do antiplatelets do? What are examples and what should you monitor? |
|
Definition
Prevents clots formation of platelets
Aspirin and Plavix
monitor for bleeding |
|
|
Term
| S/S of an Arterial Embolsim? |
|
Definition
pain
gradual loss of sensory and motor function of affected areas
absent distal pulses
pain aggravated by movement or pressure
pallor
sharp line of temp change |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of arterial embolism? |
|
Definition
anticoagulants: IV heparin
thrombolytics: streptokinase
surgery |
|
|
Term
| Intermittent constriction of arterioles r/t spasms. Usually affects hands, can affect toes and top of nose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dilated segment of an artery caused by weakness and stretching of arterial wall. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A small tear in the inner layer of the vessel permits blood to escape into the space between the inner and middle layers. Blood accumulates between the layers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the vein walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clot formation at site of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presence of a clot in a deep vein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors that contribute to venous thrombus formation (Virchow's Triad) |
|
Definition
Stasis of the blood
damage to the vessel walls
hypercoagulability |
|
|
Term
| A filter used in the surgical treatment of Virchow's Triad. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A blood clot that travels and lodges in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hypertension has no cause and is considered 90-95 cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This hypertension is a complication of another disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnosis hypertension? |
|
Definition
| high BP on 3 separate occasions |
|
|
Term
| How to select the correct amt of hypertension meds? |
|
Definition
1: start pt on a sage low dose of one of the three meds: diurectics, ace inhibitors, beta blockers
2: if BP is still high, either increase dosage of 1st med, or add 2nd med
3: if BP i still high, either increase dosages or add 3rd med |
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|
