Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Cardiology (V)
Cardiac Output
57
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
04/03/2013

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What does the end diastolic volume refer to?
Definition
The amount of blood a ventricle contains at the end of diastole.
Term
What does cardiac output refer to?
Definition
amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute (mL/min)
Term
How do you calculate Cardiac Output?
Definition
CO = HR x SV (stroke volume)
Term
What is stroke volume?
Definition
Volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat. (mL/beat)
Term
What factor effect HR?
Definition
autonomic innervation and hormones
Term
What effects stroke volume?
Definition
End diastolic volume and end systolic volume
Term
What factor effect cardiac output?
Definition
HR and stroke volume
Term
Cardiac output can increase by 300-500% when a person does what on a daily basis?
Definition
Heavy excercise
Term
How much can a trained athletes CO increase by?
Definition
700%
Term
What is the difference between resting and maximal cardiac output?
Definition
cardiac reserve
Term
Autonomic innervation of the heart refers to what two specific types of innervation?
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
Where, in the brain are the cardiac and respiratory reflex centers found?
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term
What does parasympathetic stimulation do to the HR?
Definition
Slows it down.
Term
What does sympathetic stimulation do to the HR?
Definition
Speeds it up.
Term
The vagus nerve is also known as...?
Definition
Cranial nerve X
Term
What should you think when you hear "vagus nerve?"
Definition
PARASYMPATHETIC
Term
What does stimulation from the vagus nerve do to the Heart?
Definition
Slows it down
Term
Within the medulla oblongata there are two sections (parasympathetic and sympathetic), what two nerves branch off these parts?
Definition
Vagus nerve and cardiac nerve.
Term
Where (specifically) in the medulla oblongata does the great cardiac nerve come from?
Definition
cardioaccelatory center
Term
Great cardiac nerve : _________ :: Vagus nerve : __________
Definition
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Term
Where does the normal HR come from?
Definition
Pacemaker/SA node
Term
Parasympathetic stimulation causes what ion channels to open up?
Definition
K+
Term
What happens when K+ channels open up?
Definition
HR slows down
Term
When K+ channels open where do K+ ions go?
Definition
Leave the cell.
Term
What do the K+ ions do when they leave a cell?
Definition
Take positive charged ions with them
Term
What is K+ countering when its channels are opened?
Definition
Na+
Term
What channels does the great cardiac nerve open?
Definition
Ca+
Term
What happens when Ca+ channels are opened?
Definition
Ca+ enters the cell, bringing positively charged ions with it and aiding Na+ ions
Term
What does K+ do polarization?
Definition
hyperpolarizes
Term
What does Ca+ do to polarization?
Definition
reduces repolarization
Term
Is Na+ being affected by the opening of K+/Ca+ channels?
Definition
NO!
Term
What are the K+ and Ca+ channels doing?
Definition
Adjusting the basal rate.
Term
What do N,NE,T3 and T4 hormones do to the heart?
Definition
Increase HR and CO
Term
What controls the autonomic input?
Definition
Medullary Centers
Term
What two sensory inputs are sent to the medulla that are controlled by the _________.
Definition
Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors
Hypothalmus
Term
The medulla oblongata responds to chemo and baro receptors (rise/fall in ___ or ____)
Definition
O2, CO2
Term
Where is the barostatic reflex located?
Definition
Head/neck
Term
Increase in BP in barostativ reflec will lead to a _____ in HR
Definition
Decrease
Term
What effects the EDV?
Definition
Filling time and venous return
Term
What does end systolc volume refer to?
Definition
amount of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of systole
Term
EDV and ESV are both affected by what three factors?
Definition
preload, contractility and afterload
Term
What is the amount of tension a contracting ventricle must produce to open the semilunar valves?
Definition
Afterload
Term
What is the amount of force produced during a contraction?
Definition
Contractility
Term
What is the degree of stretching experienced by ventricular muscle cells during ventricular diastole?
Definition
Preload
Term
Is venous return directly or inversely proportional to EDV and Preload?
Definition
directly
Term
What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
Definition
As stroke volume goes up, EDV goes up.
Term
"The ventricles eject as much blood as they receive," is part of what law of the heart?
Definition
Fran-Starling Law
Term
Nicotine, Thyroid Hormone and caffeine are all types of chemicals with what type of effects?
Definition
Chronotropic
Term
What does nicotine do to the heart?
Definition
increases HR, stimulates catecholamine secretion
Term
What does the Thyroid do to the heart?
Definition
stimulates uptake of adrenergic receptors
Term
What do adrenergic receptors do to the heart?
Definition
Make it more responsive to sympathetic stimulation
Term
What does caffeine do to the heart?
Definition
prolong adrenergic effect
Term
What is venous return?
Definition
Amount of blood returning to atria
Term
What does VR increase?
Definition
EDV
Term
Why is ESV inversely proportional to stroke volume?
Definition
you have more blood left over after you have contracted
Term
Is filling time inversely or directly proportional to EDV?
Definition
directly
Term
Is contractility inversely or directly proportional to EDV?
Definition
inversely
Supporting users have an ad free experience!