Term
| The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pulmonary artery carries ______ blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the basic passage of air from outside to inside the body |
|
Definition
1. Oral/nasal cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Lung |
|
|
Term
| Where are the vocal chords found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During _______ the diaphragm relaxes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for lung compliance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to expand, the lungs must have high _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inspiration is associated with _____ while expiration is associated with ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung tissue contains lots of ______ proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Draw the graph of lung volumes & capacities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tidal volume is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory
cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
max vol of gas that can be inspired during forced
breathing in addition to tidal volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
max vol of gas that can be expired during forced
breathing in addition to tidal volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vol of gas remaining in lungs after max expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| max amount of gas expired after a max inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
max amount of gas that can be expired after a normal
tidal expiration |
|
|
Term
| functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a
normal tidal expireation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical volume of air in the anatomic dead space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the CO2 level of the blood in the lungs high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is blood in tissues of high or low pH? why? |
|
Definition
low
-oxygen is used, CO2 is produced which increases acidity |
|
|
Term
| The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pulmonary artery carries ______ blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ carries deoxygenated blood to the right atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ is where air is directed to the lungs & food to the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory zone? |
|
Definition
| where gas exchange occurs... alveolus |
|
|
Term
| During ______ the diaphragm contracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During _______ the diaphragm relaxes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The lungs are always under a state of elastic tension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 'outer' layer of the pleural membranes? The inner? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during expiration? |
|
Definition
| secretion of surfactant, which lowers surface tension |
|
|
Term
| What cells secrete surfactant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is respiratory distress syndrome? Why does it happen? |
|
Definition
| collapsing of alveoli in premature-born neonates because they have not yet produced enough surfactant to prevent this |
|
|
Term
| Draw the graph of lung volumes & capacities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vol of gas remaining in lungs after max expiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| max amount of gas expired after a max inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
max amount of gas that can be expired after a normal
tidal expiration |
|
|
Term
| functional residual capacity |
|
Definition
amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a
normal tidal expireation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomic dead space? |
|
Definition
where no gas exchange occurs
(nose/mouth through to bronchioles) |
|
|
Term
What is the percentage of fresh air reaching the
alveoli, if …
i) the anatomical dead space is 150 mls, and
ii) tidal volume is 500mls? |
|
Definition
Answer: 150 is dead space therefore 500 – 150 =
350 reaches the alveoli…
350 / 500 x 100% = 70%
The percentage of fresh air reaching the alveoli is
70% |
|
|
Term
| Is the CO2 level of the blood in the lungs high or low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is blood in tissues of high or low pH? why? |
|
Definition
low
-oxygen is used, CO2 is produced which increases acidity |
|
|
Term
| What determines whether O2 combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin, or whether it is released from oxyhemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If plasma acidity is low, relative to pH in the lungs, O2 will be.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If plasma acidity is high, relative to pH in the tisues, O2 will be.... |
|
Definition
| released from oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
Term
True or False
Hemoglobin binds CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of O2 uptake in the lungs |
|
Definition
1. O2 disolves in the alveolar fluid, diffuses through walls & capillaries into plasma as CO2 diffuses from plasma to the alveolar sac
2. O2 diffuses into RBCs, binds with Hb to form oxyhemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| Oxyhemoglobin formation occurs in the lungs because blood CO2 levels in the lung are (low/high) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of O2 release in the tissues |
|
Definition
-plasma CO2 levels in the body tissues are high, and pH is low (acidic)
-pH of blood plasma will decrease as CO2 moves from tissues to bloodstream
-Hb & O2 dissociate, O2 diffuses into body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts CO2 into HCO3-? Where is this enzyme found? |
|
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
in RBCs |
|
|
Term
| CO2 + Hb form _______ compounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bicarbonate equation? |
|
Definition
| CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| In the lungs, the bicarbonate equation moves from right to left because.... |
|
Definition
| CO2 is being lost to the alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| In the general body tissues, the bicarbonate equation moves left to right because.... |
|
Definition
| CO2 is constantly being produced |
|
|
Term
| As a diver goes to deeper depths, partial pressures in their blood plasma will (decrease/increase) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a diver goes to deeper depths, dissolved gases in their blood plasma will (decrease/increase) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mammalian diving reflex? (4) |
|
Definition
-heart rate decreases
-vasconstriction directs blood to heart/lungs/brain
-spleen releases RBCs carrying O2
-blood shift directs blood plasma to lung blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| SCUBA divers use air tanks filled with... |
|
Definition
| O2, nitrogen, trace gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self-contained underwater breathing apparatus |
|
|
Term
| Why must divers ascend slowly? What happens if they don't? |
|
Definition
-allows nitrogen to diffuse through alveoli and be eliminated through expiration
-nitrogen gas bubbles form in tissues and enter the blood, blocking small blood channels |
|
|
Term
| How can you treat decompression sickness? |
|
Definition
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
-give 100% O2 at 3ATM pressure, which raises the plasma concentration |
|
|
Term
| What is acute mountain sickness? |
|
Definition
| low arterial pressure stimulates vasodilation, increasing blood flow & pressure to the skull, increasing respiratory rate |
|
|
Term
| What adaptations do some people have when living at high altitude? |
|
Definition
| more Hb in the blood, increased blood vessel diamater |
|
|
Term
| What are some adaptations to high altitudes immediately, over days, and over weeks? |
|
Definition
Immediately:
-hyperventilation to increase air intake, increased affinity of Hg for O2 to improve oxygen loading in the lungs
Days
-decreased affinity of Hg for O2
-increased oxygen unloading at tissues
Weeks
-more RBCs and Hg produced, increasing O2 content in blood |
|
|
Term
True or False
The left ventricle does more work and is thicker than the right ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The valve between the RA & RV is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The valve between the LA and LV is called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| semilunar valves are found where? |
|
Definition
| at the origin of the pulmonary artery & aorta |
|
|
Term
| When the ventricles relax, the SL valves (close/open) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
The atria contract one after another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About _____ of the blood in the ventricles remains behind after contraction. This is called the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood from the ventricle in 1 heart beat |
|
|
Term
| Does the heart spend more time in diastole or systole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regions of the heart can generate action potentials? |
|
Definition
SA node
AV node
purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| The _____ function as the pacemaker and is found in the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the SA node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the electrical activity of the heart |
|
Definition
1. Impulse starts at SA node
2. Travels to AV node, atria contract
3. Continues through bundle of His
4. Descends intraventricular septum, going left & right through purkinje fibers
4. Spreads from endocardium to epicardium triggering ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
| Where is the electrical conduction within the heart slowest? fastest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do the purkinje fibers conduct electrical activity so quickly? |
|
Definition
| they have a higher resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| Draw a 'normal' ECG and one with ischemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In an ECG, what are the following events:
P
Q
R
S
T |
|
Definition
P = atrial depolarization
QRS = ventricular depolarization
T = ventricular repolarization |
|
|
Term
True or False
Hyperstimulation of the vagus nerve can lead to tachycardia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does caffeine affect the heart? |
|
Definition
| stimulates the CNS to increase stroke volume, blood pressure and heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Myocytes are connected via... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major organelles are found within myoctyes? |
|
Definition
mitochondria (supply energy)
and sarcoplasmic reticulum (to handle Ca2+) |
|
|
Term
| What effect do action potentials have within cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
1. AP generated in SA node
2. Voltage-gated channels open releasing Ca2+
3. Increase in Ca2+ triggers further release from SR
4. Ca2+ binds to sarcomere stimulating contraction
5. Ca2+ATPase pumps Ca back into SR
6. Myocardial cell relaxes |
|
|
Term
| Actin filaments are (thin/thick) while myosin filaments are (thin/thick) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A series of myocardial cells arranged into rods are called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that anchor thin protein filaments |
|
|
Term
| each myofibriil is separated by.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The section between Z discs is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When muscles contract, the distance between Z discs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light bands are called ____ while dark bands are _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Z discs are found in the middle of ____ bands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the H-zone found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the interaction of ATP/Actin/myosin during muscle contraction |
|
Definition
-myosin head has an ATP binding site
-ATP hydrolysis activates myosin head causing it to rotate
-Ca2+ binds to troponin, causing troponin-tropomyosin complex to move
-mysosin can form cross bridges to the now-exposed binding sites on actin
-power stroke occurs |
|
|
Term
| Describe the orientation of tropomyosin, troponin and actin |
|
Definition
Tropomysin is attached to actin
Troponin complex is attached to tropomyosin |
|
|
Term
| How do skeletal and cardiac muscles differ? |
|
Definition
-SM require external simulation, CM produce their own AP
-SM are long & fibrous, CM cells are short, branched & interconnected
-SM have direct excitation-contraction coupling
-CM cells have voltage gated Ca2+ channels which do not directly interact with the Ca2+ channels in the SR |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles are striated? which are not? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle cells are multinucleated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is coronary artery disease? |
|
Definition
| plaque accumulation in coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partially restricted blood flow within the coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is congestive heart failure? |
|
Definition
inefficient pumping of the heart, cannot meet the body's demand for blood
-blood gets backed up in veins leading to the heart |
|
|
Term
| Congestive heart failure is often due to... |
|
Definition
| ventricular failure/problems |
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest symptom of congestive heart failure? |
|
Definition
| water retention in the legs |
|
|
Term
| What can you do to treat congestive heart failure? |
|
Definition
B-blockers help the heart pump
diuretics remove salts & fluids
surgery / heart transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
target the beta-1 andrenergic receptor which prevents catecholamine binding, reducing heart rate
dilate arteries |
|
|
Term
| In cats, a diet low in ____ can lead to congestive heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A swollen/bulging aorta is a sign of... |
|
Definition
|
|
