Term
|
Definition
| Narrowed or constricted orifice |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the most common form of stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aortic valve doesn't fully open which decreases flow from the heart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
SOB
Angina
Syncope
Palpitations |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Valve leaflets or cusps do not shut o r close completely |
|
|
Term
| What valves can cause regurgitation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitral regurgitation can be caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common valve disorder in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) |
|
Definition
| Valve doesn't close properly during systole |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Most cases of MVP are asymptomatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MVP may pose an increased risk of? |
|
Definition
Infective endocarditis
Stroke (cardiac source)
Sudden death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Palpitations
Angina
SOB
Fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systemic inflammatory disease |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatic Fever is a delayed reaction to? |
|
Definition
| Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatic fever is inflammation of? |
|
Definition
Joints
Skin
Nervous system
HEART |
|
|
Term
| How does rheumatic fever cause rheumatic heart disease? |
|
Definition
| Causes scarring and deformity of cardiac structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| General term for infection and inflammation of endocardium |
|
|
Term
| Where do you most commonly see infective endocarditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
Bacteria (most common)
Viruses, fungi
rickettsiae and parasites |
|
|
Term
| What is infective endocarditis commonly associated with? |
|
Definition
Prosthetic valves
Indwelling catheters
Heart surgery |
|
|
Term
| When you have a pathogen that enters the bloodstream and causes bacteremia, you will get growth of vegetation that leads to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized manifestation related to another disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute inflammation of pericardium |
|
|
Term
| What causes acute pericarditis? |
|
Definition
Virus (hepatitis, influenza, HIV)
Trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid accumulation in pericardial cavity; can occur in all types of pericarditis |
|
|
Term
| Constrictive/Restrictive Pericarditis |
|
Definition
| loss of pericardial fluid due to scaring and fibrosis of tissue; layers adhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disease that affects the myocardium
Many causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive |
|
|
Term
| Types of Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
Asymmetric septal hypertrophy
Hypertensive or valvular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heart is unable to generate adequate cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate tissue perfusion or increased diastolic filling pressure of left ventricle, increasing pulmonary capillary pressures |
|
|
Term
| Primary risk factors for heart failure? |
|
Definition
Ischemic heart disease
Hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for left heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of left heart failure |
|
Definition
Systolic heart failure
Diastolic heart failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability of the left ventricle to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pulmonary congestion despite normal stroke volume and cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability of right ventricle e to provide adequate blood flow into pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| Right heart failure causes an increase in? |
|
Definition
| left ventricular filling pressure that reflects back to pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| What causes right heart failure |
|
Definition
| Diffuse hypoxic pulmonary disease (COPD, CF, and ARDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stroke Volume X Heart Rate |
|
|
Term
| What affects stroke volume? |
|
Definition
Preload
Afterload
Contractility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
End systolic volume
Venous return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aortic pressure
Aortic vavular function |
|
|
Term
| What affects contractility |
|
Definition
End diastolic volume
Sympathetic stimulation
Myocardial oxygen supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of blood flowing through systemic or pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| How is cardiac output measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ejection fraction formula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume and pressure in ventricle at the end of diastole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Volume of blood in the ventricle AFTER
atrial contraction
AFTER
ventricular filling (end diastole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stretch of ventricular muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes relationship between wall tension and radius |
|
|
Term
| Law of Laplace states that contractile force within a chamber depends on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Law of Laplace, smaller chambers and thicker chamber walls equals? |
|
Definition
| Increased contraction force |
|
|
Term
| Frank-Starling Law of the Heart describes? |
|
Definition
-Length-tension relationship to myocardial contractility
-Mechanism that allows for right and left ventricles to maintain equal minute outputs despite stroke (beat) output variations |
|
|
Term
| In Frank-Starling Law, increased preload increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Frank-Starling Law, myocardial stretch determines? |
|
Definition
Force of myocardial contraction
-Thus with more stretch = increased force of contraction
-Excessive stretch causes decreased stroke volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pressure the ventricular muscles must generate to overcome the higher pressure in the aorta to get the blood out of the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the index of afterload? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| load or resistance that the ventricle must eject its volume of blood against during a contraction |
|
|
Term
| Resistance is produced by? |
|
Definition
| Volume of blood and constriction of blood vessels within the system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Change in tension at a given resting fiber length
-Ability of the heart muscle to shorten |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thin actin filaments slide of thick myosin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that affect contractility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epi
norepinephrine
thyroid hormone
dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myocardial contractility is affected by? |
|
Definition
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular control center of cardiac output |
|
Definition
Main = medulla in brainstem
Secondary = hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and connecting neurons |
|
|
Term
| Baroreceptor reflex and cardiac output |
|
Definition
-Blood pressure and heart rate changes
-Tissue pressure receptor or pressoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| Where are baroreceptors located? |
|
Definition
Aortic arch
Carotid arteries |
|
|
Term
| Atrial receptors and cardiac output |
|
Definition
| -Receptors that influence heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Where are atrial receptors found? |
|
Definition
| Right and left atria chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
| What does distension of atria stimulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrial receptors stimulate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormones and biochemicals that affect cardiac output? |
|
Definition
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| What does norepinephrine do? |
|
Definition
Increases heart rate
Enhances myocardial contractility
Constricts the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What does epinephrine do? |
|
Definition
Dilate vessels of liver and skeletal muscle
Increased myocardial contractility |
|
|
Term
| What do thyroid hormones do? |
|
Definition
Enhance sympathetic activity
Increase cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Force exerted on a liquid (i.e. blood) per unit area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What contributes to resistance |
|
Definition
| Diameter and length of the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Blood Flow |
|
Definition
Velocity
Laminar vs. turbulent flow
Vascular compliance |
|
|
