Term
True or False
Diffusion is adequate for transporting molecules throughout the body of complex organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for cardiac output? (with units) |
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Definition
| Stroke Volume (L) X Heart Rate (bpm) = Cardiac Output (L/min) |
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Term
| Stroke volume is most often associated with the (left/right) side of the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pressure is measured in... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Cardiac output (L/min) X Peripheral Resistance (mmHG X min/L) |
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Term
| What is peripheral resistance? |
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Definition
| how difficult it is for blood to flow through the body |
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Term
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Definition
| blood drains directly from liver into intestines |
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Term
| What are the 3 'layers' of a blood vessel? |
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Definition
Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunic intima |
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Term
| What is the endothelial layer of a blood vessel called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ of a blood vessel is composed of smooth muscle & elastin |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ of a blood vessel is composed of collagen fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the structure of large veins to large arteries |
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Definition
Large veins:
-larger lumen
-
Large Artery
-smaller lumen
-thick tunica externa & media |
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Term
Arrange the following in increasing order of elasticity/flexibility:
vein
venule
arteriole
capillary
artery |
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Definition
| Arteriole = capillary = venule < vein < artery |
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Term
Which of the following have fibrous tissue?
vein
venule
arteriole
capillary
artery |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following do not have smooth muscle tissue?
vein
venule
arteriole
capillary
artery |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between conduit and exchange vessels? give an example of each |
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Definition
Conduit - focus is on blood flow, which is minimally restricted e.g. aorta
Exchange - for diffusion/exchange of nutrients, metabolites etc e.g. capillaries |
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Term
| Which has greater pressure, the aorta or capillaries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Systole is ventricular (contraction/relaxation) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the windkessel effect? |
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Definition
| the elastic properties of blood vessels allows them to expand, so that blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle remains relatively constant |
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Term
| Describe the windkessel effect in the aorta during ventricular contraction |
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Definition
SYSTOLE
1. ventricle contracts
2. semilunar valve opens
3. aorta & arteries expand, pressure stored in elastic walls |
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Term
| Describe the windkessel effect in the aorta during ventricular relaxation |
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Definition
DIASTOLE
1. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
2. Semilunar valve shuts to prevent backflow
3. Elastic recoil of arteries sends blood into rest of circulatory system |
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Term
| What blood vessel holds the majority of blood volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| What blood vessels primarily regulate blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the skeletal muscle pump? |
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Definition
| when skeletal muscles contract, veins are compressed, opening valves & forcing blood towards the heart |
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Term
| The majority of blood vessels are _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hydrostatic pressure? What does it do? |
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Definition
the pressure of blood on the vessel walls
-moves fluid from capillaries into interstitial space |
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Term
| Oncotic pressure is also known as..... |
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Definition
| colloid osmostic pressure |
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Term
| What does colloid osmotic pressure do? |
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Definition
| proteins within the blood plasma draw water into the capillary |
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Term
| When hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic pressure, net (filtration/absorption) will occur |
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Definition
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Term
| When hydrostatic pressure is lower than oncotic pressure, net (filtration/absorption) will occur |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
resistance vessels protect capillary integrity |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Resistance vessels regulate tissue perfusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistance vessels do not regulate blood pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Small arteries & arterioles are both...... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Poiseuille's Law? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Resistance is inversely proportional to length of the blood vessel |
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Definition
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Term
| As viscosity increases, resistance _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistance is __________ to tube radius^4 |
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Definition
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Term
| What general factors affect blood flow? |
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Definition
vessel radius
blood viscosity
vessel length |
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Term
| As vessel radius decreases, blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Vessel radius is a factor which only minimally affects blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Within a vascular bed, if a larger vessel feeds four identical vessels, the flow through each of these vessels will be.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does increased vessel length affect blood flow? |
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Definition
| more overall friction between the blood and the vessel = reduced blood flow |
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Term
| What factors affect vasoconstriction & vasodilation? (3) |
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Definition
-endothelial factors e.g. prostaglandins
-neural mediation
-myogenic responses |
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Term
| What is the main endothelial factor that drives smooth muscle relaxation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Resistance arteries are primarily made up of (2) |
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Definition
endothelial cells
smooth muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| Norepinephrine effects (alpha/beta) receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in ________ signal rate causes vasoconstriction |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the myogenic mechanism regulate blood flow in response to increased BP? Decreased BP? |
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Definition
1. blood pressure increases
2. vessel constricts in response
3. Blood flow is reduced
4. blood pressure decreases
1. blood pressure increases
2. blood vessel dialates
3. blood flow increases
4. blood pressure increases |
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Term
| The myogenic mechanism is intrinsic to ...... |
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Definition
| smooth muscle blood vessels |
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Term
| The window for automatic regulation of blood pressure via the myogenic response is within.... |
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Definition
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Term
| At rest, more blood flow is directed to ______ and less to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Flow of blood to the brain depends on whether the organism it rest or exercising |
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Definition
| false, it is kept constant |
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Term
| During exercise, more blood flow is directed to the _______ and slightly less to _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| During exercise, what vascular response is observed in the skin & viscera? |
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Definition
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Term
| During exercise, what vascular response is observed in the muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 'con' of reduced blood flow to the skin & viscera during exercise? |
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Definition
reduced digestion
lightheadness post-exercise |
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Term
True or False
The parasympathetic system regulates blood flow distribution during exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the SNS regulate blood distribution during exercise? |
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Definition
-adrenal medulla releases adrenaline
-adrenaline targets alpha receptors in viscera = vasoconstriction
-adrenaline targets alpha receptors in muscle = vasodilation |
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Term
| What are the 5 adaptations created by exercise training that improve blood flow distribution? |
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Definition
Increased hard size (inc. cardiac output)
More blood vessels (focused distribution to muscle)
Improved vascular signaling (directs blood to the working muscle only)
Better metabolic control (efficient nutrient use)
Greater blood volume (increased nutrient delivery) |
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Term
| What is the leading cause of death worldwide? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Chronic heart failure reduces blood flow to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does chronic heart failure have on the myogenic response? |
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Definition
| increases the response which restricts cerebral blood flow |
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Term
True or False
During exercise, blood flow to other organs drops below adequate levels |
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Definition
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