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Definition
| Absence of, without Example: Atrophy – Wasting away or reduction in muscle size due to lack of use, often resulting from prolonged immobility, nerve damage, or muscle disease. |
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| Away from Example: Abduction – Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as raising the arm or leg to the side, common in physical therapy and exercise routines. |
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| Toward Example: Adduction – Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body, such as bringing the arm or leg back to its resting position after abduction. |
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| Slow Example: Bradykinesia – Slowness of movement, often a symptom of neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, affecting motor function and coordination. |
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| Painful, difficult, abnormal, labored Example: Dystonia – A condition characterized by abnormal muscle tone or involuntary muscle contractions, which can lead to repetitive movements, abnormal postures, and impaired function. |
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Above, excessive Example: Hypertonia – Excessive muscle tone, resulting in stiffness or rigidity, commonly seen in conditions like cerebral palsy or stroke.
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| Between Example: Intervertebral disc – A fibrocartilaginous structure located between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and flexibility. |
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| Within, in Example: Intramuscular injection – An injection administered directly into a muscle, commonly used for vaccines or medication delivery. |
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| Many, much Example: Polydactyly – A congenital condition characterized by having more than the normal number of fingers or toes, which may require surgical correction for functional or cosmetic reasons. |
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| Below, under Example: Subscapularis muscle – A muscle located below the scapula (shoulder blade), playing a key role in shoulder rotation and stabilization. |
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Above Example: Suprapatellar – Refers to the area above the patella (kneecap), commonly associated with the suprapatellar bursa, which reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the quadriceps tendon over the femur.
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| Together, joined Example: Symphysis pubis – A cartilaginous joint where the two pubic bones meet in the pelvis, allowing slight movement for childbirth and pelvic flexibility. |
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Together, joined Example: Synarthrosis – A type of immovable joint where bones are joined together, such as in the skull, providing stability and protection to vital organs.
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| Pertaining to Example: Femoral – Pertaining to the femur, the largest bone in the body, located in the thigh. |
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| Pain Example: Myalgia – Pain in a muscle, often caused by overuse, injury, or systemic conditions like fibromyalgia. |
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Definition
| Pertaining to Example: Patellar – Pertaining to the kneecap (patella), a small bone that protects the knee joint and assists in movement. |
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| Weakness Example: Myasthenia – Muscle weakness, commonly associated with conditions like myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular function. |
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| Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid Example: Arthrocentesis – Surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, often used to relieve swelling or analyze joint conditions. |
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| Break Example: Osteoclasia – Surgical breaking of bone tissue to correct deformities or aid in the healing process in severe cases. |
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| Break Example: Osteoclast – A specialized bone cell that breaks down bone tissue during bone remodeling and repair. |
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| Surgical fixation, fusion Example: Arthrodesis – Surgical fusion of a joint to provide stability and reduce pain, often used for severe arthritis. |
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| Excision, surgical removal, cutting out Example: Tenectomy – Surgical removal of part of a tendon, often performed to treat chronic tendon inflammation or injury. |
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| The record, radiographic image Example: Myogram – A record of muscle contraction activity, often used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders. |
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Definition
| Process of recording, radiographic imaging Example: Arthrography – Imaging of a joint using contrast dye to assess joint structures such as cartilage, ligaments, and bones. |
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| Pertaining to Example: Thoracic – Pertaining to the thorax (chest), which houses the lungs, heart, and other vital structures. |
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| Inflammation Example: Myositis – Inflammation of muscle tissue, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or trauma. |
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| Loosening, separating, dissolution Example: Osteolysis – Destruction or dissolution of bone tissue, often seen in conditions like bone metastasis or infection. |
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| Softening Example: Chondromalacia – Softening of cartilage, particularly in the knee, leading to pain and difficulty with movement. |
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| Resembling Example: Myeloid – Resembling bone marrow, often used to describe cells or tissues related to hematopoiesis. |
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| Tumor Example: Rhabdomyoma – A benign tumor of muscle tissue, typically found in the heart or skeletal muscles. |
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| Abnormal condition Example: Scoliosis – Abnormal curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, reduced mobility, and postural issues. |
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| Abnormal reduction Example: Sarcopenia – Loss of muscle mass and strength, often associated with aging, inactivity, or poor nutrition. |
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| Growth Example: Epiphysis – The growth end of a long bone, critical during childhood and adolescence for bone elongation. |
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| Surgical repair Example: Myoplasty – Surgical repair or reconstruction of damaged or weakened muscle tissue. |
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| Suturing, repairing Example: Tenorrhaphy – Suturing of a torn or severed tendon to restore function and stability. |
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| Malignant tumor Example: Osteosarcoma – A malignant bone tumor commonly affecting children and young adults, requiring surgical and medical treatment. |
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| Process of viewing, visual examination Example: Arthroscopy – Visual examination of a joint using a specialized instrument to diagnose and treat joint conditions. |
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| Incision, cut into Example: Myotomy – Surgical incision into a muscle, often performed to relieve tightness or treat muscle disorders. |
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| Nourishment, development Example: Hypertrophy – Excessive development of tissue or an organ, commonly referring to increased muscle size due to exercise or compensatory growth. |
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| Stiff, bent Example: Ankylosis - Abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones, often caused by injury or disease. |
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| Joint Example: Arthritis – Inflammation of a joint, often resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness, which can be caused by aging, autoimmune disorders, or injury. |
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| Carpals, wrist Example: Carpectomy - Surgical removal of a carpal bone, typically performed to relieve pain or improve wrist function. |
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| Cartilage Example: Chondromalacia - Softening of cartilage, commonly affecting the knee and leading to pain and swelling during movement. |
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| Clavicle, collarbone Example: Clavicectomy - Excision of the clavicle, usually performed to treat severe fractures or chronic pain. |
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| Ribs Example: Costochondritis – Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum, causing localized chest pain that can mimic heart-related conditions. |
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| Cranium Example: Craniotomy - Surgical incision into the cranium to access the brain for procedures such as tumor removal or trauma management. |
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| Electricity; electrical activity Example: Electromyography - A diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of muscles to detect neuromuscular disorders. |
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| Fascia Example: Fasciotomy - A surgical incision into fascia to relieve tension or pressure, often used to treat compartment syndrome. |
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| Fibrous connective tissue Example: Fibromyalgia - A condition characterized by widespread pain in fibrous tissues and muscles, often accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances. |
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| Movement, motion Example: Kinesiology - The study of movement and how the body’s muscles, bones, and joints work together to produce motion. |
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| Increased convexity of the spine Example: Kyphosis - Excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunched posture, commonly seen in older adults. |
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| Lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) Example: Laminectomy - Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. |
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| Smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs Example: Leiomyoma - A benign tumor of smooth muscle, often found in the uterus where it is commonly referred to as a fibroid. |
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| Bent forward, increased concavity of the spine Example: Lordosis - Excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly affecting the lower back and sometimes leading to pain. |
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| : Loin, lumbar region of the spine Example: Lumbodynia - Pain in the lumbar region, often caused by muscle strain, injury, or degenerative conditions. |
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| Mandible, lower jaw bone Example: Mandibular - Pertaining to the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face that holds the lower teeth. |
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| Maxilla, upper jaw bone Example: Maxillofacial - Pertaining to the maxilla and face, often referring to surgeries or treatments involving the upper jaw and facial structures. |
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| Meniscus, crescent Example: Meniscectomy - Surgical removal of a meniscus, typically done to repair damage from injury or degeneration in the knee joint. |
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| Muscle Example: Myopathy – Any disease of the muscle, often resulting in weakness, pain, or dysfunction, such as in muscular dystrophy or inflammatory myopathies. |
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| Marrow (bone), spinal cord Example: Myelitis – Inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow, which can cause neurological symptoms, weakness, or immune system dysfunction. |
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| Bone Example: Osteoporosis – A condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, leading to brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hips, spine, and wrists. |
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| Patella, kneecap Example: Patellar – Pertaining to the kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint and facilitates leg extension. |
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| Pelvis, pelvic bone Example: Pelvimetry – Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, often used in obstetrics to assess the feasibility of vaginal childbirth. |
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| Pelvis, pelvic bone Example: Pelvectomy – Surgical removal of part or all of the pelvis, typically performed to treat advanced cancers or severe trauma. |
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| Stone Example: Petrous – Resembling stone or pertaining to the petrous part of the temporal bone, which houses the inner ear structures. |
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| Bones of the fingers and toes Example: Phalangeal – Pertaining to the bones of the fingers or toes, essential for dexterity and movement. |
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| Sole of the foot Example: Plantar fasciitis – Inflammation of the fascia on the sole of the foot, causing heel pain and discomfort, often due to overuse or improper footwear. |
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| Pubis (hipbone) Example: Pubofemoral – Pertaining to the pubis and femur, such as the pubofemoral ligament, which supports the hip joint. |
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| Vertebral spine, vertebral column Example: Rachialgia – Pain in the vertebral column, often caused by conditions like arthritis, herniated discs, or muscular strain. |
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| Rod-shaped, striated Example: Rhabdomyolysis – A condition involving the breakdown of striated muscle fibers, leading to the release of muscle contents into the bloodstream, potentially causing kidney damage. |
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| Flesh, connective tissue Example: Sarcoma – A malignant tumor of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, or fat, often requiring surgical and medical treatment. |
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| Crooked, curved Example: Scoliosis – Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, posture issues, and in severe cases, breathing difficulties. |
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| Vertebra, spine, vertebral column Example: Spondylitis – Inflammation of the vertebrae, often seen in conditions like ankylosing spondylitis, causing stiffness and pain in the spine. |
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| Tarsals, ankle bones Example: Tarsalgia – Pain in the ankle bones, often caused by arthritis, injury, or overuse. |
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| Tendon Example: Tenosynovitis – Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath, often caused by repetitive movement or injury. |
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| Vertebra, spine, vertebral column Example: Vertebral – Pertaining to a vertebra, one of the interlocking bones that make up the spinal column, providing support and protection for the spinal cord. |
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Repetitive Stress Disorder |
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Achilles Tendon
- Named After: Achilles, a hero of Greek mythology.
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| The tendon that connects the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel bone (calcaneus). It plays a critical role in walking, running, and jumping. Frequently injured in sports, leading to conditions such as Achilles tendinitis or ruptures. |
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Paget's Disease of Bone
- Named After: Sir James Paget, a British surgeon.
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| A chronic bone disorder causing abnormal bone remodeling, leading to weakened, enlarged, and deformed bones. It commonly affects the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent fractures and manage symptoms. |
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Term
Baker's Cyst
- Named After: William Morrant Baker, a British surgeon.
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| A fluid-filled sac located behind the knee, often resulting from joint inflammation or conditions like arthritis. A Baker’s cyst is common in patients with osteoarthritis or knee injuries. It can cause swelling, discomfort, and limited knee movement. |
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| Bursting forth, excessive flow |
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| instrument used to record |
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| Field of medicine, treatment |
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| Specialist in a field of study |
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| Madness or excessive preoccupation |
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| Having an affinity for, influencing |
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| radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o |
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| Automated External Defibrillator |
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| Coronary Artery Bypass Graft |
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| Chronic Venous Insufficiency |
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| Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator |
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| Peripheral Artery Disease |
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| Peripheral Vascular Disease |
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| Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
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| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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| attention deficit hyperactivity |
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| magnetic resonance imaging |
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| national institutes of health |
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